April 1975

• Died:
  • Chiang Kai-shek, 87, President of the Republic of China, who later relocated to the island of Taiwan after the Communist takeover of the mainland.^[16]
  • Harold Osborn, 75, American track athlete, decathlon winner in 1924 Olympics

April 6, 1975 (Sunday)

• Yen Chia-kan was sworn in as the new President of Nationalist China, as a 30-day period of official morning began for the late Chiang Kai-shek.^[17]
• With the conquest of
  National Assembly. All 492 candidates were unopposed members of the Vietnamese Fatherland Front.^[18]
• Born: Zach Braff, American TV actor (Dr. John Dorian on Scrubs); in South Orange, New Jersey
• Died: Ernst Bergmann, 71, Israeli atomic scientist

April 7, 1975 (Monday)

• Cambodia's Prime Minister Long Boret met with representatives of the Khmer Rouge while in Bangkok, Thailand. He returned to Cambodia the next day, refused to leave when officials were offered a chance to escape, and was executed nine days later by the new regime.^[19]
• Beverly Sills, the most famous of American opera singers of her day, made her first appearance at "The Met".^[20]
• Born:
  • Ronde Barber, American NFL cornerback for the Tampa Bay Buccaneers, and
  • Tiki Barber, American NFL running back for the New York Giants, identical twins in Roanoke, Virginia

April 8, 1975 (Tuesday)

• Cleveland Indians, placed himself into the lineup as a designated hitter, and hit a home run in his first at-bat, to help the Indians beat the Yankees 5–3.^[21]
• At the Academy Awards, Art Carney won Best Actor for Harry and Tonto, Ellen Burstyn won Best Actress for Alice Doesn't Live Here Anymore, and The Godfather Part II became the first sequel to win an Oscar for Best Picture.^[22]
• In an interview on the CBS Morning News, U.S. Senator Barry Goldwater said that the Vietnam War "would have been over in a month" if he had been elected president in 1964.^[23]
• Josephine Baker danced before a crowd of celebrities at the Bobino Theatre in Paris. Days later, the African-American dancer who had become a beloved citizen of France, had a cerebral hemorrhage and died on April 12 at the age of 68.

April 9, 1975 (Wednesday)

• The
  Mariwasa-Noritake Porcelain Makers defeating the Concepcion Carriers, 101 to 98 in the opener of a doubleheader, followed by the Toyota Comets' 105–101 defeat of the Universal Textile Weavers. Gregorio Dionisio of the Carriers scored the first basket.^[24]
• The National Association of Broadcasters voted 12–3 to designate the first hour of weeknight network television as "Family Viewing Hour, starting with the 1975–76 season.^[25]
• Eight people in South Korea, who were involved in the People's Revolutionary Party Incident, were hanged. The executions came the day after President Park ordered Korea University closed.^[26]
• The Battle of Xuân Lộc, the last major battle of the Vietnam War, began. South Vietnamese forces held out against superior North Vietnamese forces before finally withdrawing on April 19.
• Troops from the Indian Army invaded the Kingdom of Sikkim in response to an appeal by the Himalayan kingdom's prime minister and disarmed the 400 guards of the King of Sikkim at his palace in Gangtok. The King (Chogyal) Palden Thondup Namgyal was confined to the royal palace under house arrest.^[27]
• Born: Robbie Fowler, British footballer and fourth highest goalscorer in Premier League history; in Liverpool
• Died: "Joey", 34, the world's oldest canary. Joey spent his entire life in a cage at the home of a Mrs. Ross in Hull, England.^[28]

April 10, 1975 (Thursday)

• The legislature for the Kingdom of
  Himalayan Mountains, voted to abolish the monarchy and to make the nation one of the states of India.^[29]
• Lee Elder became the first African-American golfer to play in the Masters' Tournament ^[30]
• Born:
  • David Harbour, American film actor known for Hellboy and Stranger Things; in White Plains, New York^[31]
  • Matthew Phillips, New Zealand native who later became a player for the Italy national rugby union team; in Kaitaia
• Died:
  • Marjorie Main, 85, American actress best known as Phoebe "Ma" Kettle in ten "Ma and Pa Kettle" films between 1947 and 1957
  • Walker Evans, 71, American photographer

