Apororhynchus
Apororhynchus | |
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Drawing of Apororhynchus hemignathi by Arthur Shipley in 1896. This is the original sketch of the first species in the genus Apororhynchus to be described. | |
Scientific classification | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Acanthocephala |
Class: | Archiacanthocephala |
Order: | Apororhynchida Thapar, 1927[2] |
Family: | Apororhynchidae Shipley, 1899[1] |
Genus: | Apororhynchus Shipley, 1899 |
Apororhynchus is a genus of small parasitic spiny-headed (or thorny-headed) worms. It is the only genus in the family Apororhynchidae, which in turn is the only member of the order Apororhynchida.[3] A lack of features commonly found in the phylum Acanthocephala (primarily musculature) suggests an evolutionary branching from the other three orders of class Archiacanthocephala; however no genetic analysis has been completed to determine the evolutionary relationship between species. The distinguishing features of this order among archiacanthocephalans is a highly enlarged proboscis which contain small hooks. The musculature around the proboscis (the proboscis receptacle and receptacle protrusor) is also structured differently in this order. This genus contains six species that are distributed globally, being collected sporadically in Hawaii, Europe, North America, South America, and Asia. These worms exclusively parasitize birds by attaching themselves around the cloaca using their hook-covered proboscis. The bird hosts are of different orders, including owls, waders, and passerines. Infestation by an Apororhynchus species may cause enteritis and anemia.
Taxonomy
The first species in this order to be described was Apororhynchus hemignathi which was originally named Arhynchus hemignathi by Arthur Shipley in 1896. The name Arhynchus[a] was chosen based on the characteristic absence of a proboscis in this species of Acanthocephala.[1] It was later renamed Apororhynchus (along with the family name Apororhynchidae) by Shipley in 1899 due to the name Arhynchus having been used by Dujean in 1834 for a beetle.[4]
Although Apororhynchus has not been included in phylogenetic analyses thus far due to insufficiency of morphological data, the lack of features such as an absence of a muscle plate, a midventral longitudinal muscle, lateral receptacle flexors, and an apical sensory organ when compared to the other three orders of class Archiacanthocephala indicate it is an early offshoot (basal).[5]
Description
The genus Apororhynchus consists of
Two regions of musculature are considerably different in Apororhynchus compared to the other acanthocephalan orders: the proboscis receptacle and receptacle protrusor are both reorganized in Apororhynchus with the muscles subdivided into strands extending from the cerebral ganglion, or nerve bundle, to the proboscis wall. These two muscles suspend the cerebral ganglion but are not involved in the eversion of the proboscis.[5] Additional anatomical features that can be used to distinguish this genus among other acanthocephalans include a cerebral ganglion located under the anterior wall of the proboscis, long and tubular lemnisci (bundles of sensory nerve fibers) that run along a central canal, the lack of any protonephridia (an organ which functions as a kidney), and the presence of eight pear-shaped cement glands used to temporarily close the posterior end of the female after copulation.[8][9]
Species
There are six species in the genus Apororhynchus.[10][11] A seventh species, Apororhynchus bivoluerus Das, 1950[12][13] (also called A. bivolucrus) from an Egyptian vulture (Neophron percnopterus) from India was considered to be a strigeid trematode by Yamaguti (1963).[14]
- Apororhynchus aculeatus Meyer, 1931[15]
A. aculeatus has been found in Santos, Brazil, parasitizing a New World oriole.[16] The parasite was discovered in 1931, in the Berlin Museum, taken from the digestive tube of a bird named at that time as "Oriolus cristatus", which was likely a crested oropendola (Psarocolius decumanus).[b] A. aculeatus was the second parasite to be discovered in its genus, and the specimen used to describe the species was female.[16] Numerous fine hooks on the bulb-shaped proboscis, as well as the different host and location, distinguish it from A. hemignathi.[16]
The parasite was discovered in the summer of 1947 infesting a
- Apororhynchus chauhani Sen, 1975[22]
A. chauhani is the only Apororhynchus species described from India. It was discovered in
A. hemignathi was the first species of Apororhynchus to be described with the creation of the genus and family by Arthur Shipley in 1896 due to its uniqueness among already described Acanthocephala.
- Apororhynchus paulonucleatus Khokhlova and Cimbaluk, 1966[10]
This parasite has been found in the
- Apororhynchus silesiacus Okulewicz and Maruszewski, 1980[26]
A. silesiacus was found in the
Hosts
The life cycle of an acanthocephalan consists of three stages beginning when an infective acanthor (development of an egg) is released from the intestines of the
Apororhynchus species exclusively parasitize avian hosts of different orders including owls, waders, and passerines.[6] The parasite attaches to the cloaca and in some cases the intestinal wall using a hook-covered proboscis.[5][9] Infestation can cause enteritis and anemia in Hawaiian honeycreepers.[31] There are no reported cases of any Apororhynchus species infesting humans in the English language medical literature.[29]
-
The crested oropendola is one of the hosts of A. aculeatus
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The northern parula is one of the hosts of A. amphistomi
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The spotted owlet is a host of A. chauhani
-
The now extinct Kauaʻi ʻakialoa was a host of A. hemignathi
-
The black-winged pratincole is a host of A. paulonucleatus
-
The common nightingale is one of the hosts of A. silesiacus
Notes
- ^ The name derives from the Ancient Greek word rhúnkhos, which means snout, nose, or beak.
