arXiv

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arXiv
Type of site
Science
Available inEnglish
OwnerCornell University
Created byPaul Ginsparg
URLarxiv.org
CommercialNo
LaunchedAugust 14, 1991; 32 years ago (1991-08-14)
Current statusOnline
ISSN2331-8422
OCLC number228652809

arXiv (pronounced as "

scientific papers in the fields of mathematics, physics, astronomy, electrical engineering, computer science, quantitative biology, statistics, mathematical finance and economics, which can be accessed online. In many fields of mathematics and physics, almost all scientific papers are self-archived on the arXiv repository before publication in a peer-reviewed journal. Some publishers also grant permission for authors to archive the peer-reviewed postprint. Begun on August 14, 1991, arXiv.org passed the half-million-article milestone on October 3, 2008,[2][3] had hit a million by the end of 2014[4][5] and two million by the end of 2021.[6][7] As of April 2021, the submission rate is about 16,000 articles per month.[8]

History

HTML forms
were a new technology.
arXiv's yearly submission rate growth over 30 years since its beginning with topics labelled by the standard abbreviations used on arxiv.org[10]

arXiv was made possible by the compact

e-print
was quickly adopted to describe the articles.

It began as a physics archive, called the

mirrors around the world.[16]

arXiv was an early adopter and promoter of

MacArthur Fellowship in 2002 for his establishment of arXiv.[19]
The annual budget for arXiv was approximately $826,000 for 2013 to 2017, funded jointly by Cornell University Library, the Simons Foundation (in both gift and challenge grant forms) and annual fee income from member institutions.[20] This model arose in 2010, when Cornell sought to broaden the financial funding of the project by asking institutions to make annual voluntary contributions based on the amount of download usage by each institution. Each member institution pledges a five-year funding commitment to support arXiv. Based on institutional usage ranking, the annual fees are set in four tiers from $1,000 to $4,400. Cornell's goal is to raise at least $504,000 per year through membership fees generated by approximately 220 institutions.[21]

In September 2011, Cornell University Library took overall administrative and financial responsibility for arXiv's operation and development. Ginsparg was quoted in the

Chronicle of Higher Education as saying it "was supposed to be a three-hour tour, not a life sentence".[22] However, Ginsparg remains on the arXiv's Scientific Advisory Board and its Physics Advisory Committee.[23][24]

In January 2022, arXiv began assigning DOIs to articles, in collaboration with DataCite.[25]

Data format

Each arXiv paper has a unique identifier:

  • YYMM.NNNNN, e.g. 1507.00123,
  • YYMM.NNNN, e.g. 0704.0001,
  • arch-ive/YYMMNNN for older papers, e.g. hep-th/9901001.

Different versions of the same paper are specified by a version number at the end. For example, 1709.08980v1. If no version number is specified, the default is the latest version.

arXiv uses a category system. Each paper is tagged with one or more categories. Some categories have two layers. For example, q-fin.TR is the "Trading and Market Microstructure" category within "quantitative finance". Other categories have one layer. For example, hep-ex is "high energy physics experiments".

Moderation process and endorsement

Although arXiv is not peer reviewed, a collection of moderators for each area review the submissions; they may recategorize any that are deemed off-topic,[26] or reject submissions that are not scientific papers, or sometimes for undisclosed reasons.[27] The lists of moderators for many sections of arXiv are publicly available,[28] but moderators for most of the physics sections remain unlisted.

Additionally, an "endorsement" system was introduced in 2004 as part of an effort to ensure content is relevant and of interest to current research in the specified disciplines.[29] Under the system, for categories that use it, an author must be endorsed by an established arXiv author before being allowed to submit papers to those categories. Endorsers are not asked to review the paper for errors but to check whether the paper is appropriate for the intended subject area.[26] New authors from recognized academic institutions generally receive automatic endorsement, which in practice means that they do not need to deal with the endorsement system at all. However, the endorsement system has attracted criticism for allegedly restricting scientific inquiry.[30][31]

A majority of the

Thurston's geometrization conjecture, including the Poincaré conjecture as a particular case, uploaded by Grigori Perelman in November 2002.[32] Perelman appears content to forgo the traditional peer-reviewed journal process, stating: "If anybody is interested in my way of solving the problem, it's all there [on the arXiv] – let them go and read about it".[33] Despite this non-traditional method of publication, other mathematicians recognized this work by offering the Fields Medal and Clay Mathematics Millennium Prizes to Perelman, both of which he refused.[34]

While arXiv does contain some dubious e-prints, such as those claiming to refute famous theorems or proving famous conjectures such as Fermat's Last Theorem using only high-school mathematics, a 2002 article which appeared in Notices of the American Mathematical Society described those as "surprisingly rare".[35] arXiv generally re-classifies these works, e.g. in "General mathematics", rather than deleting them;[36] however, some authors have voiced concern over the lack of transparency in the arXiv screening process.[27]

Submission formats

Papers can be submitted in any of several formats, including LaTeX, and PDF printed from a word processor other than TeX or LaTeX. The submission is rejected by the arXiv software if generating the final PDF file fails, if any image file is too large, or if the total size of the submission is too large. arXiv now allows one to store and modify an incomplete submission, and only finalize the submission when ready. The time stamp on the article is set when the submission is finalized.

