Andrew the Apostle
St Andrew's Cathedral, Patras, Greece; St Mary's Cathedral, Edinburgh, Scotland; the Church of St Andrew and St Albert, Warsaw, Poland; Duomo Cathedral in Amalfi and Sarzana Cathedral in Sarzana, Italy. | |
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Feast | 30 November |
Attributes | long white hair and beard, holding the Gospel Book or scroll, leaning on a saltire, fishing net |
Patronage | Scotland, Barbados, Georgia, Ukraine, Russia, Greece, Cyprus, Romania, Patras, Burgundy, San Andrés (Tenerife), Diocese of Parañaque, Candaba, Pampanga, Masinloc, Telhado , Sarzana,[2] Pienza,[3] Amalfi, Luqa (Malta), Manila[4] and Prussia; Diocese of Victoria; fishermen, fishmongers, rope-makers, textile workers, singers, miners, pregnant women, butchers, farm workers, protection against sore throats, protection against convulsions, protection against fever, protection against whooping cough, Russian Navy, 75th Ranger Regiment Tables of Authority |
Andrew the Apostle (
According to Eastern Orthodox tradition, the
Life
Early life
The name "
Andrew the Apostle was born between 5 and 10 AD[9] in Bethsaida, in Galilee.[10] The New Testament states that Andrew was the brother of Simon Peter,[11] and likewise a son of Jonah. "The first striking characteristic of Andrew is his name: it is not Hebrew, as might have been expected, but Greek, indicative of a certain cultural openness in his family that cannot be ignored. We are in Galilee, where the Greek language and culture are quite present."[12]
With Jesus
Both he and his brother Peter were fishermen by trade and also Simon Peter who became a "fisher of men", hence the tradition that Jesus called them to be his disciples by saying that he will make them "fishers of men" (Greek: ἁλιεῖς ἀνθρώπων, translit. halieîs anthrṓpōn).[13] According to Mark 1:29, at the beginning of Jesus' public life, they occupied the same house at Capernaum.[8]
In the Gospel of Matthew[14] and in the Gospel of Mark[15] Simon Peter and Andrew were both called together to become disciples of Jesus and "fishers of men". These narratives record that Jesus was walking along the shore of the Sea of Galilee, observed Simon and Andrew fishing, and called them to discipleship.
In the parallel incident in the Gospel of Luke[16] Andrew is not named, nor is reference made to Simon having a brother. In this narrative, Jesus initially used a boat, solely described as being Simon's, as a platform for preaching to the multitudes on the shore and then as a means to achieving a huge trawl of fish on a night which had hitherto proved fruitless. The narrative indicates that Simon was not the only fisherman in the boat (they signalled to their partners in the other boat …)[17] but it is not until the next chapter[18] that Andrew is named as Simon's brother. However, it is generally understood that Andrew was fishing with Simon on the night in question. Matthew Poole, in his Annotations on the Holy Bible, stressed that 'Luke denies not that Andrew was there'.[19]
The
Subsequently, in the gospels, Andrew is referred to as being present on some important occasions as one of the disciples more closely attached to Jesus.
After Jesus
Martyrdom
Andrew is said to have been
The Acts of Andrew
The
Relics
Andrew's remains were preserved at Patras. According to one legend, Regulus (Rule), a monk at Patras, was advised in a dream to hide some of the bones. Shortly thereafter, most of the relics were transferred from Patras to Constantinople by order of the Roman emperor Constantius II around 357 and deposited in the Church of the Holy Apostles.[31]
Regulus was said to have had a second dream in which an angel advised him to take the hidden relics "to the ends of the earth" for protection. Wherever he was shipwrecked, he was to build a shrine for them. St. Rule set sail, taking with him a kneecap, an upper arm bone, three fingers and a tooth. He sailed west, towards the edge of the known world, and was shipwrecked on the coast of
The skull of Saint Andrew, which had been taken to Constantinople, was returned to Patras by Emperor Basil I, who ruled from 867 to 886.[32]
In 1208, following the sack of Constantinople, those relics of Saint Andrew and Saint Peter which remained in the imperial city were taken to Amalfi, Italy,[33] by Cardinal Peter of Capua, a native of Amalfi. A cathedral was built, dedicated to Saint Andrew, as is the town itself, to house a tomb in its crypt where it is maintained that most of the relics of the apostle, including an occipital bone, remain.
