Apricot
Apricot | |
---|---|
Apricot and its cross-section | |
Scientific classification | |
Kingdom: | Plantae |
Clade: | Tracheophytes |
Clade: | Angiosperms |
Clade: | Eudicots |
Clade: | Rosids |
Order: | Rosales |
Family: | Rosaceae |
Genus: | Prunus |
Subgenus: | Prunus subg. Prunus |
Section: | Prunus sect. Armeniaca ( Scop.) Koch
|
Type species | |
L. | |
Species | |
See text. |
An apricot (US: /ˈæprɪkɒt/ ⓘ, UK: /ˈeɪprɪkɒt/ ⓘ) is a fruit, or the tree that bears the fruit, of several species in the genus Prunus.
Usually an apricot is from the species P. armeniaca, but the fruits of the other species in Prunus sect. Armeniaca are also called apricots.[1]
Etymology
Apricot first appeared in English in the 16th century as abrecock from the Middle French aubercot or later abricot,[2] from Spanish albaricoque and Catalan a(l)bercoc, in turn from Arabic الْبَرْقُوق (al-barqūq, "the plums"), from Byzantine Greek βερικοκκίᾱ (berikokkíā, "apricot tree"), derived from late Greek πραικόκιον (praikókion, "apricot") from Latin [persica ("peach")] praecocia (praecoquus, "early ripening").[3][4][5]
Description
The apricot is a small tree, 8–12 metres (26–39 feet) tall, with a trunk up to 40 centimetres (16 inches) in diameter and a dense, spreading canopy. The
Phytochemistry
Apricots contain various
Species
Apricots are species belonging to Prunus sect. Armeniaca. The taxonomic position of P. brigantina is disputed. It is grouped with plum species according to chloroplast DNA sequences,[10] but more closely related to apricot species according to nuclear DNA sequences.[11]
- Prunus armeniaca – common apricot, widely cultivated for its edible fruit and kernel
- Prunus brigantina – Briançon apricot, native to Europe, cultivated for its edible fruit and oil-producing kernel
- Prunus cathayana – native to Hebei
- Prunus × dasycarpa – purple apricot, cultivated in Central Asia and adjacent areas for its edible fruit
- Prunus hongpingensis – Hongping apricot, native to Shennongjia, cultivated for its edible fruit
- Prunus hypotrichodes – native to Chongqing
- Prunus limeixing – cultivated in northern China for its edible fruit
- Prunus mandshurica – Manchurian apricot, native to Northeast Asia, cultivated for its kernel, the fruits of some cultivars edible
- Prunus mume – Japanese apricot, native to southern China, widely cultivated for its beautiful blossom and edible fruit
- Prunus sibirica – Siberian apricot, native to Siberia, Mongolia, northern China, and Korea, cultivated for its kernel
- Prunus zhengheensis – Zhenghe apricot, native to Fujian
- Raktsay karpo -" Genotypes with white seed coat are unique to Ladakh, and are associated with sweet kernel",native to Ladakh .[12][13]
Cultivation
Origin and domestication
Prunus armeniaca
The most commonly cultivated apricot P. armeniaca was known in Armenia during ancient times, and has been cultivated there for so long that it was previously thought to have originated there, hence the epithet of its scientific name.[14] However, this is not supported by genetic studies, which instead confirm the hypothesis proposed by Nikolai Vavilov that domestication of P. armeniaca occurred in Central Asia and China.[15][16] The domesticated apricot then diffused south to South Asia,[15] west to West Asia (including Armenia), Europe and North Africa, and east to Japan.[16]
Prunus mume
Japanese apricot P. mume is another widely cultivated apricot species, usually for ornamental uses. Despite the common name, it originated from China, and was introduced to Japan in ancient times.
