Antonio Negri

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This article is about the scholar. For the poet, see Antonio Negri (poet).

Antonio Negri
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    Antonio Negri (1 August 1933 – 16 December 2023) was an Italian

    political philosopher known as one of the most prominent theorists of autonomism, as well as for his co-authorship of Empire with Michael Hardt and his work on the philosopher Baruch Spinoza.[9][10][11][12] Born in Padua, Italy, Negri became a professor of political philosophy at the University of Padua, where he taught state and constitutional theory.[13] Negri founded the Potere Operaio (Worker Power) group in 1969 and was a leading member of Autonomia Operaia
    , and published hugely influential books urging "revolutionary consciousness."

    Negri was accused in the late 1970s of various charges including being the mastermind of the left-wing

    left-wing extremism is a controversial subject.[16]
    He was indicted on a number of charges, including "association and insurrection against the state" (a charge which was later dropped), and sentenced for involvement in two murders.

    Negri fled to France where, protected by the

    Paris VIII (Vincennes) and the Collège international de philosophie, along with Jacques Derrida, Michel Foucault, and Gilles Deleuze. In 1997, after a plea-bargain that reduced his prison time from 30 to 13 years,[17] he returned to Italy to serve the end of his sentence. Many of his most influential books were published while he was behind bars. He hence lived in Venice and Paris with his partner, the French philosopher Judith Revel. He was the father of film director Anna Negri
    .

    Like Deleuze, Negri's preoccupation with Spinoza is well known in

    Idealists
    ) in the late 18th and early 19th centuries.

    Early years

    Antonio Negri was born in

    Zionist socialism and all the members were Jewish communists.[25] He joined the Italian Socialist Party in 1956 and remained a member until 1963, while at the same time becoming more and more engaged throughout the late 1950s and early 1960s in Marxist movements.[26]

    Negri studied philosophy and was hired as a professor at the

    operaismo (lit. 'workerism') movement.[28]

    Arrest and flight

    On 16 March 1978,

    Moro's death,[17] the Red Brigades called his family and informed Moro's wife of his impending death.[17] The conversation was recorded and later broadcast. While a number of people who knew Negri at the time identified him as the probable author of the call, the caller was later revealed to be Valerio Morucci.[29][30]

    On 7 April 1979, in a politically motivated arrest, Negri and other activists were charged with kidnapping, assassination and insurrection.

    École Normale Supérieure. The Italian public was shocked that an academic could be involved in such events.[17]

    A year later, Negri was exonerated of Aldo Moro's kidnapping after a leader of the BR, having decided to cooperate with the prosecution, testified that Negri "had nothing to do with the Red Brigades."[14] The charge of 'armed insurrection against the State' against Negri was dropped at the last moment, and, because of this, he did not receive the 30-year plus life sentence requested by the prosecutor, but received just 30 years for being the instigator of political activist Carlo Saronio's murder and having 'morally concurred' with the murder of Andrea Lombardini, a carabiniere, during a failed bank robbery.[14]

    His philosopher peers saw little fault with Negri's activities. Michel Foucault commented, "Isn't he in jail simply for being an intellectual?"[32] French philosophers Félix Guattari and Gilles Deleuze also signed in November 1977 L'Appel des intellectuels français contre la répression en Italie (The Call of French Intellectuals Against Repression in Italy) in protest against Negri's imprisonment and Italian anti-terrorism legislation.[33][34] In the late 1980s Italian President Francesco Cossiga described Antonio Negri as "a psychopath" who "poisoned the minds of an entire generation of Italy's youth."[35]

    In 1983, four years after his arrest and while he was still in prison awaiting trial, Negri was elected to the Italian legislature as a member for the Radical Party.[36] He was freed from prison claiming parliamentary immunity and was released, fleeing to France with the help of Félix Guattari and Amnesty International.[13] His release was later revoked when the Chamber of Deputies voted to strip him of his immunity.[26][13] Negri remained in exile in France for the next 14 years, where he was protected from extradition by the "Mitterrand doctrine".[13]

    In France, Negri began teaching at the

    Paris VIII (Vincennes),[13] and also at the Collège international de philosophie founded by Jacques Derrida. Although the conditions of his residence in France prevented him from engaging in political activities, he wrote prolifically and was active in a broad coalition of left-wing intellectuals.[26] In 1997, he returned to Italy to serve out his sentence hoping to raise awareness of the status of hundreds of other political exiles from Italy.[13] His sentence was commuted and he was released from prison in 2003, having written some of his most influential works while behind bars.[13]

    Political thought and writing

    Negri was one of the central theorists of autonomist Marxism,[9][10][11][12] and was a prominent philosopher within libertarian socialism, communism, and Marxism.[37][38][39][40][41] He also wrote various works on imperialism, radical democracy, and political praxis.