In September 1964,
In 2006, the Catholic Church, again through Cardinal Etchegaray, gave the Greek Orthodox Church another relic of Saint Andrew.[39]
Liturgical Commemoration
Eastern Orthodoxy
The Eastern Orthodox Church commemorates the Apostle Andrew on several days throughout the Church Calendar. Fixed days of commemoration include:
- 20 June - The Translation of the Relics of the Apostles Andrew, Thomas, and Luke; the Prophet Elisha; and the Martyr Lazarus.[40][41]
- 30 June - The Twelve Apostles.[42]
- 26 September - The Translation of the skull of Andrew in 1964.[43]
- 30 November - Primary Feast Day.[44]
There are also days which are movable:
- The Sunday before 30 November - Synaxis of the Saints of Achaea.[45]
- The Sunday of the Samaritan Woman - Synaxis of the all the Holy Fathers, Archbishops, and Patriarchs of Constantinople.[46]
Roman Catholicism
The Roman Catholic Church commemorates Andrew on 30 November.[47]
Traditions and legends
Georgia
The
Cyprus
Cypriot tradition holds that a ship which was transporting Andrew went off course and ran aground. Upon coming ashore, Andrew struck the rocks with his staff at which point a spring of healing waters gushed forth. Using it, the sight of the ship's captain, who had been blind in one eye, was restored. Thereafter, the site became a place of pilgrimage and a fortified monastery, the
Other pilgrimages are more recent. The story is told that in 1895, the son of a Maria Georgiou was kidnapped. Seventeen years later, Andrew appeared to her in a dream, telling her to pray for her son's return at the monastery. Living in Anatolia, she embarked on the crossing to Cyprus on a very crowded boat. As she was telling her story during the journey, one of the passengers, a young Dervish priest, became more and more interested. Asking if her son had any distinguishing marks, he stripped off his clothes to reveal the same marks and mother and son were thus reunited.[51]
Malta
St. Andrew (Sant' Andrija) is the patron saint of Luqa. The patron saint's traditional feast is celebrated on the first Sunday of July, with the liturgical feast being celebrated on 30 November.[52] A local niche dedicated to him is found in Luqa, which is two storeys high. The first reference regards the small chapel at Luqa dedicated to Andrew dates to 1497. This chapel contained three altars, one of them dedicated to Andrew. The painting showing Mary with Saints Andrew and Paul was painted by the Maltese artist Filippo Dingli. At one time, many fishermen lived in the village of Luqa, and this may be the main reason for choosing Andrew as patron saint. The statue of Andrew was sculpted in wood by Giuseppe Scolaro in 1779. This statue underwent several restoration works including that of 1913 performed by the Maltese artist Abraham Gatt. The Martyrdom of Saint Andrew on the main altar of the church was painted by Mattia Preti in 1687.
Romania
Saint Andrew is the patron saint of Romania. The official stance of the
According to Hippolyte of Antioch, (died c. 250 C.E.) in his On Apostles, Origen in the third book of his Commentaries on the Genesis (254 C.E.), Eusebius of Caesarea in his Church History (340 C.E.), and other sources, such as Usaard's Martyrdom written between 845 and 865, and Jacobus de Voragine's Golden Legend (c. 1260), Andrew preached in Scythia, a possible reference to
Although the exclusive presence in the Romanian language of Latin vocabulary for concepts of Christian faith may indicate the antiquity of Daco-Roman Christianity,
Scholar
Between the 4th and 6th centuries, the region of Scythia Minor played an influential role in the development of Christian theology.[d]
Ukraine and Russia
Tradition regarding the
Scotland
Several legends claim that the relics of Andrew were brought by divine guidance from
According to legendary accounts given in 16th-century historiography,
Andrew's connection with Scotland may have been reinforced following the Synod of Whitby, when the Celtic Church felt that Columba had been "outranked" by Peter and that Peter's brother would make a higher-ranking patron. The 1320 Declaration of Arbroath cites Scotland's conversion to Christianity by Andrew, "the first to be an Apostle". Numerous parish churches in the Church of Scotland and congregations of other Christian churches in Scotland are named after Andrew. The former national church of the Scottish people in Rome, Sant'Andrea degli Scozzesi was dedicated to Saint Andrew.
A local
The National Shrine of Saint Andrew is located at St Mary's Cathedral, Edinburgh.[61]
Spain
St. Andrew was the patron saint of the Dukes of Burgundy. A form of St. Andrew's cross called the Cross of Bourgogne was used as the flag of the Duchy of Burgundy, and after the duchy was acquired by Spain, by the Spanish Crown, and later as a Spanish naval flag and finally as an army battle flag up until 1843.[62] Today, it is still a part of various Spanish military insignia and forms part of the coat of arms of the king of Spain.