April 11, 1975 (Friday)

• North Vietnam took control of six of the Spratly Islands which had been under the control of South Vietnam, but had also been claimed by the People's Republic of China. The dispute between the two Communist nations over ownership of the tiny islands would be one of several factors in the war between China and Vietnam in 1979.^[32]

April 12, 1975 (Saturday)

• Operation Eagle Pull started as the United States closed its embassy in Cambodia, and began the evacuation of all American citizens. American military helicopters from the aircraft carrier USS Hancock, and 180 U.S. Marines from the amphibious assault ship USS Okinawa, arrived at Phnom Penh. There was no interference from the Khmer Rouge during the rescue.^[33]
• ARVN General Staff sends numbers of South Vietnamese fighter-bombers to slow down or halt PAVN units to attempt major ambushes and attacks at the highway and at Xuan Loc. South Vietnamese fighter bombers uses 80-120 sorties per day to stiff strong resistance.
• Died: Josephine Baker, 68, African-American dancer who attained fame in France and then worldwide

April 13, 1975 (Sunday)

• In
  Kataeb militia attacked a bus carrying Muslim Palestinians to the inauguration of a new mosque in the Beirut suburb of Ain El Remmeneh, killing 27 and wounding 18.^[34] The attack, which came soon after an assassination attempt against Phalangist leader Pierre Gemayel that killed four of his bodyguards, triggered a new civil war that would last for more than 15 years.^[35]
• assassinated in a coup d'état by soldiers led by General Félix Malloum
  .
• The first victim of the
  San Juan Capistrano, and identified as 21-year-old Albert Rivera. The murders would continue until March 13, 1977, when a 17-year-old boy disappeared after meeting a friend identified as David Hill. Hill and his roommate, Patrick Kearney, would turn themselves into the Riverside County Sheriff on July 1, 1977. Kearney would confess to 28 murders, dating back to 1968, while Hill would plead guilty to three.^[36]
• Born: Bruce Dyer, English footballer who became the first "£1 million-teenager" in 1994, for Crystal Palace; in Ilford
• Died: Larry Parks, 60, American film actor nominated for an Oscar in 1946, and blacklisted in 1951

April 14, 1975 (Monday)

• "
  National Airlines began offering a 35 percent discount off the air fare for passengers who were willing to give up airline food and drink service. Four other airlines-- American, Continental, Eastern and Delta began offering discount service the same day. All five had obtained permission from the Civil Aeronautics Board.^[37]
• The Federal Election Commission, created on October 15, 1974, began operations with the swearing in of six commissioners by U.S. President Ford.^[38]
• Voters in the ancient Himalayan kingdom of Sikkim overwhelmingly approved abolishing that nation's monarchy and merging with neighboring India. The final result was 59,637 in favor and only 1,496 against.^[39]
• A Chorus Line, which would go on to become a long running Broadway musical, was first performed, at the New York Shakespeare Festival.^[40]
• Born:
  • Fort Lauderdale
    , billed as "Lita"
  • Anderson Silva, Brazilian UFC fighter, World Middleweight Champion since 2006, in São Paulo
  • Stefano Miceli, Italian conductor and pianist, in Brindisi
• Died:
  • Fredric March, 77, American film actor, Academy Award winner for Best Actor in 1932 and 1946
  • Clyde Tolson, 74, associate director of the FBI, second only to J. Edgar Hoover

April 15, 1975 (Tuesday)

• Karen Ann Quinlan, 21, collapsed after drinking several gin and tonics in addition to having already taken the tranquilizers Valium and Darvon.^[41] She would become the subject of a landmark case in the "right to die" movement, In re Quinlan. After a Massachusetts court ruled that a person could be taken off life support in cases where there was no prospect of recovery, she would be removed from the respirator on May 22, 1976. To the surprise of most people, Quinlan was able to breathe on her own, and would live, comatose, for another nine years. She would die on June 11, 1985, at the age of 31.^[42]
• The leftist government of Portugal nationalized most of that nation's basic industries and began a land reform program.[43]
• Died: Richard Conte, 65, American actor