    Labor of Dionysus: A Critique of the State-Form (1994)

    Written together with Michael Hardt, the authors ask themselves in this book, "How is it, then, that labour, with all its life-affirming potential, has become the means of capitalist discipline, exploitation, and domination in modern society?" The authors expose and pursue this paradox through a systematic analysis of the role of labour in the processes of capitalist production and in the establishment of capitalist legal and social institutions. Critiquing liberal and socialist notions of labor and institutional reform from a radical democratic perspective, Hardt and Negri challenge the state-form itself.[42]

    Insurgencies: Constituent Power and the Modern State (1999)

    This book, written solely by Negri, "explores the drama of modern revolutions-from Machiavelli's Florence and Harrington's England to the American, French, and Russian revolutions-and puts forward a new notion of how power and action must be understood if we are to achieve a radically democratic future."[43]

    Empire (2000)

    Main article: Empire (Hardt and Negri book)

    In general, the book theorizes an ongoing transition from a "modern" phenomenon of

    postmodern
    construct created among ruling powers which the authors call "Empire", with different forms of warfare:

    According to Hardt and Negri's Empire, the rise of Empire is the end of national conflict, the "enemy" now, whoever he is, can no longer be ideological or national. The enemy now must be understood as a kind of criminal, as someone who represents a threat not to a political system or a nation but to the law. This is the enemy as a terrorist ... In the "new order that envelops the entire space of ... civilization", where conflict between nations has been made irrelevant, the "enemy" is simultaneously "banalized" (reduced to an object of routine police repression) and absolutized (like the Enemy, an absolute threat to the ethical order"[44]).[45]

    Empire elaborates a variety of ideas surrounding constitutions, global war, and class. Hence, the Empire is constituted by a monarchy (the United States and the

    non-government organizations and the United Nations). Part of the book's analysis deals with "imagin[ing] resistance", but "the point of Empire is that it, too, is "total" and that resistance to it can only take the form of negation – "the will to be against".[46] The Empire is total, but economic inequality persists, and as all identities are wiped out and replaced with a universal one, the identity of the poor persists.[47]

    Multitude: War and Democracy in the Age of Empire (2004)

    Main article: Multitude: War and Democracy in the Age of Empire

    Multitude addresses these issues and picks up the thread where Empire leaves off. In order to do so, Hardt and Negri argue, one must first analyze the present configuration of war and its contradictions. This analysis is performed in the first chapter, after which chapters two and three focus on multitude and democracy, respectively. Multitude is not so much a sequel as it is a reiteration from a new point of view in a new, relatively accessible style that is distinct from the predominantly

    academic prose style of Empire. Multitude remains, the authors insist, despite its ubiquitous subject matter and its almost casual tone, a book of philosophy which aims to shape a conceptual ground for a political process of democratization rather than present an answer to the question 'what to do?' or offer a programme for concrete action.[48]

    Commonwealth (2009)

    Main article: Commonwealth (Hardt and Negri book)

    In 2009 Negri completed the book Commonwealth, the final in a trilogy that began in 2000 with Empire and continued with Multitude in 2004, co-authored with Michael Hardt.[49]

    Antonio Negri holding a copy of Commonwealth, with co-author Michael Hardt

    In this book, the authors introduce the concept of "the republic of property": "What is central for our purposes here is that the concept of property and the defence of property remain the foundation of every modern political constitution. This is the sense in which the republic, from the great bourgeois revolutions to today, is a republic of property".

    altermodernity". Altermodernity "involves not only insertion in the long history of antimodern struggles but also rupture with any fixed dialectic between modern sovereignty and antimodern resistance. In the passage from antimodernity to altermodernity, just as tradition and identity are transformed, so too resistance takes on a new meaning, dedicated now to the constitution of alternatives. The freedom that forms the base of resistance, as we explained earlier, comes to the fore and constitutes an event to announce a new political project."[51]

