Antyesti

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Antyeshti
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An 1820 painting showing a Hindu funeral procession in south India. The pyre is to the left, near a river, the lead mourner is walking in front, the dead body is wrapped in white and is being carried to the cremation pyre, relatives and friends follow[1]

Antyesti (

samskaras that start from conception in Hindu tradition.[2][3] It is also referred to as Antima Samskar, Antya-kriya, Anvarohanyya, or as Vahni Samskara.[4]

The details of the Antyesti ceremony depend on the region, social group, gender and age of the dead.[5][6][7]

Etymology

Antyeṣṭi (अन्त्येष्टि) is a composite Sanskrit word of antya and iṣṭi, which respectively mean "last" and "sacrifice" or "auspicious ceremony".[8] Together, the word means the "last sacrifice". Similarly, the phrase Antima Samskara literally means "last sacred ceremony, or last rite of passage".[9]

Scriptures

A Hindu cremation rite in Nepal. The samskara above shows the body wrapped in saffron cloth on a pyre.

The Antyesti rite of passage is structured around the premise in ancient literature of Hinduism that the microcosm of all living beings is a reflection of a macrocosm of the universe.[10] The soul (Atman, Brahman) is the essence and immortal that is released at the Antyeshti ritual, but both the body and the universe are vehicles and transitory in various schools of Hinduism. The human body and the universe consist of five elements in Hindu texts – air, water, fire, earth and space.[10] The last rite of passage returns the body to the five elements and its origins.[6][10] The roots of this belief are found in the Vedas, for example in the hymns of Rigveda in section 10.16, as follows,

Don't burn him through, Agni; don't scorch him; don't singe his skin, nor his body.|
When you will make him cooked to readiness, Jātavedas, then impel him forth to the forefathers.||
When you will have made him cooked to readiness, Jātavedas, then deliver him to the forefathers.||
When he will embark on the (way) leading to (the other) life, then he will lead at the will of the gods.|
Let your eye go to the sun, your life-breath to the wind. Go to heaven and to earth as is fitting.|
Or go to the waters, if it has been fixed for you there. Take your stand in the plants with your limbs.||

— Rigveda 10.16 [11]

The final rites of a burial, in case of untimely death of a child, is rooted in Rig Veda's section 10.18, where the hymns mourn the death of the child, praying to deity Mrityu to "neither harm our girls nor our boys", and pleads the earth to cover, protect the deceased child as a soft wool.[12]

Antyesti practices

Rajkumari Amrit Kaur, Sarojini Naidu and other national leaders. His son Devdas Gandhi lit the pyre.[13]
ghats of Manikarnika, at Varanasi
, India.

The ceremonial offerings varies across the spectrum of

Hindu society. Some of the popular rituals followed in Vedic religions
after the death of a human being, for his or her peace and ascent to heaven are as follows.

Shmashana - the cremation ground

The cremation ground is called

Brahmaputra on the occasion of Ashokastami and Rameswaram to complete this rite of immersion of ashes into water.[14]

Cremation rituals

The last rites are usually completed within a day of death. While practices vary among sects, generally, his or her body is washed, wrapped in white cloth, if the dead is a man or a widow, or red cloth, if it is a woman whose husband is still alive,[7] the big toes are tied together with a string and a Tilak (red, yellow or white mark) is placed on the forehead.[6] The dead adult's body is carried to the cremation ground near a river or water, by family and friends, and placed on a pyre with feet facing south.[7]

The eldest son, or a male mourner, or a priest – called the lead cremator or lead mourner – then bathes himself before leading the cremation ceremony.

Kala ('Time', deity of cremation and finality) and the dead.[6] Prior to lighting the pyre, an earthen pot is filled with water, and the lead mourner circles the body with it, before lobbing the pot over his shoulder so it breaks near the head. Once the pyre is ablaze, the lead mourner and the closest relatives may circumambulate the burning pyre one or more times. The ceremony is concluded by the lead cremator, during the ritual, is kapala kriya, or the ritual of piercing the burning skull with a stave (bamboo fire poker) to make a hole or break it, in order to release the spirit.[16]

All those who attend the cremation, and are exposed to the dead body or cremation smoke take a shower as soon as possible after the cremation, as the cremation ritual is considered unclean and polluting.[17] The cold collected ash from the cremation is later consecrated to the nearest river or sea.[15]

In some regions, the sons and other male relatives of the deceased shave their heads and beards and invite all neighbours, friends and relatives, on the tenth, eleventh or twelfth day, to eat a simple meal together in remembrance of the deceased. This day, in some communities, also marks a day when the poor and needy are offered food in memory of the dead.[18]

Modern cremation methods

Both manual bamboo wood pyres and electric cremation are used for Hindu cremations.[19] For the latter, the body is kept on a bamboo frame on rails near the door of the electric chamber.[20] After cremation, the mourner will collect the ashes and consecrate it to a water body, such as a river or sea.