April 16, 1975 (Wednesday)

• Alexander Shelepin, at one time considered a successor to Leonid Brezhnev as leader of the Soviet Union, was removed from his position on the 16 member Politburo of the Soviet Communist Party.^[44]
• Air Force Marshal
  Vice President of Egypt by President Anwar Sadat, replacing Hussein el-Shafei, who had served in the post since 1961.^[45]
  Mubarak would begin a 29-year rule as president after the 1981 assassination of Sadat.

• The Cambodian Civil War came to an end when Khmer Rouge guerrillas captured Phnom Penh.^[46] That evening the Khmer Rouge directed the residents to leave the city for the countryside.^[47]
• Former U.S. Treasury Secretary
  John B. Connally was acquitted of all charges by a federal jury in a bribery trial in Washington. Connally, who had been wounded during the assassination of President Kennedy in 1963, then later switched from the Democrats to the Republicans, had been under consideration by Richard M. Nixon as successor to Vice-president Agnew in 1973, but was bypassed in favor of Gerald Ford, who became president upon Nixon's resignation.^[48]
• Born: Lee Hyun-il, South Korean badminton player, in Seoul
• Died: Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, 86, President of India from 1962 to 1967

April 18, 1975 (Friday)

• The first
  acidophilus milk was introduced at a luncheon at North Carolina State University. "Sweet Acidophilus", a dairy product for people with a lactose intolerance, had been made through the co-operation of the university, the North Carolina Dairy Foundation, and Miles Laboratories, with Miles producing the lactobacillus acidophilus bacteria cultures that aided in the breakdown of lactose sugar.^[49]
• The 200th anniversary of the midnight ride of Paul Revere (celebrated in Henry Wadsworth Longfellow's 1860 poem as having occurred "on the eighteenth of April, in Seventy-Five") was observed in Boston's North End neighborhood. U.S. President Ford visited the Old North Church, where two signal lanterns had been placed on April 18, 1775, and lit a third lamp to symbolize the start of "America's third century".^[50]
• Died: Hang Thun Hak, 48, former Prime Minister of Cambodia (1972–1973), was executed by the Khmer Rouge.

April 19, 1975 (Saturday)

• Indian Space Research Organisation would begin launches from India (at the space center in Sriharikota, Andhra Pradesh) in 1980.^[51]
• The Cambodian genocide began two days after the fall of Phnom Penh, as the new Khmer Rouge regime announced that all former government employees, including soldiers, military officers, and policemen, would be required to register with the new local authorities. Those who complied with the order were told that they would be sent for "reeducation" at a camp in Battambang on April 28.^[52]
• withdrew from the town of Xuan Loc in the last major battle of the Vietnam War.^[53]
• Wood Memorial and one month later he would win the Kentucky Derby
  .
• Born: Jason Gillespie, Australian cricketer nicknamed "Dizzy", in Sydney
• Died: Percy Lavon Julian, 76, African-American inventor, biochemist and entrepreneur who developed synthetic cortisone.

April 20, 1975 (Sunday)

• Taman Mini Indonesia Indah, a 250-acre cultural theme park that was envisioned by First Lady Ibu Tien as "Indonesia on a miniature scale", was opened at East Jakarta, to illustrate the many cultures of the nation of more than 200,000,000 people.^[54]
• Srila Prabhupada^[55]

• South Vietnam's President Nguyễn Văn Thiệu resigns and flees the country to Taiwan five days later. After going to Thailand, Thiệu, who was succeeded by Vice-president Trần Văn Hương, moved to London. He would pass away in Newton, Massachusetts, on September 29, 2001.^[56]
• The
  Bình Tuy Province. Despite a stiff resistance by the south, the province would fall later in the day.^[57]
• Members of the Symbiomese Liberation Army, which had kidnapped newspaper heiress
  Myrna Opsahl, a 42-year-old mother of four, who had been at the bank depositing money collected by her church from the previous day's services.^[58] Hearst was identified later as the driver of the getaway car.^[59]
• Died: Sisowath Sirik Matak, 61, former Prime Minister of Cambodia and Long Boret, 42, Prime Minister of Cambodia, two of the seven "supertraitors" designated by the Khmer Rouge for trial and execution, were executed on or about this date after choosing to remain in Cambodia rather than to evacuate.

