Apollo/Domain
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Apollo/Domain is a series of
Operating system
The original
Hardware
An Apollo workstation resembles a modern PC, with a base unit, keyboard, mouse, and screen. Early models are housed in short (about 2 ft high) 19" rack cabinets to be set beside a desk or under a table. The DN300 and later DN330 were designed as integrated units with the system and monitor in one unit. These models fit easily on a desk.
Every Apollo system (even standalone) includes at least one network interface. The only original option is the 12 Mbit/s Apollo Token Ring (ATR), and then 10 Mbit/s
Networking
The network orientation of the systems, together with the ATR functionality, enables easy and practicable booting to diskless machines using another machine's OS. In principle, as many machines can be booted from one host as it can cope with; in practice, four diskless machines from one host is about the limit. Provided the correct machine-specific software is installed on the host (again, very easy), any type of machine could be booted from any other. One complication is that a DN10000 can only be booted from another DN10000 or a 68K-based system which has "cmpexe" compound executables installed.
Some systems can have the graphics card removed for use as servers and the keyboard and mouse are automatically ignored, and the system is accessed either across the network, or via a dumb terminal plugged into the machine's serial port. Such a system is designated "DSP" instead of "DN".
Models
The model naming convention is DN (for Domain Node) with a model number. If the system has no display, it is a DSP (for Domain Service Processor).
The first model is the DN416 workstation, later referred to as the DN100 after the green screen was substituted with a black and white screen. This system uses two 68000 processors and implements virtual memory (which the 68000 is not theoretically capable of) by stopping one processor when there is a page fault and having the other processor handle the fault, then release the primary processor when the page fault was handled.
Later models have 68010, 68020, 68030, and 68040 processors which have native support for virtual memory. Some workstations have bit-slice CPU implementations that are instruction set compatible with the 68000.
The DSP90 is a fileserver built using a standard Multibus backplane and I/O controllers. The disk controller supports up to four 500MB hard drives. A 9-track tape controller was released.
Early performance models are the DN560 and DN660 which are housed in desk-side cabinets. These can have color graphics cards with graphics accelerators.
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/33/Dn330.jpg)
The DN300 and later DN330 are integrated desktop systems not much bigger than the included monitor.
In the late 1980s, Apollo introduced a new pair of machines, the DN3000 and DN4000 with 68020 processors,
The DN3000 and DN4000 were later upgraded to DN3500 and DN4500 with a faster 68030 CPU.[2] The DN3500 is approximately as powerful as the DN4000. A DN5500 with a 68040 was also produced in limited quantities.
Soon after HP acquired Apollo, the base DN2500 workstation was released at $3,900, advertised as "4 Mips, 4 MB of memory, for under $4,000". It features a single integrated motherboard using PC standard DRAM single in-line memory modules, as a significant departure from previous models from the competition still using custom memory modules. The motherboard incorporates a SCSI disk controller for an optional hard disk drive[3] and a single AT expansion slot dedicated for the use of a network card to allow the system to attach to any of the three supported networks: Apollo Token Ring, IBM Token Ring, or Ethernet. Monochrome displays of up to 1280 x 1024 are supported,[citation needed] and the base configuration has a 1024 x 800 display.[3] Based on the 68030 with 68882 floating-point unit running at 20 MHz, with 4 to 16 MB of RAM, the machine's list price of just under $4,000 reportedly represented "a major change in the price/performance ratio" for workstations. Educational institutions could purchase the base configuration starting at $2,500.[4]
A merged line of workstations that runs either Domain/OS or HP-UX, was produced with the name HP/Apollo 425t and HP/Apollo 433s. The 425t is a "pizza box" design with a single network expansion slot. The 433s is a desk-side server systems with multiple expansion slots.
Compatibility
PC compatibility is possible either through software
An Apollo Token Ring network card can be placed in a standard PC and network drivers connect it to a PC SMB (Server Message Block) file server.
Usage
Apollo systems are easy to use and administer, but they became less cost-effective because the proprietary operating system made software more expensive than Unix software. The 68K processors are slower than the new
ARM CPU design
When
Acquisition
In 1989, Hewlett-Packard acquired Apollo. They later released the DN2500 series workstation, a cheap alternative to the DN3x00/4x00 series,[6] and then the HP 9000 Series 400 line, which can run either HP's own version of Unix, HP-UX, or Domain/OS. In this case, the choice had to be made at time of purchase, partly because HP-UX and Domain/OS functionality required different keyboards and mice. The Domain/OS variants also include a Token Ring card not provided for the HP-UX variants.[7]
References
- ^ Tim Hunkler (July 1996). "Survival Guide for Apollo Workstations". Retrieved October 13, 2022.
- ^ "Apollo Introduces Desktop Graphics Workstations". HP Professional. Vol. 3, no. 10. October 1989. p. 22. Retrieved March 4, 2024.
- ^ ISBN 9781447149323. Retrieved April 28, 2024.
- ^ Smith, Ben (January 1990). "Apollo Shrinks the Workstation Price Tag". Byte. pp. 94–95. Retrieved April 29, 2024.
- ^ Evans, Matt (December 27, 2019). "36C3 - The Ultimate Acorn Archimedes talk". Retrieved November 7, 2023.
- ^ Sharp, Bill (October 10, 1989). "Low-End Workstation Market". HP Professional. pp. 42–44, 46. Retrieved March 5, 2024.
- ^ Wilson, David (May 1991). "Tested Mettle: Hewlett-Packard 9000/425t". UNIX Review. pp. 63–67. Retrieved April 26, 2024.