    For

    singularity, contrasting it to the figure of the individual on the one hand and forms of identity on the other, by focusing on three aspects of its relationship to multiplicity: Singularity refers externally to a multiplicity of others; is internally divided or multiple; and constitutes a multiplicity over time – that is, a process of becoming."[53]

    After Commonwealth, he wrote multiple notable articles on the Arab Spring and Occupy movements along with other social issues.[54][55]

    Occupy movements of 2011–2012 and Declaration

    In May 2012 Negri self-published (with Michael Hardt) an electronic pamphlet on the occupy and encampment movements of 2011–2012 called Declaration that argues the movement explores new forms of democracy. The introduction was published at Jacobin under the title "Take Up the Baton". He also published an article with Hardt in Foreign Affairs in October 2011 stating "The Encampment in Lower Manhattan Speaks to a Failure of Representation."[55]

    Assembly and essay collections (2013–2023)

    In 2013, Negri published Spinoza: Politics and Postmodernity, a collections of essays on Spinoza and his contemporary relevance to philosophy and political theory, translated into English by William McCuaig.[56]

    In 2017, Negri and Michael Hardt published Assembly.[57] The book provides a series of reflections on the nature of contemporary capitalism and social movements, drawing together the concepts and ideas explored previously in their Empire 'trilogy' such as the common, the multitude, and globalisation. It also introduces a new political concept of 'assembly', which draws on Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari's concept of an 'assemblage' (French: agencements) as a way of thinking about mass movements and the role of constituent power. It also provides analyses of events that occurred in the years since Commonwealth was published in 2009, such as the rise of right-wing populism, Occupy Wall Street, the automation of work, and the digital economy. It continues their reflections on the character and goals of leaderless movements, and especially focuses on the ways in which these movements can seek to self-organise in radically democratic and egalitarian ways. They propose that instead of the usual model of leadership and movement in which leadership serves to articulate the long-term and 'large scale' programme of the multitude, this relationship should instead be inverted: leadership instead comes to serve specific, tactical, and short-term ends (such as the organisation of specific moblisations, protests, direct action, strikes, etc.), while the multitude (or collective) serves to "articulate the long-term goals and objectives" to which the leadership must submit and facilitate.

    The book received generally positive reviews. Writing for Critical Inquiry, Kyle Perry argues that the central claim of the book is that "advocates for a truly democratic world must no longer refuse the demands of leading, strategizing, decision making, and institution building that can otherwise remain variously secondary, absent, or anathema amid left, liberatory, and progressive causes."[58] It also rejects as a false binary the idea that liberal-democratic institutions should either be occupied or destroyed; instead, "The better move is to get creative about inventing new, effective, and crucially 'nonsovereign' institutions. Such institutions are not meant to 'rule over us' but to 'foster continuity and organization" and to "help organize our practices, manage our relationships, and together make decisions'." Writing for the Los Angeles Review of Books, Terence Renaud argues that "Given how much the political terrain has changed since Empire appeared in 2000, much of Hardt and Negri's project appears dead. It has said all that it's going to say. Even so, the authors do an excellent job of highlighting the internal challenges that a resurgent left will face. Every new left risks degenerating into sectarian conflict, heavy-handed leadership, and complacency about its own righteousness. Hardt and Negri insist on a self-critical and internally democratic left that never ceases to call its own assumptions into question. In order to transform society, the left must first transform itself."[59]

    Between 2016 and 2019, Negri published a three-volume collection of essays written in various years, but translated, collected and published together in English in these volumes. The first volume was titled Marx and Foucault, and published on 16 December 2016.[60] In this first volume, Negri aims to show "how the thinking of Marx and Foucault were brought together to create an original theoretical synthesis – particularly in the context of Italy from May '68 onwards." The second volume was titled From the Factory to the Metropolis, and was published in February 2018. This second volume turns towards an analysis of the passage from the traditional proletarian 'mass worker' of industrial capitalism (especially as found in Marx's writing) to the contemporary 'socialised worker', as well as of the modern 'metropolis', which Negri describes as "a space of antagonisms between forms of life produced, on the one hand, by finance capital (the capital that operates around rents), and on the other by the 'cognitive proletariat'. The central question is then how 'the common' of the latter can be mobilised for the destruction of capitalism."[61] The third and final volume of this 'trilogy' was titled Spinoza: Then and Now, which was published in February 2020.[62] In this third volume, Negri "examines how Spinoza's thought constitutes a radical break with past ideas and an essential tool for envisaging a form of politics beyond capitalism."

