Apepi
Apepi | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Ipepi, Apophis | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Pharaoh | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Reign | 35–40 years, ca. 1575 BC – 1540 BC[1] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Predecessor | Khyan | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Successor | Khamudi | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Consort | Tani (possibly) 15th Dynasty |
Apepi (also Ipepi;
While Apepi exerted
Kamose, the last king of the Seventeenth Dynasty, refers to Apepi as a "Chieftain of Retjenu" in a stela that implies a Canaanite background for this Hyksos king.[6]
Praenomina
Neb-khepesh-Re (nb ḫpš rˁ), Aa-qenen-Re (ˁ3 ḳn n rˁ) and Aa-user-Re (ˁ3 wsr rˁ) are three
Reign
Rather than building his own monuments, Apepi generally usurped the monuments of previous pharaohs by inscribing his own name over two sphinxes of
In the Ramesside era, Apepi is recorded as worshiping
There is some discussion in Egyptology concerning whether Apepi also ruled Upper Egypt. There are indeed several objects with the king's name most likely coming from Thebes and Upper Egypt. These include a dagger with the name of the king bought on the art market in Luxor. There is an axe of unknown provenance where the king is called beloved of Sobek, lord of Sumenu. Sumenu is nowadays identified with Mahamid Qibli, about 24 kilometers south of Thebes and there is a fragment of a stone vessel found in a Theban tomb. For all these objects it is arguable that they were traded to Upper Egypt.[21] More problematic is a block with the king's name found at Gebelein. The block had been taken as evidence for building activity of the king in Upper Egypt and, hence, seen as proof that the Hyksos also ruled in Upper Egypt. However, the block is not very big and many scholars argue today, that it might have reached Gebelein after the looting of the Hyksos capital and is no proof of a Hyksos reign in Upper Egypt.[21]
The Rhind Mathematical Papyrus is dated to Year 33 of Apepi or Apophis while the Turin Kinglist assigns 40+ years to a Hyksos ruler who is most likely Apophis[22] although his name is lost in a lacuna.
A scarab bearing the prenomen of this king was discovered in Tell el-Ajjul, Gaza Strip and catalogued by Flinders Petrie in 1933.[23]
Family
Two sisters are known: Tani and Ziwat. Tani is mentioned on a door of a shrine in Avaris and on the stand of an offering table (Berlin 22487). She was the sister of the king. Ziwat is mentioned on a bowl found in Spain.[24]
A 'Prince Apepi', named on a seal (now in Berlin) is likely to have been his son. Apepi also had a daughter, named Herit: a vase belonging to her was found in a tomb at Thebes, sometimes regarded as the one of king Amenhotep I,[25] which might indicate that at some point his daughter was married to a Theban king.[4] The vase, however, could have been an item which was looted from Avaris after the eventual victory over the Hyksos by Ahmose I.
See also
References
- ^ Thomas Schneider: Ancient Egyptian Chronology – Edited by Erik Hornung, Rolf Krauss, and David A. Warburton, available online, see p. 492
- ISBN 0-500-05145-3.
- ^ Nicolas Grimal, A History of Ancient Egypt. Librairie Arthéme Fayard, 1988, p.189.
- ^ a b c Grimal, p.189
- ^ Grimal, p.194
- ISBN 978-87-7289-421-8.
- ^ Apophis: Titulary Archived June 2, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Kim Ryholt, The Political Situation in Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period c.1800-1550 B.C." by Museum Tusculanum Press. 1997. p.125
- ^ Kings of the Second Intermediate Period University College London; scroll down to the 15th dynasty
- ^ Apophis:Titulary Archived June 2, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Cairo Catalogue Generale 23073; Kamal, Tables d'offrandes I, 61
- ^ London BM 339
- ^ O'Connor 2009, pp. 116–117.
- ISBN 978-0-500-77162-4.
- ^ Daressy, George (1900). Annales du Service des antiquités de l'Egypte. Le Caire : Impr. de l'Institut français d'archéologie orientale. pp. 115 ff.
- ^ a b Grimal, p.193
- ^ Ryholt, p.256
- ^ Assmann (2008, pp. 48, 151 n. 25), translating "The Quarrel of Apophis and Seqenenre", Papyrus Sallier I, 1.2–3 (British Museum No. 10185). Gardiner, Alan H., ed. (1932). "The Quarrel of Apophis and Seḳnentēr". Late-Egyptian Stories. Bibliotheca Aegptiaca. Vol. I. Bruxelles: Fondation Egyptologique Reine Elisabeth. p. 85.
- ^ Assmann 2008, pp. 47–48.
- ISBN 978-0-19-998222-6.
- ^ ISBN 978-90-429-1730-9, p. 244-245
- ^ Ryholt
- ^ Flinders, Petrie (1933). Ancient Gaza Chapter III: Scarabs Tell El Ajjul (London, 1933).
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: CS1 maint: date and year (link) - ^ Ryholt, p.256-267
- ^ H. Carter: Report on the tomb of Zeser-ka-ra Amenhetep I, discovered by the Earl of Carnavon in 1914, in: Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 3 (1916), pl. XXI.1
Sources
- Assmann, Jan (2008). Of God and Gods: Egypt, Israel, and the rise of monotheism. University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 978-0-299-22550-6.
- O'Connor, David (2009). "Egypt, the Levant, and the Aegean: From the Hyksos Period to the Rise of the New Kingdom". In Aruz, Joan; Benzel, Kim; Evans, Jean M. (eds.). Beyond Babylon : art, trade, and diplomacy in the second millennium B.C. Yale University Press. pp. 108–122. ISBN 9780300141436.
Further reading
- Goedicke, Hans (1986). The Quarrel of Apophis and Seqenenrec. San Antonio: Van Siclen. pp. 10–11, 31. ISBN 0-933175-06-X.
- Goldwasser, Orly (2006). "King Apophis of Avaris and the Emergence of Monotheism". In Czerny, Ernst; Hein, Irmgard; Hunger, Hermann; Melman, Dagmar; Schwab, Angela (eds.). Timelines: Studies in Honour of Manfred Bietak. Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta. Vol. 149/II. Leuven: Peeters. pp. 129–133. ISBN 978-90-429-1730-9.