Aquileia
Aquileia
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Comune di Aquileia | ||
ISTAT code 030004 | | |
Patron saint | Sts. Hermagoras and Fortunatus | |
Saint day | July 12 | |
Website | Official website | |
Official name | Archaeological Area and the Patriarchal Basilica of Aquileia | |
Criteria | Cultural: iii, iv, vi | |
Reference | 825 | |
Inscription | 1998 (22nd Session) |
Aquileia
It is currently a comune (municipality) in the Regional decentralization entity of Udine, Friuli-Venezia Giulia.
History
Classical Antiquity
Roman Republic
Aquileia was founded as a colony by the
The colony was established with
The triumvirate led 3,000 families to settle the area[
Roads soon connected Aquileia with the Roman colony of Bologna probably in 173 BCE. In 148 BCE, it was connected with Genua by the Via Postumia, which stretched across the Padanian plain from Aquileia through or near to Opitergium, Tarvisium, Vicetia, Verona, Bedriacum, and the three Roman colonies of Cremona, Placentia, and Dertona. The construction of the Via Popilia from the Roman colony of Ariminium to Ad Portum near Altinum in 132 BCE improved communications still further. In the 1st century CE, the Via Gemina would link Aquileia with Emona to the east of the Julian Alps, and by 78 or 79 CE the Via Flavia would link Aquileia to Pula.
Meanwhile, in 169 BCE, 1,500 more Latin colonists with their families, led by the triumvirate of Titus Annius Lucius, Publius Decius Subulo, and Marcus Cornelius Cethegus, settled in the town as a reinforcement to the garrison.[11] The discovery of the gold fields near the modern Klagenfurt in 130 BCE[12] brought the growing colony into further notice, and it soon became a place of importance, not only owing to its strategic military position, but as a centre of commerce, especially in agricultural products and viticulture. It also had, in later times at least, considerable brickfields.
In 90 BCE, the original Latin colony became a municipium and its citizens were ascribed to the Roman tribe Velina. The customs boundary of Italy was close by in Cicero's day. Julius Caesar visited the city on a number of occasions and pitched a winter camp nearby in 59–58 BCE.
Roman Empire
Although the
Augustus was the first of a number of emperors to visit Aquileia, notably during the Pannonian wars in 12–10 BC. It was the birthplace of Tiberius' son by Julia, in the latter year. The Roman poet Martial praised Aquileia as his hoped-for haven and resting place in his old age.[13]
In terms of religion, the populace adopted the Roman pantheon, although the
In the war against the Marcomanni in 167, the town was hard pressed; its fortifications had fallen into disrepair during the long peace. Nevertheless, when in 168 Marcus Aurelius made Aquileia the principal fortress of the empire against the barbarians of the North and East, it rose to the pinnacle of its greatness and soon had a population of 100,000. Septimius Severus visited in 193. In 238, when the town took the side of the Senate against the emperor Maximinus Thrax, the fortifications were hastily restored, and proved of sufficient strength to resist for several months, until Maximinus himself was assassinated.
Late Antiquity
An imperial palace was constructed in Aquileia, in which the emperors after the time of Diocletian frequently resided.
During the 4th century, Aquileia maintained its importance.
At the end of the 4th century, Ausonius enumerated Aquileia as the ninth among the great cities of the world, placing Rome, Constantinople, Carthage, Antioch, Alexandria, Trier, Mediolanum, and Capua before it. However, such prominence made it a target and Alaric and the Visigoths besieged it in 401, during which time some of its residents fled to the nearby lagoons. Alaric again attacked it in 408. Attila attacked the city in 452. During this invasion, on July 18, Attila and his Huns so utterly destroyed the city that it was afterwards hard to recognize its original site. The fall of Aquileia was the first of Attila's incursions into Roman territory; followed by cities like Mediolanum and Ticinum.[14] The Roman inhabitants, together with those of smaller towns in the neighbourhood, fled en masse to the lagoons, where they laid the foundations of the cities of Venice and nearby Grado.
Yet Aquileia would rise again, though much diminished, and continue to exist until the
Middle Ages
The Lombard
While Maxentius was patriarch, the
By the 11th century, the patriarch of Aquileia had grown strong enough to assert temporal sovereignty over Friuli and Aquileia. The Holy Roman Emperor gave the region to the patriarch as a feudal possession. However, the patriarch's temporal authority was constantly disputed and assailed by the territorial nobility.
