Aphthovirus
Aphthovirus | |
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Electronmicrograph of Foot-and-mouth disease virus
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Virus classification | |
(unranked): | Virus |
Realm: | Riboviria |
Kingdom: | Orthornavirae |
Phylum: | Pisuviricota |
Class: | Pisoniviricetes |
Order: | Picornavirales |
Family: | Picornaviridae
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Genus: | Aphthovirus |
Species | |
Aphthovirus (from the Greek aphtha-, vesicles in the mouth) is a
Structure
Aphthoviruses are
Genus | Structure | Symmetry | Capsid | Genomic arrangement | Genomic segmentation |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Aphthovirus | Icosahedral | Pseudo T=3 | Non-enveloped | Linear | Monopartite |
Genome
The aphthoviruses are differentiated from other
Replication
Aphthoviruses replicate in a similar fashion to all picornaviruses. Replication is cytoplasmic and initially involves attachment of the exogenous virus to the cell membrane. Attachment to the membrane and subsequent entry into the cell is mediated by a membrane receptor. After genome replication within the cytoplasm, virion assembly occurs and new virus particles aggregate within the cell. Release of virus particles is mediated by cell lysis.[1]
Recombination
The aphthovirus RNA genome is able to undergo genetic recombination.[5] Recombination occurs at a large number of genomic sites indicating that RNA recombination in aphthovirus is a general, rather than a site specific, phenomenon.[6]
Pathology and ecology
Aphthoviruses include the causative agents of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD), which primarily affects livestock such as cattle, swine, sheep and goats. FMD was first discovered in Italy in the 16th century. Since then, the prevalence of the disease has remained, despite many countries being declared FMD-free. Endemic regions of the disease include areas of Africa, Asia and South America. The virus commonly persists in animal feed and is able to survive environmentally for up to one month. Eradication of FMD in endemic areas has been difficult, despite the availability of a vaccine.[1]
Equine rhinitis A virus (ERAV) was first isolated from horses in the 1960s and 1970s showing acute febrile respiratory disease signs, including fever, cough, clear nasal discharge and lethargy. Given its similarity to the common cold in humans (caused by another picornavirus, rhinovirus), ERAV was initially named "equine rhinovirus 1". Modern molecular biology techniques such as nucleotide sequencing demonstrated that ERAV was in fact more closely related to FMDV, and was reclassified to the genus Aphthovirus.[7]
Genus[2] | Host details | Tissue tropism | Entry details | Release details | Replication site | Assembly site | Transmission |
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Aphthovirus | Ruminants (i.e. cattle, bison, sheep), pigs, horses. | Epithelium: soft palate; epithelium: pharynx; epithelium: lung; epithelium: feet; epithelium: mouth | Clathrin-mediated endocytosis | Lysis | Cytoplasm | Cytoplasm | Contact; saliva; aerosol |
See also
- Animal virology
References
- ^ ISBN 978-1-904455-22-6.
- ^ a b c "Viral Zone". ExPASy. Retrieved 12 June 2015.
- ^ PMID 24308718.
- ^ Büchen-Osmond, C. (Ed). "00.052.0.05. Aphthovirus". ICTVdB - The Universal Virus Database, version 4. New York, USA: Columbia University. Archived from the original on December 3, 2008.
- PMID 6283129.
- PMID 3000107.
- PMID 8760418.
External links
- Aphthovirus summary from the Iziko Museums of Cape Town, South Africa.
- Foot-and-Mouth Disease summary from the US Department of Agriculture.
- Aphthovirus
- Animal viruses
- Viralzone: Aphtovirus
- ICTV