April 22, 1975 (Tuesday)

• United Brands Company in return for cutting a Honduran export tax on bananas, and was replaced by General Juan Alberto Melgar Castro.^[61]
• Born:
  • Carlos Sastre, Spanish bicycle racer and 2008 Tour de France winner, in Leganés
  • Greg Moore, Canadian race car driver, in Maple Ridge, British Columbia (killed in racing accident, 1999)

April 23, 1975 (Wednesday)

• Speaking to an audience of students at Tulane University in New Orleans, U.S. President Ford announced that "Today, America can regain the sense of pride that existed before Vietnam. But it cannot be achieved by refighting a war that is finished as far as America is concerned." ^[62] Earlier in the day, the U.S. Senate had voted 75–17 to approve $250 million in humanitarian aid and use of U.S. troops to evacuate South Vietnam, but declined to take up Ford's request for any further military aid.^[63]
• Pol Pot, the rarely seen Khmer Rouge commander-in-chief and new leader of Cambodia, arrived at Phnom Penh to begin his revolutionary plans to build Democratic Kampuchea.^[64]
• Born: Olga Kern, Russian classical pianist, as Olga Pushechnikova in Moscow
• Died: William Hartnell, 67, British actor who had been the first of 13 to portray Doctor Who in the show of the same name, from 1963 to 1966.

April 24, 1975 (Thursday)

• Six terrorists of the
  took over the West German embassy in Sweden, took 11 hostages, and demanded the release of 26 of the group's jailed members (including Andreas Baader and Ulrike Meinhof). Reversing prior West German policy, Chancellor Helmut Schmidt's government refused to give in to terrorist demands, offering nothing but an opportunity for the group to get away. In response, the group murdered two embassy employees, military attaché Andreas von Mirbach and Heinz Hillegaard. As Swedish commandos were preparing to storm the building, a terrorist bomb detonated, apparently accidentally, destroying the structure and allowing the hostages to escape after the 12-hour siege. Two of the six terrorists were fatally injured by their own bomb, and the others were captured while trying to leave. The event marked the beginning of the decline of domestic terrorism in West Germany.^[65]
• Colorado Attorney General Joyce Murdoch invalidated all six marriage licenses for same-sex marriage that had been issued by Boulder County Clerk Clela Rorex since March 26. Rorex had issued the first license to two men after being advised by the District Attorney that nothing in Colorado law prohibited a marriage between two people of the same gender.^[66]
• Polish Army Major
  Jerzy Pawlowski, who had won a gold medal in fencing representing Poland at the 1968 Summer Olympics, was arrested on charges of espionage in Warsaw. Pawlowski, who had worked for Poland's intelligence service since 1950, had been working since 1964 as an agent for the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). He would be sentenced to 25 years imprisonment after a court-martial and released after the fall of the Communist government in 1989.^[67]
• Died: Pete Ham, 27, Welsh musician who led the group Badfinger, hanged himself.

April 25, 1975 (Friday)

• Exactly one year after the "
  Francisco de Sá Carneiro's Social Democrats won 81. Álvaro Cunhal and the Portuguese Communist Party obtained only 30 seats.^[68]
• Eight policemen, two bystanders and a bank teller were killed in Mexico City by members of the
  Villa Coapa. As soon as the bank opened for the day, a dozen guerillas entered, killed six police who were guarding the bank. Unable to open the vault, the group took approximately US$16,000 from the tellers' drawers, then shot other people as they drove away.^[69]
• Died: Mike Brant (stage name for Moshe Michael Brand), popular Israeli singer and songwriter who attained fame in France, with seven number one hit records, committed suicide by jumping from the sixth floor of an apartment in Paris.^[70] Earlier in the day, the Sonopresse studio had released his latest album, Album souvenir.

