Apiaceae
Apiaceae | |
---|---|
Apiaceae: Apium leaves and tiny inflorescences, Daucus habit, Foeniculum inflorescences, Eryngium inflorescences, Petroselinum root. | |
Scientific classification | |
Kingdom: | Plantae |
Clade: | Tracheophytes |
Clade: | Angiosperms |
Clade: | Eudicots |
Clade: | Asterids |
Order: | Apiales |
Family: | Apiaceae Lindl. |
Type genus | |
Apium | |
Subfamilies | |
| |
Synonyms | |
Umbelliferae |
Apiaceae (
The family Apiaceae includes a significant number of
Description
Most Apiaceae are
The defining characteristic of this family is the
Taxonomy
Apiaceae was first described by John Lindley in 1836.[8] The name is derived from the type genus Apium, which was originally used by Pliny the Elder circa 50 AD for a celery-like plant.[9] The alternative name for the family, Umbelliferae, derives from the inflorescence being generally in the form of a compound umbel. The family was one of the first to be recognized as a distinct group in Jacques Daleschamps' 1586 Historia generalis plantarum. With Robert Morison's 1672 Plantarum umbelliferarum distribution nova it became the first group of plants for which a systematic study was published.
The family is solidly placed within the
Classification and phylogeny
Prior to molecular phylogenetic studies, the family was subdivided primarily based on fruit characteristics. Molecular phylogenetic analyses from the mid-1990s onwards have shown that fruit characters evolved in parallel many times, so that using them in classification resulted in units that were not monophyletic.[10] In 2004, it was proposed that Apiaceae should be divided into four subfamilies:[11]
- ApioideaeSeem.
- AzorelloideaeG.M.Plunkett & Lowry
- Mackinlayoideae G.M.Plunkett & Lowry
- SaniculoideaeBurnett
Apioideae is by far the largest subfamily with about 90% of the genera. Most subsequent studies have supported this division, although leaving some genera unplaced. A 2021 study suggested the relationships shown in the following cladogram.[10]
Apiaceae |
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
The Platysace clade and the genera Klotzschia and Hermas fell outside the four subfamilies. It was suggested that they could be accommodated in subfamilies of their own. Phlyctidocarpa was formerly placed in the subfamily Apioideae, but if kept there makes Apioideae paraphyletic. It could be placed in an enlarged Saniculoideae, or restored to Apioideae if the latter were expanded to include Saniculoideae.[10]
The subfamilies can be further divided into tribes and clades, with many clades falling outside formally recognized tribes.[10]
Genera
The number of genera accepted by sources varies. As of December 2022[update], Plants of the World Online (PoWO) accepted 444 genera, while GRIN Taxonomy accepted 462. The PoWO genera are not a subset of those in GRIN; for example, Haloselinum is accepted by PoWO but not by GRIN, while Halosciastrum is accepted by GRIN but not by PoWO, which treats it as a synonym of Angelica. The Angiosperm Phylogeny Website had an "approximate list" of 446 genera.[1]
-
Umbel ofCoriandrum sativumshowing strong zygomorphy (asymmetry) in the outer flowers.
Ecology
The black swallowtail butterfly,
Uses
Many members of this family are cultivated for various purposes.
Other notable cultivated Apiaceae include
Cultivation
Generally, all members of this family are best cultivated in the cool-season garden; they may not grow at all if the soils are too warm. Almost every widely cultivated plant of this group is a considered useful as a
Other uses
The poisonous members of the Apiaceae have been used for a variety of purposes globally. The poisonous Oenanthe crocata has been used as an aid in suicides, and arrow poisons have been made from various other family species.
Daucus carota has been used as coloring for butter.[15]
The woody Azorella compacta Phil. has been used in South America for fuel.
Toxicity
Many species in the family Apiaceae produce phototoxic substances (called
The family Apiaceae also includes a smaller number of poisonous species, including
Some members of the family Apiaceae, including carrot, celery, fennel, parsley and parsnip, contain polyynes, an unusual class of organic compounds that exhibit cytotoxic effects.[19][20]
References
- ^ a b c Stevens, P.F. (2001 onwards). "APIACEAE Lindley, nom. cons." Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. Retrieved 16 December 2022.