Access

A screenshot of viewing a paper's abstract on arxiv.org in 2021

The standard access route is through the arXiv.org website or one of several mirrors. Other interfaces and access routes have also been created by other un-associated organisations.

green open access
.

Finally, researchers can select sub-fields and receive daily e-mailings or

RSS feeds
of all submissions in them.

Copyright status of files

Files on arXiv can have a number of different copyright statuses:[38]

  1. Some are public domain, in which case they will have a statement saying so.
  2. Some are available under either the
    Attribution-Noncommercial-ShareAlike license
    .
  3. Some are copyright to the publisher, but the author has the right to distribute them and has given arXiv a non-exclusive irrevocable license to distribute them.
  4. Most are copyright to the author, and arXiv has only a non-exclusive irrevocable license to distribute them.

See also

Citations

  1. OCLC 263846378. Archived from the original on January 11, 2015. Pronounce it 'archive'. The X represents the Greek letter chi
    [ χ ].
  2. ].
  3. ^ "Online Scientific Repository Hits Milestone: With 500,000 Articles, arXiv Established as Vital Library Resource". News.library.cornell.edu. October 3, 2008. Retrieved July 21, 2013.
  4. ^ Vence, Tracy (December 29, 2014), "One Million Preprints and Counting: A conversation with arXiv founder Paul Ginsparg", The Scientist
  5. ^
    Drug Discovery & Development
    .
  6. ^ "Monthly Submissions". arxiv.org. Retrieved May 16, 2023.
  7. ^ "Reports – arXiv info". info.arxiv.org. Retrieved May 16, 2023.
  8. ^ "arXiv monthly submission rate statistics". Arxiv.org. Retrieved April 3, 2021.
  9. ^ "Image" (GIF). Cs.cornell.edu. Retrieved March 9, 2019.
  10. PMID 34377944
    .
  11. (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022.
  12. .
  13. .
  14. ^ Ginsparg, Paul (October 1, 2008). "The global-village pioneers". Physics World. Retrieved October 10, 2020.
  15. S2CID 1527860
    .
  16. ^ "arXiv mirror sites". arXiv. Archived from the original on March 16, 2020. Retrieved April 6, 2020.
  17. ^ a b "Celebrating 30 Years of arXiv and Its Lasting Legacy on Scientific Advancement". SPARC. October 25, 2021.
  18. ^ Glanz, James (May 1, 2001). "The World of Science Becomes a Global Village; Archive Opens a New Realm of Research". The New York Times.
  19. ^ Bill Steele (September 23, 2002). "Cornell professor Paul Ginsparg, science communication rebel, named a MacArthur Foundation fellow; three other alumni also receive 'genius award' fellowships". Cornell Chronicle. Archived from the original on October 27, 2021.
  20. ^ "Cornell University Library arXiv Financial Projections for 2013-2017" (PDF). Confluence.cornell.edu. March 28, 2012. Retrieved February 26, 2017.
  21. ^ "arXiv Member Institutions (2021) - arXiv about - Our Members". arXiv.org. Retrieved December 27, 2021.
  22. ^ Fischman, Joah (August 10, 2011). "The First Free Research-Sharing Site, arXiv, Turns 20 With an Uncertain Future". Chronicle of Higher Education. Retrieved August 12, 2011.
  23. ^ "arXiv Scientific Advisory Board | arXiv e-print repository". arxiv.org. Retrieved October 10, 2020.
  24. ^ "About the Physics Archive | arXiv e-print repository". arxiv.org. Retrieved October 10, 2020.
  25. ^ "New arXiv articles are now automatically assigned DOIs". Retrieved April 4, 2023.
  26. ^
  27. ^ . Retrieved December 14, 2017.
  28. ^ Computing Research Repository Subject Areas and Moderators; Statistics archive; Quantitative Biology archive; Physics archive
  29. PMID 16988030
  30. , The new endorsement system may contribute to an effective barrier, a digital divide
  31. .
  32. .
  33. Sydney Morning Herald
    .
  34. ^ Kaufman, Marc (July 2, 2010), "Russian mathematician wins $1 million prize, but he appears to be happy with $0", Washington Post
  35. ^ Jackson, Allyn (2002). "From Preprints to E-prints: The Rise of Electronic Preprint Servers in Mathematics" (PDF). Notices of the American Mathematical Society. 49 (1): 23–32.
  36. S2CID 4421407
    .
  37. ^ "Open Archives Initiative (OAI)". arxiv.org. Retrieved April 25, 2020.
  38. ^ "arXiv License Information". Arxiv.org. Retrieved July 21, 2013.

General and cited sources

External links