In
Legacy
Andrew is the patron saint of several countries and cities, including Barbados, Romania, Russia, Scotland, Ukraine, Sarzana,[2] Pienza[3] and Amalfi in Italy, Esgueira in Portugal, Luqa in Malta, Parañaque in the Philippines and Patras in Greece. He was also the patron saint of Prussia and of the Order of the Golden Fleece. He is considered the founder and the first bishop of the Church of Byzantium and is consequently the patron saint of the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople. Thus, Benedict XVI calls him "the Apostle of the Greek world," and since he is the brother of St. Peter, the first bishop of Rome, their brotherhood is "symbolically expressed in the special reciprocal relations of the See of Rome and of Constantinople, which are truly Sister Churches."
The
The
In the Catholic Church, Advent begins with First Vespers of the Sunday that falls on or closest to the feast of Saint Andrew.[65] Andrew the Apostle is remembered in the Church of England with a Festival on 30 November.[66]
In Islam
The
In Art
St. Andrew is traditionally portrayed with a long forked beard, a cross, and a book. Masaccio's 1426 "Saint Andrew" is a panel painting in tempora and gold leaf, once part of the Pisa Altarpiece It is now at the Getty Center in Los Angeles, California.[68] Andrew appears as part of Carlo Crivelli's San Domenico Altarpiece (1476). This panel is now in the National Gallery in London. Hans Holbein the Younger did a pen and ink drawing (c.1519) of the saint as a design for a stained glass window. It is in the Kunstmuseum Basel.[69]
-
Andrew the Apostle, detail of the mosaic in the Basilica of San Vitale, Ravenna, 6th century
-
Saint Andrew, Masaccio (1426)
-
Polittico del 1476, S. Andrea
-
St Andrew, Design for a Stained Glass Window, by Hans Holbein the Younger (c.1519)
See also
- Order of Saint Andrew
- Patron saints of places
- Saltire – the X-shaped cross in heraldry and vexillology
- St. Andrew's Cross (disambiguation)
- Saint Andrew's Day
- University of St Andrews — named after the Royal Burgh of St Andrews, which was named after the saint
- Saint Andrew the Apostle, patron saint archive
References
Notes
- ^ Bible: Mark 13:3; Bible: John 6:8, Bible: 12:22; but in Acts of the Apostles there is only one mention of him. Bible: Acts 1:13
- ^ The legends surrounding Andrew are discussed in Dvornik 1958
- architectural capitalfrom Quercy, of the early twelfth century.
- ^ Several Scythian Monks, such as Dionysius Exiguus, had been of romanized Geto-Dacian origin.
Citations
- ^ Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "St. Andrew". Encyclopedia Britannica, 28 May. 2019, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Saint-Andrew Archived 1 December 2021 at the Wayback Machine. Accessed 1 December 2021.
- ^ a b c "Cattedrale di Sarzana".
- ^ a b c Williams & Maxwell 2018, p. 300.
- ^ "HISTORY: The Church before it became a Cathedral: 1571". Retrieved 31 January 2023.
- ^ "Dukhrana – Andreas/Andrew/ܐܢܕܪܐܘܣ". Dukhrana.com. Retrieved 9 September 2020.
- ^ "BBC – History – St Andrew". www.bbc.co.uk.
- ^ Apostolic Succession of the Great Church of Christ, Ecumenical Patriarchate, archived from the original on 19 July 2014, retrieved 2 August 2014
- ^ a b c MacRory, Joseph. "St. Andrew." The Catholic Encyclopedia Archived 19 September 2013 at the Wayback Machine Vol. 1. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1907. 29 November 2022 This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
- ^ Turnbull, Michael T. R. B. (31 July 2009). "Saint Andrew". BBC- Religions. BBC. Retrieved 25 November 2019.
- ^ Henderson, Emma (30 November 2015). "St Andrew's Day: 5 facts about St Andrew you need to know". The Independent. Archived from the original on 7 May 2022. Retrieved 17 December 2018.
- ^ "Butler, Alban. The Lives of the Fathers, Martyrs and Other Principal Saints, Vol. III".
- ^ a b c "General Audience of 14 June 2006: Andrew, the "Protoclete" | Benedict XVI". www.vatican.va.
- ^ Metzger & Coogan 1993, p. 27.