    On 29 October 2021, Negri published the first volume of a new trilogy of books. This first volume is titled Marx in Movement: Operaismo in Context, and seeks to provide an account and examination of the history of Italian Autonomist (or 'Autonomist Marxist') thought, particularly in terms of Negri's theoretical development of the concept of the 'social worker' as an attempt to update Marxism in light of the changes since the factory-based industrial labour of Marx's time.[63]

    Personal life and death

    Negri married Paola Meo in 1962.[64] They had two children (Anna and Francesco) and later divorced.[27] He has another daughter, Nina Negri, from a separate relationship. He met the philosopher Judith Revel in 1996; they married in 2016.[27]

    Negri died in Paris on 16 December 2023, at the age of 90.[65]

    Bibliography

    See also: Category:Books by Antonio Negri and Michael Hardt

    Listed in order of their first publication in English.

    • Antonio Negri, Revolution Retrieved: Selected Writings on Marx, Keynes, Capitalist Crisis and New Social Subjects, 1967–83.
      ISBN 0-906305-09-8
    • Antonio Negri, The Politics of Subversion: A Manifesto for the Twenty-First Century. Cambridge: Polity Press, 1989.
    • Félix Guattari and Antonio Negri, Communists Like Us. Cambridge, Mass.: Semiotext(e) Press, 1990. ISBN 0936756217
    • Antonio Negri, The Savage Anomaly: The Power of Spinoza's Metaphysics and Politics. Translated by Michael Hardt. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1991. ISBN 0816618771
    • Antonio Negri, Marx Beyond Marx: Lessons on the Grundrisse. New York: Autonomedia, 1991. ISBN 093675625X
    • Antonio Negri, Insurgencies: Constituent Power and the Modern State. Translated by Maurizia Boscagli. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1999. Reprint by University of Minnesota Press, 2009.
    • Antonio Negri, Time for Revolution. Translated by Matteo Mandarini. New York: Continuum, 2003. ISBN 9780826473288
    • Antonio Negri, Negri on Negri: In Conversation with Anne Dufourmentelle. London: Routledge, 2004.
    • Antonio Negri, Subversive Spinoza: (Un)Contemporary Variations. Edited by Timothy S. Murphy, translated by Timothy S. Murphy, Michael Hardt, Ted Stolze, and Charles T. Wolfe. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2004.
    • Antonio Negri, Books for Burning: Between Civil War and Democracy in 1970s Italy. Edited by Timothy S. Murphy, translated by Arianna Bove, Ed Emery, Timothy S. Murphy, and Francesca Novello. London and New York: Verso, 2005.
    • Antonio Negri, Political Descartes: Reason, Ideology and the Bourgeois Project. Translated by Matteo Mandarini and Alberto Toscano. New York: Verso, 2007.
    • Goodbye Mr. Socialism Antonio Negri in conversation with Raf Valvola Scelsi, Seven Stories Press, 2008.
    • The Cell (DVD of 3 interviews on captivity with Negri) Angela Melitopoulos, Actar, 2008.
    • Antonio Negri, The Porcelain Workshop: For a New Grammar of Politics Translated by Noura Wedell. California: Semiotext(e) 2008.
    • Antonio Negri, Reflections on Empire. Translated by Ed Emery. Cambridge: Polity Press, 2008. ISBN 9780745637051
    • Antonio Negri, Empire and Beyond. Translated by Ed Emery. Cambridge: Polity Press, 2008. ISBN 9780745640488
    • Antonio Negri, The Labor of
      Job: The Biblical Text as a Parable of Human Labor. Translated by Matteo Mandarini. Durham: Duke University Press
      2009 (begun 1983).
    • Cesare Casarino and Antonio Negri, In Praise of the Common. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2009.
    • Antonio Negri, Diary of an Escape. Translated by Ed Emery. Cambridge: Polity Press, 2009. ISBN 9780745644257
    • Antonio Negri, Art and Multitude. Translated by Ed Emery. Cambridge: Polity Press, 2011. ISBN 9780745648996
    • Antonio Negri, The Winter is Over: Writings on Transformation Denied, 1989–1995. Edited by Giuseppe Caccia. Translated by Isabelli Bertoletti, James Cascaito, and Andrea Casson. Cambridge, Mass.: Semiotext(e), 2013. ISBN 1584351217
    • Antonio Negri, Pipeline: Letters from Prison. Translated by Ed Emery. Cambridge: Polity Press, 2014. ISBN 0745655645
    • Antonio Negri, Factory of Strategy: 33 Lessons on Lenin. New York: Columbia University Press, 2014. ISBN 0231146833
    • Antonio Negri, Marx and Foucault. Cambridge: Polity Press, 2016. ISBN 9781509503407
    • Antonio Negri, From the Factory to the Metropolis. Translated by Ed Emery. Cambridge: Polity Press, 2018. ISBN 9781509503452
    • Antonio Negri, Spinoza: Then and Now. Translated by Ed Emery. Cambridge: Polity Press, 2020. ISBN 150950351X
    • Antonio Negri, Marx in Movement: Operaismo in Context. Translated by Ed Emery. Cambridge: Polity Press, 2021. ISBN 9781509544233
    • Antonio Negri, The End of Sovereignty. Translated by Ed Emery. Cambridge: Polity Press, 2022. ISBN 1509544305