In 1027 and 1044 Patriarch
In the 14th century the Patriarchal State reached its largest extension, stretching from the Piave river to the Julian Alps and northern Istria. The seat of the Patriarchate of Aquileia had been transferred to Udine in 1238, but returned to Aquileia in 1420 when Venice annexed the territory of Udine.
In 1445, the defeated patriarch
Main sights
Cathedral
Ancient Roman Remains
Today, Aquileia is a town that is smaller than it was when the colony was first founded by Rome. Over the centuries, sieges, earthquakes, floods and pillaging of the ancient buildings for materials mean that no building from the Roman period remain above ground. The site of Aquileia is believed to be the largest Roman city yet to be excavated and is on the UNESCO
Others
In the Monastero fraction is a 5th-century Christian basilica, later a
Notable people
- Pope Pius I is believed to have been born at Aquileia during the late 1st century.
- Saint Chrysogonus was martyred here in the beginning of the 4th century.
Twin towns – sister cities
Aquileia is
- Piran, Slovenia
- Maria Saal, Austria
See also
- Schism of the Three Chapters
- Aquileian rite
- Councils of Aquileia
- List of Aquileia Bishops and patriarchs
- Acaste Bresciani
Notes
- ^ UK: /ˌækwɪˈliːə/ AK-wil-EE-ə,[3] US: /ˌɑːkwɪˈleɪə/ AH-kwil-AY-ə,[4] Italian: [akwiˈlɛːja]; Friulian: Olee / Olea / Acuilee / Aquilee / Aquilea;[5] Venetian: Aquiłeja / Aquiłegia; Slovene: Oglej.
References
- ^ "Superficie di Comuni Province e Regioni italiane al 9 ottobre 2011". Italian National Institute of Statistics. Retrieved 16 March 2019.
- ^ "Popolazione Residente al 1° Gennaio 2018". Italian National Institute of Statistics. Retrieved 16 March 2019.
- ^ "Aquileia". Collins English Dictionary. HarperCollins. Retrieved April 6, 2019.
- ^ "Aquileia". The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (5th ed.). HarperCollins. Retrieved April 6, 2019.
- ^ Bilingual name of Aquileja – Oglej in: Gemeindelexikon, der im Reichsrate Vertretenen Königreiche und Länder. Herausgegeben von der K.K. Statistischen Zentralkommission. VII. Österreichisch-Illyrisches Küstenland (Triest, Görz und Gradiska, Istrien) (in German). Vienna. 1910.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ The Oxford Classical Dictionary, p. 129, at Google Books
- ^ A Brief History of Venice, p. 16, at Google Books
- ^ a b G. Bandelli, "Aquileia dalla fondazione al II secolo d.C" in Aquileia dalla fondazione al alto medioevo, M. Buora, ed. (Udine: Arte Grafiche Friulane, 1982), 20.
- ^ Livy, XL, 34, 2-4.
- ^ E. Mangani, F. Rebecchi, and M.J. Srazzulla, Emilia Venezie (Bari: Laterza & Figli, 1981), 210.
- ^ Livy XLIII 17,1
- ^ Strabo IV. 208
- ^ Martial, Epigrams lib. 4, 25: Aemula Baianis Altini litora villis et Phaethontei conscia silva rogi, quaeque Antenoreo Dryadum pulcherrima Fauno nupsit ad Euganeos Sola puella lacus, et tu Ledaeo felix Aquileia Timauo, hic ubi septenas Cyllarus hausit aquas: uos eritis nostrae requies portusque senectae, si iuris fuerint otia nostra sui. http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/martial/mart4.shtml
- ^ Jordanes (1997). "THE ORIGINS AND DEEDS OF THE GOTHS". Getica. University of Calgary. Archived from the original on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 16 August 2011.
- ^ "Gemellaggi". Retrieved 4 November 2014.
General references
- Catholic Encyclopedia
- Neher in Kirchenlexikon I, 1184–89
- De Rubeis, Monumenta Eccles. Aquil. (Strasburg, 1740)
- Ferdinando Ughelli, Italia Sacra, I sqq.; X, 207
- Cappelletti, Chiese d'Italia, VIII, 1 sqq.
- Menzano, Annali del Friuli (1858–68)
- Paschini, Sulle Origini della Chiesa di Aquileia (1904)
- Glaschroeder, in Buchberger's Kirchl. Handl. (Munich, 1904), I, 300-301
- Hefele, Conciliengesch. II, 914–23.
- For the episcopal succession, see Eubel, Hierarchia Catholica Medii Aevi (Muenster, 1898).