Cultivation practices
Apricots have a chilling requirement of 300 to 900
Apricot cultivars are usually grafted onto plum or peach rootstocks. The cultivar scion provides the fruit characteristics, such as flavor and size, but the rootstock provides the growth characteristics of the plant. Some of the more popular US apricot cultivars are 'Blenheim', 'Wenatchee Moorpark', 'Tilton', and 'Perfection'. Some apricot cultivars are self-compatible, so do not require pollinizer trees; others are not: 'Moongold' and 'Sungold', for example, must be planted in pairs so they can pollinate each other.[19]
Hybridisors have created what is known as a "black apricot" or "purple apricot", (
Pests and diseases
Apricot production – 2020 | |
---|---|
Country | 2020 (millions of tonnes) |
Turkey | 0.83 |
Uzbekistan | 0.53 |
Iran | 0.33 |
Algeria | 0.19 |
Italy | 0.17 |
World | 3.72 |
Source: FAOSTAT, United Nations[21]
|
Apricots are susceptible to various diseases whose relative importance differs in the major production regions as a consequence of their climatic differences. For example, hot weather as experienced in California's Central Valley often causes pit burn, a condition of soft and brown fruit around the pit.[22] Bacterial diseases include bacterial spot and crown gall. Fungal diseases include brown rot caused by Monilinia fructicola: infection of the blossom by rainfall leads to "blossom wilt"[23] whereby the blossoms and young shoots turn brown and die; the twigs die back in a severe attack; brown rot of the fruit is due to Monilinia infection later in the season. Dieback of branches in the summer is attributed to the fungus Eutypa lata, where examination of the base of the dead branch reveals a canker surrounding a pruning wound.[24] Other fungal diseases are black knot, Alternaria spot and fruit rot, and powdery mildew.[25] Unlike peaches, apricots are not affected by leaf curl, and bacterial canker (causing sunken patches in the bark, which then spread and kill the affected branch or tree) and silver leaf are not serious threats, which means that pruning in late winter is considered safe.[23]
Kernel
Due to their natural
Production
In 2020, world production of apricots was 3.72 million tonnes, led by Turkey with 22% of the total. Other major producers (in descending order) were Uzbekistan, Iran, Italy, and Algeria.[21] Malatya is the center of Turkey's apricot industry.[28]
Toxicity
Apricot kernels (seeds) contain amygdalin, a poisonous compound. On average, bitter apricot kernels contain about 5% amygdalin and sweet kernels about 0.9% amygdalin. These values correspond to 0.3% and 0.05% of cyanide. Since a typical apricot kernel weighs 600 mg, bitter and sweet varieties contain, respectively, 1.8 and 0.3 mg of cyanide.[29]
Uses
Apricot kernels can be made into a plant milk.[30]
Nutrition
Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz) | |
---|---|
Energy | 1,009 kJ (241 kcal) |
63 g | |
Sugars | 53 g |
Dietary fiber | 7 g |
0.5 g | |
3.4 g | |
Niacin (B3) | 16% 2.589 mg |
Pantothenic acid (B5) | 10% 0.516 mg |
Vitamin B6 | 8% 0.143 mg |
Folate (B9) | 3% 10 μg |
Vitamin C | 1% 1 mg |
Vitamin E | 29% 4.33 mg |
Vitamin K | 3% 3.1 μg |
Minerals | Quantity %DV† |
Calcium | 4% 55 mg |
Iron | 15% 2.66 mg |
Magnesium | 8% 32 mg |
Manganese | 10% 0.235 mg |
Phosphorus | 6% 71 mg |
Potassium | 39% 1162 mg |
Sodium | 0% 10 mg |
Zinc | 3% 0.29 mg |
†Percentages estimated using US recommendations for adults,[31] except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from the National Academies.[32] |
Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz) | |
---|---|
Energy | 201 kJ (48 kcal) |
11 g | |
Sugars | 9 g |
Dietary fiber | 2 g |
0.4 g | |
1.4 g | |
Niacin (B3) | 4% 0.6 mg |