    In collaboration with Michael Hardt

    Online articles

    Films

    See also

    References

    1. Ethics
      (and here I would like to fondly remember my teacher of those years). I continued to work on it, never losing touch, but a full study required too much time. ... Spinoza is the clear and luminous side of Modern philosophy. ... With Spinoza, philosophy succeeds for the first time in negating itself as a science of mediation. In Spinoza there is the sense of a great anticipation of the future centuries; there is the intuition of such a radical truth of future philosophy that it not only keeps him from being flattened onto seventeenth-century thought but also, it often seems, denies any confrontation, any comparison. Really, none of his contemporaries understands him or refutes him. ... Spinoza's materialist metaphysics is the potent anomaly of the century: not a vanquished or marginal anomaly but, rather, an anomaly of victorious materialism, of the ontology of a being that always moves forward and that by constituting itself poses the ideal possibility for revolutionizing the world."
    2. ^ Toscano, Alberto (January 2005). "The Politics of Spinozism: Composition and Communication (Paper presented at the Cultural Research Bureau of Iran, Tehran, January 4, 2005)" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 March 2022. Retrieved 20 June 2019.
    3. ^ Ruddick, Susan (2010), 'The Politics of Affect: Spinoza in the Work of Negri and Deleuze,'. Theory, Culture & Society 27(4): 21–45
    4. ^ Grattan, Sean (2011), 'The Indignant Multitude: Spinozist Marxism after Empire,'. Mediations 25(2): 7–8
    5. ^ a b Duffy, Simon B. (2014), 'French and Italian Spinozism,'. In: Rosi Braidotti (ed.), After Poststructuralism: Transitions and Transformations. (London: Routledge, 2014), p. 148–168
    6. ^ a b c Maggiori Robert, "Toni Negri, le retour du «diable» Archived 5 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine", Libération.fr, 3 July 1997.
    7. ^ Antonio Negri and Michael Hardt, Empire (Cambridge, Massachusetts & London, England: Harvard University Press, 2000), § 3.4.
    8. ^ Elsa Romeo, La Scuola di Croce: testimonianze sull'Istituto italiano per gli studi storici, Il Mulino, 1992, p. 309.
    9. ^ a b Negri, Antonio: L'anomalia selvaggia. Saggio su potere e potenza in Baruch Spinoza. (Milano: Feltrinelli, 1981)
    10. ^ a b Negri, Antonio: Spinoza sovversivo. Variazioni (in)attuali. (Roma: Antonio Pellicani Editore, 1992)
    11. ^ a b Negri, Antonio: Spinoza et nous [La philosophie en effet]. (Paris: Éditions Galilée, 2010)
    12. ^ a b Negri, Antonio: Spinoza e noi. (Milano: Mimesis, 2012)
    13. ^
      ISBN 9780199532919
      .
    14. ^
      doi:10.1093/hwj/20.1.5
      .
    15. ^ Oxford Reference. "Antonio Negri". Archived from the original on 5 April 2017.
    16. ^ Drake, Richard. "The Red and the Black: Terrorism in Contemporary Italy", International Political Science Review, Vol. 5, No. 3, Political Crises (1984), pp. 279–298. Quote: "The debate over Toni Negri's complicity in left-wing extremism has already resulted in the publication of several thick polemical volumes, as well as a huge number of op-ed pieces."
    17. ^ a b c d Windschuttle, Keith. "Tutorials in Terrorism", The Australian, 16 March 2005. [dead link]
    18. ^ Negri, Antonio: Subversive Spinoza: (Un)Contemporary Variations. Translated from the Italian by Timothy S. Murphy et al. (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2004). Originally published as Spinoza sovversivo: Variazioni (in)attuali (Roma: Antonio Pellicani Editore, 1992). Antonio Negri (1992): "Twenty-some years ago, when at the age of forty I returned to the study of the Ethics, which had been 'my book' during adolescence, the theoretical climate in which I found myself immersed had changed to such an extent that it was difficult to tell if the Spinoza standing before me then was the same one who had accompanied me in my earliest studies."