- ^ Bible: Matt 4:18–22
- ^ Bible: Mark 1:16–20
- ^ Bible: Luke 5:1–11
- ^ Bible: Luke 5:7
- ^ Bible: Luke 6:14
- ^ Matthew Poole's Commentary Archived 14 January 2017 at the Wayback Machine on Luke 5, accessed 19 February 2017
- ^ "Bible Gateway passage: John 1:40-42 - New International Version". Bible Gateway. Retrieved 16 October 2023.
- ^ a b c "National Shrine of St Andrew in Edinburgh Scotland". Stmaryscathedral.co.uk. Retrieved 30 November 2017.
- ^ ""Saint Andrew", Franciscan Media". 30 November 2020. Archived from the original on 30 November 2022. Retrieved 30 November 2022.
- ^ a b ""St. Andrew, Apostle" Vatican News". Archived from the original on 30 November 2022. Retrieved 30 November 2022.
- ^ "Οικουμενικό Πατριαρχείο".
- ^ Ferguson 2013, p. 51.
- ^ In Monumenta Germaniae Historica II, cols. 821–847, translated in M.R. James, The Apocryphal New Testament (Oxford) reprinted 1963:369.
- ^ Calvert 1984, p. 545, note 12.
- ^ Prieur, Jean-Marc. Acta Andreae Association pour l'étude de la littérature apocryphe chrétienne (Turnhout: Brepols), 1989.
- ^ Church History (Book III), Chapter 25:7 Archived 2 August 2017 at the Wayback Machine and Eusebius
- ^ "Christianizing Homer". Archived from the original on 12 October 2012. Retrieved 30 November 2022.
- ^ MacRory 1907.
- ^ Christodoulou, Alexandros. "St. Andrew, Christ's First-Called Disciple", Pemptousia Archived 17 March 2014 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ National Archives of Scotland (23 November 2011). "St. Andrew in the National Archives of Scotland". Nas.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 16 September 2013. Retrieved 6 September 2013.
- ^ "Pope Returns a Relic of Apostle To Greeks After Five Centuries; Cardinal Bea Carries Object Venerated as St. Andrew's Skull to Port of Patras". New York Times. 27 September 1964. Retrieved 1 December 2022.
- ^ "Η ΤΙΜΙΑ ΚΑΡΑ ΤΟΥ ΑΠΟΣΤΟΛΟΥ ΑΝΔΡΕΟΥ ΤΟΥ ΠΡΩΤΟΚΛΗΤΟΥ". i-m-patron.gr.
- ^ "La croix de Saint André". Vexil.prov.free.fr. Retrieved 6 September 2013.
- ^ Denoël 2004.
- ^ "Abbaye Saint-Victor de Marseille, monuments historiques en France (in French)". Monumentshistoriques.free.fr. Retrieved 6 September 2013.
- ^ Relic of St. Andrew Given to Greek Orthodox Church Archived 3 April 2015 at the Wayback Machine. Zenit News Agency (via Zenit.org). Published: 27 February 2006.
- ^ "June 20, 2017. + Orthodox Calendar". orthochristian.com. Archived from the original on 17 March 2018. Retrieved 30 April 2023.
- ^ "Αποστολική Διακονία της Εκκλησίας της Ελλάδος". apostoliki-diakonia.gr. Archived from the original on 17 March 2018. Retrieved 30 April 2023.
- ^ "Synaxis of the Holy, Glorious and All-Praised Twelve Apostles". www.oca.org. Archived from the original on 3 July 2019. Retrieved 30 April 2023.
- ^ "www.synaxaristis - ΜΕΓΑΣ ΣΥΝΑΞΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ". www.synaxarion.gr. Archived from the original on 22 October 2021. Retrieved 30 April 2023.
- ^ "Apostle Andrew, the Holy and All-Praised First-Called". www.oca.org. Archived from the original on 30 April 2023. Retrieved 30 April 2023.
- ^ Sanidopoulos, John (28 November 2010). "Synaxis of the Achaean Saints". Orthodox Christianity Then and Now. Archived from the original on 27 March 2023. Retrieved 30 April 2023.
- ^ Sanidopoulos, John (18 May 2014). "Synaxis of All our Holy Fathers, Archbishops and Patriarchs of Constantinople". Orthodox Christianity Then and Now. Archived from the original on 8 July 2014. Retrieved 30 April 2023.
- ^ Martyrologium Romanum (in Latin) (2nd ed.). Vatican City: Vatican Publishing House. 2004. p. 650.
- ^ Peterson 1958, p. 20.
- ^ Rapp 2003, p. 433.
- ^ Djobadze 1976, pp. 82–83.