Pantothenic acid (B5) | 5% 0.24 mg |
Vitamin B6 | 3% 0.054 mg |
Folate (B9) | 2% 9 μg |
Vitamin C | 11% 10 mg |
Vitamin E | 6% 0.89 mg |
Vitamin K | 3% 3.3 μg |
Minerals | Quantity %DV† |
Calcium | 1% 13 mg |
Iron | 2% 0.4 mg |
Magnesium | 2% 10 mg |
Manganese | 3% 0.077 mg |
Phosphorus | 2% 23 mg |
Potassium | 9% 259 mg |
Sodium | 0% 1 mg |
Zinc | 2% 0.2 mg |
Other constituents | Quantity |
Water | 86 g |
†Percentages estimated using US recommendations for adults,[31] except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from the National Academies.[32] |
In a 100-gram amount, raw apricots supply 48
Dried apricots
Dried apricots are a type of
In culture
The apricot is the
The Chinese associate the apricot with education and medicine. For instance, the classical word
The fact that apricot season is short and unreliable in Egypt has given rise to the common Egyptian Arabic and Palestinian Arabic expression filmishmish ("in apricot [season]") or bukra filmishmish ("tomorrow in apricot [season]"), generally uttered as a riposte to an unlikely prediction, or as a rash promise to fulfill a request.[39] This adynaton has the same sense as the English expression "when pigs fly".[40]
In
In Jewish culture, apricots are commonly eaten as part of the Tu Bishvat seder.[43]
The Turkish idiom bundan iyisi Şam'da kayısı (literally, "the only thing better than this is an apricot in Damascus") means "it doesn't get any better than this".[citation needed]
In the
US astronauts ate dried apricot on the Apollo 15 and Apollo 17 missions to the moon.[49]
Gallery
-
Dried date, peach, apricot, and stones. From Lahun, Fayum, Egypt.The Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, London
-
Blooms of an apricot
-
Apricot kernel (endocarp and seed)
-
Dried apricot, with dark color due to absence of sulfur dioxide treatment
-
Prunus sibirica (Siberian apricot; hardy to −50 °C (−58 °F) but with less palatable fruit)
-
Apricot tree, Turkey
-
Apricots drying on the ground in Cappadocia
-
Syrian apricot paste
-
Packaging apricot fruits in Uzbekistan
-
Drying apricot fruits
-
'Kecskemét Rose' - a pale and juicy apricot variety
See also
- Barack (brandy)
- Apricot plum, Prunus simonii
References
- from the original on 2021-01-28. Retrieved 2021-02-16.
- ^ "abricot (French) Archived 2017-09-22 at the Wayback Machine". Centre National de Ressources Textuelles et Lexicales.
- ^ "apricot". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary.
- ^ "apricot". The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (5th ed.). HarperCollins.
- ^ Dean, Sam (9 May 2013). "On the Etymology of the Word Apricot". Bon Appetit. Archived from the original on 22 October 2018. Retrieved 22 October 2018.
- ^ Flora of China: Armeniaca Archived 2021-09-06 at the Wayback Machine
- ISBN 0-00-220013-9.
- PMID 24328399.
- PMID 27347931.
- from the original on 2023-01-16. Retrieved 2021-03-29.
- from the original on 2023-01-16. Retrieved 2021-03-29.
- ^ Service, Statesman News (2022-12-19). "Ladakh got its first GI Tag for it's [sic] famous Raktsey Karpo Apricot". The Statesman. Retrieved 2024-02-10.
- ISSN 0304-4238.
- ^ "VII Symposium on Apricot Culture and Decline". International Society for Horticultural Science. Archived from the original on 2003-05-21. Retrieved 2012-06-22.
- ^ from the original on 2020-06-23. Retrieved 2021-02-17.
- ^ PMID 32523597.
- ^ "Prunus sibirica Siberian Apricot PFAF Plant Database". pfaf.org. Archived from the original on 2021-11-16. Retrieved 2013-11-17.
- ^ "Apricots". www.rhs.org.uk. Retrieved 2023-01-27.
- PMID 29755489.
- ^ "Adorable Apricots – The Essential Guide to probably everything you need to know about growing Apricot – Prunus armeniaca". The Permaculture Research Institute. 2023-01-10. Retrieved 2023-01-27.