Burial in Hinduism

A Hindu grave in Bali

Apart from the cremation method,

coffins and it is covered by sand or Namam (sacred soil) as an act austerity for the unfolding of Dharma Yukam
.

Post Antyesti rituals

Other Indian rituals after death include Niravapanjali, Tarpana, Śrāddha,[21] Rasam Pagri,[22] Pitru Paksha.[23][24][25]

Genealogy registers

Many people visit Hindu pilgrimage sites to perform, Śrāddha ceremonies, like

Gokarneshwar, Nashik etc. where they also update their genealogy registers maintained by pandas
.

Observance by Hindu communities outside India and Nepal

Cremation of the dead by Hindus in Ubud, Bali, Indonesia.

Trinidad and Tobago

Hindus brought into Trinidad and Tobago as indentured laborers for plantations between 1845 and 1917, by the British colonial government, suffered discriminatory laws that did not allow cremation, and other rites of passage such as the traditional marriage, because the colonial officials considered these as pagan and uncivilized barbaric practices. The non-Hindu government further did not allow the construction of a crematorium.[29] After decades of social organization and petitions, the Hindus of Trinidad gained the permission to practice their traditional rites of passage including Antyesti in the 1950s, and build the first crematorium in 1980s.[29]

United Kingdom

In the

Court of Appeals in 2010, the judge, Lord Justice Neuberger, ruled that such a cremation would be legal under the 1902 Act, so long as it was performed within a building, even an open-air one.[30] Upon his victory, Ghai told reporters that "I always maintained that I wanted to clarify the law, not disobey or disrespect it" and expressed regret at the amount that the trial had cost the taxpayer.[30] He stated that he was thankful that he now had "the right to be cremated with the sun shining on my body and my son lighting the pyre" and he and other Hindus and Sikhs in the country had begun investigations into finding a site upon which they could perform the funerary ceremonies.[31]

See also

References

  1. ^ Museum record 2007,3005.2 The British Museum, London
  2. , p.411 to 413
  3. .
  4. ^ Antayesti Cologne Sanskrit Digital Lexicon, Germany
  5. , pp. 234-245
  6. ^ , pp. 99-100
  7. ^ , pp. 59-60
  8. ^ anta, yASTi Monier Williams Sanskrit English Dictionary] Cologne Sanskrit Digital Lexicon, Germany
  9. ^ antima, saMskara Monier Williams Sanskrit English Dictionary] Cologne Sanskrit Digital Lexicon, Germany
  10. ^ a b c Terje Oestigaard, in The Oxford Handbook of the Archaeology of Death and Burial (Editors: Sarah Tarlow, Liv Nilsson Stut), Oxford University Press, ISBN , pp. 497-501
  11. , see chapter on Death
  12. , see chapter on Death
  13. ^ "Cremation of Gandhi's body". UPI.
  14. , pp. 39-42
  15. ^ , p. 58.
  16. , page 272
  17. , pages 757-758
  18. , pp. 66-67.
  19. , p. 292.
  20. , p. 38.
  21. ^ "Shradh Puja: Five Facts you should Know about Death Anniversary Ritual In Hinduism". NewsGram. 4 September 2017. Archived from the original on 24 January 2022. Retrieved 23 August 2021.
  22. , ... rasam pagri is the passing of the deceased male's turban to ... 'When people have the funeral gathering, a turban (pagri) is put on the elder son to show he is now responsible for the family ...
  23. .
  24. .
  25. ^ Vidyarathi, L P (1978). The Sacred Complex in Hindu Gaya. Concept Publishing Company. pp. 13, 15, 33, 81, 110.
  26. ^ Tracing your Asian roots Archived 26 April 2017 at the Wayback Machine www.overseasindian.in.
  27. ^ Hindu Pilgrimage Marriage Records www.movinghere.org.uk.
  28. ^ 10 Places Across The World That Help You Trace Your Ancestors, India Times, 29 Jan 2016.
  29. ^ , Journal of Hindu-Christian Studies, Vol. 11, No. 5, pp. 2-10.
  30. ^ a b c Taylor, Jerome (2010-02-10). "Hindu healer wins funeral pyre battle". The Independent. London. Archived from the original on 2022-05-07. Retrieved 2010-04-25.
  31. ^ Roy, Amit (2010). "UK funeral rights for Hindus". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on February 14, 2010.

Further reading

  • S. P. Gupta
    : Disposal of the Dead and Physical Types in Ancient India (1971)

External links