Apabhraṃśa
Apabhraṃśa | |
---|---|
अपभ्रंश | |
Native to | India and Nepal |
Region | North India |
Devanagari | |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | – |
Apabhraṃśa (
Apabhraṃśa literature is a valuable source for the history of North India for the period spanning the 12th to 16th centuries.[3]
Overview
The term Prakrit, which includes Pali, is also used as a cover term for the vernaculars of North India that were spoken perhaps as late as the 4th to 8th centuries, but some scholars use the term for the entire Middle Indo-Aryan period. Middle Indo-Aryan languages gradually transformed into Apabhraṃśa dialects, which were used until about the 13th century. The Apabhraṃśas later evolved into Modern Indo-Aryan languages. The boundaries of these periods are somewhat hazy, not strictly chronological. Modern North Indian languages are often considered to have begun to develop a distinct identity around the 11th century – while Apabhraṃśas were still in use – and became fully distinct by the end of the 12th century.
A significant amount of Apabhraṃśa literature has been found in
(15th century CE).An early example of the use of Apabhraṃśa is the Vikramorvashiyam of
The first known example of an Apabhraṃśa work by a Muslim is the Sandeśarāsaka of Abdur Rahman of Multan, possibly written around 1000 CE.[4]
Writers and poets
Below is the list of some of the eminent writers and poets of Apabhraṃśa literature:
- Mahakavi Swyambhudev (8th century CE)
- Ritthanemichariu
- Pauma-Chariu[5]
- Mahakavi Pushpadant (10th century)
- Mahapuran [6]
- Naykumarchariu
- Jasaharchariu
- Hemachandra (12th century)
- Abdur Rahman (Addahamāṇa) (12th century) – Multani poet who penned the epic romance Sandeśarāsaka in Apabhraṃśa.[7]
- Padmanābha who wrote Kanhadade Prabandha (15th century)
See also
- Hindavi
- History of Hindustani
Notes
- ]
- ^ Shastri, Dr Devendra Kumar (1996). Apabhramsha Bhasha Sahitya Ki Shodh Pravritiyan. New Delhi: Bhartiya Jnanpith. Bhartiya Jnanpith Bhartiya Jnanpith. p. 388.
- ^ a b Apabhramsha Sahitya, Devendra Kumar Jain, Mahavir Jain Vidyalay Suvarna Mahotsav Granth, 2003.
- ^ Alī, Saiyada Asad (2000). Influence of Islam on Hindi Literature. Oriental Original Series. Vol. 47. Delhi: Idarah-i-Adabiyat-Delli. pp. 12–13, 195.
After Muslim Hindi-Persian poet Masood Saad Salman, "Sandesh Rasak" is the first Apbharansh work of poetry. It was probably written in 11th century. Abdur Rahman, in his ...
- ^ "Pauma-Chariu (Part-I)". Archived from the original on 24 January 2016. Retrieved 13 January 2016.
- ^ Jain granths
- ISBN 9780691125947.
References
- Shapiro, Michael C. Hindi. Facts about the world's languages: An encyclopedia of the world's major languages, past and present. Ed. Jane Garry, and Carl Rubino: New England Publishing Associates, 2001.
External links
- Dr. Devendra Kumar Shastri
- Hindi: The language of songs
- Halder, Shashwati (2012). "Apabhrangsha". In Islam, Sirajul; Jamal, Ahmed A. (eds.). Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Second ed.). Asiatic Society of Bangladesh.