- ^ a b "Apostolos Andreas Monastery, Karpaz, North Cyprus". Whatson-northcyprus.com. Retrieved 13 August 2012.
- ^ ""Feast of St. Andrew", Visit Malta, Malta Tourism Authority". Archived from the original on 30 November 2022. Retrieved 30 November 2022.
- ^ ISBN 963-9116-96-3,
- ISBN 978-973-27-1999-2.
- ^ Stan & Turcescu 2007, p. 48.
- ^ Pop 1996, p. 39.
- ^ Boia, p.152; Eliade, "Zalmoxis, The Vanishing God", in Slavic Review, Vol. 33, No. 4 (December 1974), p.807-809
- ^ Păcurariu 2007, p. 187
- ISBN 966-8668-22-7
- ^ Parker Lawson 1848, p. 169.
- ^ ""Shrine to Saint Andrew", Atlas Obscura". Archived from the original on 13 December 2022. Retrieved 30 November 2022.
- ^ ""The Cross of Burgundy or St. Andrew Flag (The Flag of the Viceroyalty of New Spain)", U.S. District Court, District of Puerto Rico". Archived from the original on 30 November 2022. Retrieved 30 November 2022.
- ^ "Федеральный закон от 29 декабря 2000 г. N 162-ФЗ " О знамени Вооруженных Сил Российской Федерации, знамени Военно-Морского флота, знаменах иных видов Вооруженных Сил Российской Федерации и знаменах других войск"". Archived from the original on 17 August 2020. Retrieved 10 March 2021.
- ^ "Text of the Act, Office of Public Sector Information, National Archives". Opsi.gov.uk. 16 July 2010. Retrieved 30 November 2010.
- ^ ""Liturgical Notes for Advent", USCCB". Archived from the original on 13 December 2022. Retrieved 30 November 2022.
- ^ "The Calendar". The Church of England. Retrieved 27 March 2021.
- ^ Noegel & Wheeler 2002, p. 86.
- ISBN 9780892362868
- ^ Müller et al, Hans Holbein the Younger: The Basel Years, 1515–1532, Munich: Prestel, 2006
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "St. Andrew". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
Sources
- Attwater, Donald and Catherine Rachel John. The Penguin Dictionary of Saints. 3rd edition. New York: Penguin Books, 1993. ISBN 0-14-051312-4
- Calvert, Judith (1984). "The Iconography of the St. Andrew Auckland Cross". The Art Bulletin. 66 (4): 543–555. ISSN 0004-3079.
- Denoël, Charlotte (2004). Saint André: culte et iconographie en France, Ve-XVe siècles. École nationale des chartes. ISBN 978-2-900791-73-8.
- ISBN 978-0-88402-004-2.
- Djobadze, Wachtang Z. (1976). "Materials for the Study of Georgian Monasteries in the Western Environs of Antioch on the Orontes". Corpus Scriptorum Christianorum Orientalium. 372, subsidia 48. Louvain: 82–83.
- Ferguson, Everett (2013). Encyclopedia of Early Christianity: Second Edition. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-136-61158-2.
- MacRory, Joseph (1907). Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 1. New York: Robert Appleton Company. . In Herbermann, Charles (ed.).
- ISBN 0-19-504645-5.
- Noegel, Scott B.; Wheeler, Brandon M. (2002). Historical Dictionary of Prophets in Islam and Judaism. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow. ISBN 978-0810843059.
- Parker Lawson, John (1848). History of the Abbey and Palace of Holyroodhouse. H. Courtoy.
- Peterson, Peter M. (1958). Andrew, brother of Simon Peter: His history and legends. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-26579-0.
- Rapp, Stephen H. (2003). Studies in Medieval Georgian Historiography: Early Texts and Eurasian Contexts. Peeters Publishers. ISBN 978-90-429-1318-9.
- Réau, Louis (1958). Iconographie de l'art chrétien [Iconography of Christian Art] (in French). Vol. III.1. Paris.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Stan, Lavinia; Turcescu, Lucian (2007). Religion and Politics in Post-Communist Romania. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-804217-4.
- Williams, Nicola; Maxwell, Virginia (2018). Florence & Tuscany. Lonely Planet. ISBN 978-1-78701-193-9.
External links
- Andreas: The Legend of St. Andrew translated by Robert Kilburn Root, 1899, from Project Gutenberg
- National Shrine to Saint Andrew in Edinburgh Scotland
- Grimm's Saga No. 150 about Saint Andrew
- "Saint Andrew" at the Christian Iconography website
- "The Life of St. Andrew" from Caxton's translation of the Golden Legend