    19. ^ Žižek, Slavoj: The Parallax View. (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2006)
    20. post-structuralist neo-Spinozism including Ferdinand Alquié, Louis Althusser, Étienne Balibar, Alain Billecoq, Francesco Cerrato, Paolo Cristofolini, Gilles Deleuze, Martial Gueroult, Chantal Jaquet, Frédéric Lordon, Pierre Macherey, Frédéric Manzini, Alexandre Matheron, Filippo Mignini, Pierre-François Moreau, Vittorio Morfino, Antonio Negri, Charles Ramond, Bernard Rousset, Pascal Sévérac, André Tosel
      , Lorenzo Vinciguerra, and Sylvain Zac.
    21. doi:10.5840/philtoday200953410
    22. ^ Peden, Knox: Reason without Limits: Spinozism as Anti-Phenomenology in Twentieth-Century French Thought. (PhD thesis, University of California, Berkeley, 2009)
    23. ISBN 9780804791342
    24. ^ Autistici/Inventati (ed.). "Intervista a Romano Alquati". pp. 5, 13, 15, 17–18. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 2 December 2018.
    25. ^ Ganahl, Rainer (3 October 2010). "Marx is still Marx: Antonio Negri". Semiotext(e). Archived from the original on 30 October 2013. Retrieved 28 October 2013.
    26. ^
      ISBN 9781405198073
      .
    27. ^ a b c Risen, Clay (24 December 2023). "Antonio Negri, 90, Philosopher Who Wrote a Surprise Best Seller, Dies". The New York Times. Vol. 173, no. 60012. p. A21. Retrieved 24 December 2023.
    28. ^ a b Palazzo, David P. (June 2014). The "Social Factory" In Postwar Italian Radical Thought From Operaismo To Autonomia (PhD thesis). CUNY Graduate Center.
    29. ^ "Tecniche d'indagine. Quando il telefono è un bluff". Panorama (in Italian). 29 September 2011. Archived from the original on 29 September 2013. Retrieved 30 October 2012.
    30. ^ Lucio Di Marzo (10 December 2011). "Dopo il caso Battisti, ora Toni Negri spiega la filosofia ai francesi". Il Giornale (in Italian). Archived from the original on 3 September 2012. Retrieved 30 October 2012.
    31. ^ Malcolm Bull (4 October 2001). "You can't build a new society with a Stanley knife". London Review of Books. 23 (19). Archived from the original on 13 January 2011. Retrieved 12 December 2010.
    32. ^ Michel Foucault, "Le philosophe masqué" (in Dits et écrits, volume 4, Paris, Gallimard, 1994, p. 105)
    33. ^ "Revised bibliography of Deleuze" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 October 2008. Retrieved 30 August 2016.
    34. Mille et une nuits, 2003 (transl. of Lettera aperta ai giudici di Negri published in La Repubblica on 10 May 1979); Ce livre est littéralement une preuve d'innocence, text n°21 (op.cit.), originally published in Le Matin de Paris
      on 13 December 1979
    35. ^ The Independent, "Antonio Negri: The nostalgic revolutionary Archived 28 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine", 17 August 2004. Accessed 7/04/10
    36. ^ "Pannella: e' chiaro che mira all' amnistia". Corriere della Sera. 22 June 1997. Archived from the original on 4 September 2011. Retrieved 5 January 2011.
    37. ^ "Lessons from defeat: Antonio Negri, autonomist Marxism and anarcho-syndicalism from seventies Italy to today". libcom.org. 23 August 2009. Retrieved 31 January 2024.
    38. ^ Gent, Craig (19 December 2023). "Negri in England: Remembering One of Communism's Great Optimists". Novara Media. Retrieved 31 January 2024.
    39. ISSN 0300-211X
