Applied science
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Applied science is the use of the
Applied science can also apply formal science, such as statistics and probability theory, as in epidemiology. Genetic epidemiology is an applied science applying both biological and statistical methods. Applied science can also apply social science, such as application of psychology in applied psychology, criminology, and law.
Historical context
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Historians[who?] would want to see how applied science has evolved over time. In particular, how societies started applying scientific principles to practical problems, and how this practice changed over centuries. Exploring historical examples of applied science, such as the development of engineering techniques in ancient civilisations or the emergence of modern medical practices, would be valuable.
Applied research
Applied research is the practical application of science. It accesses and uses accumulated theories, knowledge, methods, and techniques, for a specific state-, business-, or client-driven purpose. In contrast to engineering, applied research does not include analyses or optimization of business, economics, and costs. Applied research can be better understood in any area when contrasting it with, basic, or pure, research. Basic geography research strives to create new theories and methods that aid in the explanation of the processes that shape the spatial structure of physical or human environments. Rather, applied research utilizes the already existing geographical theories and methods to comprehend and address particular empirical issues.[2] Applied research usually has specific commercial objectives related to products, procedures, or services.[3] The comparison of pure research and applied research provides a basic framework and direction for businesses to follow.
Applied research deals with solving practical problems
Moreover, this type of research method applies natural sciences to human conditions:[6]
- Action Research: aids firms in identifying workable solutions to issues influencing them.
- Evaluation Research: researchers examine available data to assist clients in making wise judgements.
- Industrial Research: create new goods/services that will satisfy the demands of a target market. (Industrial development would be scaling up production of the new goods/services for mass consumption to satisfy the economic demand of the customers while maximizing the ratio of the good/service output rate to resource input rate, the ratio of good/service revenue to material & energy costs, and the good/service quality. Industrial development would be considered engineering. Industrial development would fall outside the scope of applied research.)
Since applied research has a provisional close-to-the-problem and close-to-the-data orientation, it may also use a more provisional conceptual framework such as working hypotheses or pillar questions.[7][8] The OECD's Frascati Manual[9] describes applied research as one of the three forms of research, along with basic research & experimental development.[10]
Due to its practical focus, applied research information will be found in the literature associated with individual disciplines.[11]
Branches
Applied science works as a system that branches into other fields of work that go more in depth of the system. Applied research is a method of problem solving and also practical in areas of science such as its presence in applied psychology. Applied psychology uses human behavior to grab information to be able locate a main focus in an area that can contribute to finding a resolution.[12] More specific, this study is applied in the area of criminal psychology. With the knowledge obtained of applied research, studies are conducted on criminals alongside their behavior to apprehend them.[13] Moreover, the research extends to criminal investigations. Under this category, research methods demonstrate an understanding of the scientific method and social research designs used in criminological research. These reach more branches along the procedure towards the investigations, alongside laws, policy, and criminological theory.[citation needed]
Engineering fields include
In education
In Canada, the Netherlands and other places the Bachelor of Applied Science (BASc) is sometimes equivalent to the Bachelor of Engineering, and is classified as a professional degree. This is based on the age of the school where applied science used to include boiler making, surveying and engineering. There are also Bachelor of Applied Science degrees in Child Studies. The BASc tends to focus more on the application of the engineering sciences. In Australia and New Zealand, this degree is awarded in various fields of study and is considered a highly specialized professional degree.
In
In the United States,
See also
- Applied mathematics
- Basic research
- Exact sciences
- Hard and soft science
- Invention
- Secondary research
References
- S2CID 110332727, retrieved 2023-02-07
- ^ Hugh Potter, Roberto; Humiston, Gail (2015). "Crime and Criminal Justice: Applied Research from Routine Monitoring to Evidence-Based Practices". Science Direct. Retrieved November 6, 2022.
- ^ "Basic vs. Applied Research". www.utep.edu. Archived from the original on 2020-11-07. Retrieved 2020-10-31.
- ^ "a definition of applied research". Archived from the original on August 18, 2011. Retrieved August 17, 2011.()
- ISSN 0103-6513.
- ^ "Basic Research vs. Applied Research: What's the Difference". Indeed. Retrieved October 30, 2022.
- ISBN 9781581072471.
- ^ The following are examples of applied research using working hypotheses 1) Swift, James T. 2010. "Exploring Capital Metro's Sexual Harassment Training Using Dr. Bengt-Ake Lundvall's Taxonomy of Knowledge Principles". Applied Research Projects, Texas State University. 2) Gillfillan, Abigail. 2008. "Using Geographic Information Systems to Develop and Analyze Land-Use Policies". Applied Research Projects, Texas State University. 3) Thornton, Wayne 2000. "A Descriptive and Exploratory Study of the Ethics Program at Austin State Hospital: The Common Elements of the Program and Managers' Beliefs About the Purpose and Usefulness of the Program". Applied Research Projects, Texas State University.
- ^ "Frascati Manual Page 30" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on October 7, 2011. Retrieved August 17, 2011.
- ^ National Research Council (US) Committee to Update Science, Medicine (2004). The Concept of Basic Research. National Academies Press (US).
- ^ "Open J-gate journals". Archived from the original on 2011-09-02. Retrieved August 17, 2011.
- ^ "APA Strengthens Commitment to Applied Psychology". American Psychological Association. February 22, 2019. Retrieved November 6, 2022.
- ^ Wisdom, C S; Toch, H. "Contribution of Psychology to Criminal Justice Education". US. Department of Justice. Retrieved November 1, 2022.
- ^ Donnelly, Jim. "Applied Science – an invisible revolution?" (PDF). Nuffield Foundation. Retrieved 16 October 2015.
- ^ Wolf, Alison (March 2011). Review of Vocational Education – The Wolf Report (Report). Department for Education and Department for Business, Innovation & Skills. DFE-00031-2011. Retrieved 16 October 2015.
- ^ Bell, Jacqueline; Donnelly, Jim (2007). Positioning Applied Science In Schools: Uncertainty, Opportunity and Risk in Curriculum Reform (PDF) (Report). University of Leeds. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 October 2011. Retrieved 16 October 2015.
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ignored (help) - ^ "Applied Science". William & Mary. Retrieved 16 October 2015.
- ^ "Applied Science". University of Nebraska–Lincoln. Retrieved 1 January 2013.
- ^ "Mayor Bloomberg, Cornell President Skorton and Technion President Lavie announce historic partnership to build a new applied sciences campus on Roosevelt Island" (Press release). The City of New York. Office of the Mayor. 19 December 2011. Retrieved 16 October 2015.
External links
- Media related to Applied sciences at Wikimedia Commons