- ^ Oriolus cristatus is synonymous with Cacicus cristatus.[17] Wood 1889[18] calls Cacicus cristatus the crested cassique. Lydekker 1895[19] names the same bird Ostinops decumanus, now the crested oropendola or Psarocolius decumanus. The name Oriolus cristatus was also given by Pennant to a bird in Madras, India in Forster's 1781 list of Indian birds.[20]
- ^ A binomial authority in parentheses indicates that the species was originally described in a genus other than Apororhynchus. Apororhynchus hemignathi was originally named Arhynchus hemignathi by Arthur Shipley in 1896 and renamed (also by Shipley) in 1899. It is synonymous with Neorhynchus hemignathi (Shipley, 1896) de Marval, 1905.[10]
- ^ There are no known aberrant human infections for Apororhynchus species.[29]
References
- ^ (PDF) from the original on 9 November 2012. Retrieved 9 September 2010.
- .
- JSTOR 3274895.
- ^ (PDF) from the original on 4 June 2015. Retrieved 9 September 2010.
- ^ S2CID 25875565.
- ^ JSTOR 3221591.
- ^ PMID 3437357.
- OCLC 44131774.
- ^ ISBN 978-3110274271.
- ^ (PDF) from the original on 10 August 2017. Retrieved 27 September 2019.
- ^ "Apororhynchus Shipley, 1899". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. 1 September 2019. Retrieved 1 September 2019. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 21 October 2013. Retrieved 25 November 2019.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) - OCLC 702318856.
- ^ Dunagan, T. T.; Miller, D. M. (2008). Acanthocephalan Bibliography. Carbondale, Illinois: Physiology Department, Southern Illinois University. p. 31.
- ^ (PDF) from the original on 23 March 2016. Retrieved 5 September 2019.
- OCLC 68471167.
- ^ PMID 18133320.
- OCLC 4070837.
- OCLC 975983274.
- ^ Lydekker, Richard (1895). The Royal Natural History Volume III Section VI. London and New York: Frederick Warne & Co. p. 357.
- ^ Forster, Johann Reinhold (1781). Indische Zoologie oder systematische Beschreibungen seltener und unbekannter Thiere aus Indien: mit 15 illuminirten Kupfertafeln erläutert; Nebst einer kurzen vorläufigen Abhandlung über den Umfang von Indien und die Beschaffenheit des Klima, des Bodens und des Meeres daselbst, und einem Anhange, darin ein kurzes Verzeichniß der Thiere in Indien mitgetheilt wird (in Latin). Halle: Gebauer. p. 40.
- ^ Byrd, Elon E. (1949). "Observations on the anatomy of a male Acanthocephalan". Journal of the Tennessee Academy of Science. 24 (3): 174.
- ^ a b c Sen, J. K. (1975). "On a new species of Apororhynchus Shipley, 1899 (Apororhynchoidea: Apororhynchidae) from India". In Tiwara, K. K.; Srivastava, C. B. (eds.). Dr. B. S. Chauhan Commemorative Volume. Orissa, India: Zoological Society of India. pp. 211–213.
- doi:10.1038/162060b0.
- ^ a b c d Khokhlova, I. G.; Cimbaluk, A. K. (1971). "Acanthocephala of the genus Apororhynchus Shipley, 1899 and a description of A. paulonucleatus n.sp". KOLOS: 426–431.
- ^ Peresad'ko, L. V. (1980). "Nematoda and Acanthocephala of Charadriiformes, new for West Siberia". Sistematika I Ekologiya Zhivotnykh Novye I Maloizvestnye Vidy Fauny Sibiri (in Russian): 10–23.
- ^ a b c d Okulewicz, Jerzy; Maruszewski, Władysław (1980). "Apororhynchus silesiacus sp. n. (Apororhynchidae, Acanthocephala) – a parasite of passerine birds (Passeriformes)". Acta Parasitologica Polonica. 27 (46/60): 459–470.
- ^ S2CID 82191853.
- Center for Disease Control. Retrieved 17 July 2023.
- ^ PMID 34076470.
- ^ Schmidt, G.D. (1985). "Development and life cycles". In Crompton, D.W.T.; Nickol, B.B. (eds.). Biology of the Acanthocephala (PDF). Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press. p. 273–305.
- ^ "Summary of parasites and diseases known from Hawaiian honeycreepers (subfamily Drepanidinae). Adapted from van Riper and van Riper 1985". Birds of North America. The Cornell Lab of Ornithology. Archived from the original on 7 October 2019. Retrieved 6 October 2019.
External links
- Data related to Apororhynchida at Wikispecies