- ^ Gorvett, Zaria (7 September 2017). "The mystery of the lost Roman herb". BBC. Retrieved 4 June 2018.
- ^ ISBN 978-1-55407-206-4.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-521-70772-5.
- ^ OCLC 25708726.
- ^ a b Watson, L., Dallwitz, M.J. (1992 onwards) The families of flowering plants: descriptions, illustrations, identification, and information retrieval Archived 13 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine. Version: 4 March 2011.
- ^ She, M.; Pu, F.; Pan, Z.; Watson, M.; Cannon, J.F.M.; Holmes-Smith, I.; Kljuykov, E.V.; Phillippe, L.R.; Pimenov, M.G. (2005). "Apiaceae". Flora of China. 14: 1–205.
- ^ Lindley, J. (1836) An Introduction to the Natural System of Botany, 2nd Edition. Longman, London.
- ISBN 978-0-12-374380-0.
- ^ S2CID 236159639.
- .
- ^ Woodville, W. (1793) Medical Botany. James Phillips, London.
- ^ Hall, Donald W. 2011 "Featured Creatures - Eastern Black Swallowtail." Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida. http://entnemdept.ufl.edu/creatures/bfly/bfly2/eastern_black_swallowtail.htm#life
- ^ Drugmand, Didier (7 August 2008). "Psyllobora vigintiduopunctata". Monaco Nature Encyclopedia. Retrieved 16 May 2022.
- ^ "Daucus carota: Beauty or Beast? (Michele Warmund)". ipm.missouri.edu. Retrieved 1 March 2024.
- ^ Leonard, Jayne (19 August 2017). "Phytophotodermatitis: When plants and light affect the skin". Medical News Today. Retrieved 8 August 2018.
- ^ Davis, Dawn (12 August 2011). "Sun-related Skin Condition Triggered by Chemicals in Certain Plants, Fruits". Dermatology, Mayo Clinic. Retrieved 8 August 2018.
- PMID 13941836.
- PMID 15796588.
- PMID 18387369.
Further reading
- Constance, L. (1971). "History of the classification of Umbelliferae (Apiaceae)." in Heywood, V. H. [ed.], The biology and chemistry of the Umbelliferae, 1–11. Academic Press, London.
- Cronquist, A. (1968). The Evolution and Classification of Flowering Plants. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
- "Don't touch these plants! Six lookalikes you want to avoid". Medium. U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service. 19 July 2017. Retrieved 11 August 2018.
- French, D. H. (1971). "Ethnobotany of the Umbelliferae." in Heywood, V. H. [ed.], The biology and chemistry of the Umbelliferae, 385–412. Academic Press, London.
- Hegnauer, R. (1971) "Chemical Patterns and Relationships of Umbelliferae." in Heywood, V. H. [ed.], The biology and chemistry of the Umbelliferae, 267–277. Academic Press, London.
- Heywood, V. H. (1971). "Systematic survey of Old World Umbelliferae." in Heywood, V. H. [ed.], The biology and chemistry of the Umbelliferae, 31–41. Academic Press, London.
- Judd, W. S. et al. (1999). Plant Systematics: A Phylogenetic Approach. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates, Inc.
- Plunkett, G. M.; Downie, S. R. (1999). "Major lineages within Apiaceae subfamily Apioideae: a comparison of chloroplast restriction site and DNA sequence data". American Journal of Botany. 86 (7): 1014–1026. S2CID 38655452.
- Plunkett, G. M.; JSTOR 2446219.
- Plunkett, G. M.; JSTOR 2419610.
- Nieto Feliner, Gonzalo; Jury, Stephen Leonard & Herrero Nieto, Alberto (eds.) Flora iberica. Plantas vasculares de la Península Ibérica e Islas Baleares. Vol. X. "Araliaceae-Umbelliferae" Archived 30 October 2014 at the Wayback Machine (2003) Madrid: Real Jardín Botánico, CSIC (in Spanish).
- Scavo, Tom (11 August 2011). "Wild Parsnip and Friends in Vermont". Green Mountain Club. Retrieved 11 August 2018.
External links
- Media related to Apiaceae at Wikimedia Commons
- Umbelliferae at The Families of Flowering Plants (DELTA)
- Apiaceae at Discover Life
- Umbellifer Resource Centre at the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh
- Umbellifer Information Server at Moscow State University