April 26, 1975 (Saturday)

• Boxer
  Don King as "Foreman versus Five".^[71] Rather than facing one challenger for 15 rounds, went up to 3 rounds with each fighter. The "Fearsome Fivesome" consisted of Alonzo Johnson, Jerry Judge, Terry Daniels, Charlie Polite, and Boone Kirkman, and each received $7,500 for appearing.^[72]
• Born: Joey Jordison, American musician (Slipknot), in Des Moines, Iowa (d. 2021)

April 27, 1975 (Sunday)

• Tran Van Huong, who had refused to step aside after a week as president, the next day.^[73][74]
• Born:
  Yoichi, Hokkaidō
• Died: John B. McKay, 52, U.S. Air Force test pilot, twelve years after sustaining serious injuries in the November 9, 1962, crash of an X-15 aircraft.

April 28, 1975 (Monday)

• David Prosser, the lone security guard at Israel's consulate in Johannesburg, South Africa, killed three consulate employees, held another 21 people hostage, and wounded 37 people. Although police initially estimated that six terrorists had seized the consulate,^[75] Prosser later revealed that he had fired weapons from different windows on the fifth floor, and had spoken to them by radio using different accents.^[76] South African police rushed the building after Prosser began firing from the window at crowds outside the building. Prosser, a South African Jew who had fought for Israel in the 1973 Yom Kippur, said that he had seized the consulate because he was dissatisfied with the government of Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin. Prosser was captured alive, and later sentenced to 25 years in prison.^[77]
• The Bombing of Tan Son Nhut Air Base caused the halt of the fixed-wing air evacuation from the base.^[78][79]
• Died: Hans Heilbronn, 66, German-born Canadian mathematician and co-discoverer of the Deuring–Heilbronn phenomenon

April 29, 1975 (Tuesday)

• At 11:08 am ICT in
  Tan Son Nhut Airport.^[80] In all, American helicopters evacuated 1,373 Americans, 5,595 South Vietnamese and 815 foreign nationals in a span of 18 hours.^[81]
• Two U.S. Marine Security Guards - Corporal Charles McMahon and Lance Corporal Darwin L. Judge - became the last American servicemen to be killed in Vietnam, the victims of North Vietnamese shelling of the airport. Their remains were inadvertently left behind, and would be buried by North Vietnamese at a Saigon cemetery. On February 22, 1976, the bodies of the two servicemen would be released back to American custody.^[82]

April 30, 1975 (Wednesday)

• The
  Democratic Republic of Vietnam.^[85]
• According to a Giai Phong Press Agency radio broadcast, several Mekong provinces, including Cần Thơ, the capital of IV Corps, had not surrendered in accordance with Minh's unconditional surrender. It was reported that VC soldiers started the final drive to take over the weakened Mekong provincial capitals. The next day, all of the ARVN regiments and divisions in the Mekong Delta either dissolved or surrendered to outnumbered VC soldiers.[86]
• Born:
  • Elliott Sadler, American NASCAR driver also known infamously his near injury crash in 2003 EA Sports 500.
  • Johnny Galecki, American television actor (The Big Bang Theory); in Bree, Belgium
  • Michael Chaturantabut, Thailand-born American actor, in Rayong
• Died:
  • Gen Paul, 79, French painter and engraver
  • Four ARVN generals committed suicide following the surrender of South Vietnam:
    • Le Van Hung, 42, ARVN IV Corps Deputy Commander 1974–75 in Cần Thơ
    • Tran Van Hai, 50, ARVN Brigadier General at Dong Tam Base Camp
    • Le Nguyen Vy, 42, 5th Infantry Division commander
    • Pham Van Phu, 46, II Corps commander

References