      . With the publication of Empire, the oeuvre of the Italian political philosopher and critic Antonio Negri – until recently an intellectual presence confined to the margins of Anglo-American libertarian Marxist thought – has been transported into what is fast becoming an established and influential domain of transnational cultural theory and criticism.
    40. ISBN 978-0-230-28037-3
      . This challenge to Leninism – perhaps in part as a result of the weakness of Italian Trotskyism – resulted in a strong libertarian anti-statist aspect in autonomist thought in general, and Negri's thought in particular.
    41. ^ Morris, Brian (22 September 2014). "Anarchism and the Marxist Critique of Capitalism". Anarchist Studies. 22 (2): 104–109. The libertarian aspects of Marxist theory, as Price indicates, were later developed by council communists such as Anton Pannekoek and Paul Mattick and by autonomist Marxists such as C.L.R. James and Antonio Negri. Both these libertarian tendencies rejected Bolshevism, and emphasised the autonomous self-activity of the working class, or with Negri, the 'multitude'.
    42. ^ "Labor of Dionysus". University of Minnesota Press. Archived from the original on 10 June 2023. Retrieved 17 December 2023.
    43. ^ "Insurgencies". University of Minnesota Press. Archived from the original on 19 November 2023. Retrieved 17 December 2023.
    44. ^ Antonio Negri and Michael Hardt, Empire (Cambridge, Massachusetts & London, England: Harvard University Press, 2000), pg 6.
    45. ^ Walter Benn Michaels, The Shape of the Signifier: 1967 to the end of history (Princeton University Press, 2004), pp. 171–172.
    46. ^ Walter Benn Michaels, The Shape of the Signifier: 1967 to the end of history (Princeton University Press, 2004), pg 173.
    47. ^ "The problem, as they see it, is that "postmodernist authors" have neglected the one identity that should matter most to those on the left, the one we have always with us: "The only non-localizable 'common name' of pure difference in all eras is that of the poor" (156) ... only the poor, Hardt and Negri say, "live radically the actual and present being" (157)." Walter Benn Michaels, The Shape of the Signifier: 1967 to the end of history (Princeton University Press, 2004), pp. 179–180.
    48. ^ Laurie, Timothy; Stark, Hannah (2017), "Love's Lessons: Intimacy, Pedagogy and Political Community", Angelaki: Journal of the Theoretical Humanities, 22 (4): 69–79, archived from the original on 21 February 2023, retrieved 3 January 2018
    49. ^ Gray, John (20 November 2009). "Commonwealth, By Michael Hardt & Antonio Negri / First as Tragedy, Then as Farce, By Slavoj Zizek". The Independent. Archived from the original on 14 November 2014. Retrieved 12 December 2010.
    50. ^ Antonio Negri and Michael Hardt. Commonwealth. Harvard University Press. 2009. Pg.15
    51. ^ Antonio Negri and Michael Hardt. Commonwealth. Harvard University Press. 2009. Pg.107
    52. ^ "Commonwealth. Book Review by Alex Callinicos, March 2010". Archived from the original on 3 July 2013. Retrieved 21 May 2013.
    53. ^ a b c "David Harvey, Antonio Negri and Michael Hardt. An exchange on Commonwealth". Artforum. Archived from the original on 22 September 2013. Retrieved 21 May 2013.
    54. ^ Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri, Arabs are democracy's new pioneers Archived 12 March 2017 at the Wayback Machine, The Guardian, 24 February 2011.
    55. ^ a b Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri, The Fight for 'Real Democracy' at the Heart of Occupy Wall Street Archived 11 August 2014 at the Wayback Machine, Foreign Affairs, 11 October 2011.
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    Further reading

    External links