- ^ a b "Production Quantities of Apricots by Country in 2020; Crops/World Regions/Production Quantity from picklists". Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Statistics Division (FAOSTAT). 2022. Archived from the original on 12 November 2016. Retrieved 8 May 2022.
- ISBN 978-1-879906-72-3.
- ^ a b Hessayon, D.G. (2004). The Fruit Expert. London: Expert Books.
- .
- ^ Diseases of Apricot Archived 2016-06-24 at the Wayback Machine. The American Phytopathological Society
- ^ Southey, Flora (14 May 2021). "Are fruit seeds the new nuts?". foodnavigator.com. Food Navigator. Archived from the original on 24 May 2022. Retrieved 9 May 2022.
- ^ Pierre-Louis, Kendra (8 October 2015). "800 Trillion Plastic Microbeads Go Down Drains Every Day". pbs.org. PBS. Archived from the original on 9 May 2022. Retrieved 9 May 2022.
- ^ Denker, Joel (14 June 2016). "'Moon Of The Faith:' A History Of The Apricot And Its Many Pleasures". npr.org. National Public Radio. Archived from the original on 8 August 2019. Retrieved 9 May 2022.
- ^ "Apricot kernels pose risk of cyanide poisoning | EFSA". www.efsa.europa.eu. 27 April 2016. Retrieved 2023-01-27.
- ^ Cornall, Jim (10 March 2022). "The latest in dairy alternatives: Taiwan company debuts apricot kernel drink". dairyreporter.com. Dairy Reporter. Archived from the original on 14 March 2022. Retrieved 9 May 2022.
- ^ a b United States Food and Drug Administration (2024). "Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels". Retrieved 2024-03-28.
- ^ )
- ISBN 9780195307962. p. 22.
- S2CID 155915149.
The apricot, being the Armenian national fruit...
- EurasiaNet. Archivedfrom the original on 14 July 2018. Retrieved 15 July 2018.
- EurasiaNet. Archived from the originalon 14 July 2018. Retrieved 15 July 2018.
As a symbol of national pride the image of apricots is included in Armenian souvenirs.
- ^ "《莊子·漁父》". Ctext.org. Archived from the original on 2013-05-22. Retrieved 2012-06-22.
- PMID 7473645.
- ^ Al Qasimi, Nouf (16 August 2012). "There's an old Arabic proverb: You can have apricots tomorrow". The National. Retrieved 18 August 2023.
- ^ Al Qasimi, Nouf. "Mish Mish". Jewish Film Institute. Retrieved 18 August 2023.
- ^ Robertson, Amy (2017-06-08). "All Over The World, Thirsty Muslims Have Their Ramadan Go-To Drinks". NPR. Archived from the original on 2019-08-07. Retrieved 2018-05-22.
- ^ Denker, Joel (2016-06-14). "'Moon Of The Faith:' A History Of The Apricot And Its Many Pleasures". NPR. Archived from the original on 2019-08-08. Retrieved 2018-05-22.
- ^ Administrator (2018-01-21). "The Tu B'Shevat Seder". Anglo-List. Retrieved 2023-01-27.
- ^ S.SGT. Bob Donner. "Taste for Apricots Canned at Cua Viet". US Marines Armored Tractor Division. Archived from the original on 2017-09-06. Retrieved 2017-09-02.
- ^ Cpl. Derek A. Shoemake (October 27, 2000). "Apricots, AAVs no happy pair". Archived from the original on September 2, 2017. Retrieved September 2, 2017.
- ^ Michael M. Phillips (March 3, 2003). "Superstitions Abound at Camp As Soldiers Await War in Iraq". Archived from the original on September 2, 2017. Retrieved September 2, 2017.
- ISBN 9780671750220.
- Military Times. Retrieved 2023-01-27.
- ^ Bendix, Aria. "From applesauce in a tube to 'space noodles,' here's how astronaut food has evolved from the 1960s to today". Business Insider. Retrieved 2024-04-23.
External links
- Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 2 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 230. .
- The dictionary definition of apricot at Wiktionary