Aram (region)
Aram (
After the final conquest by the rising
Etymology
The
The word Aḫlamū was attested since the Old Babylonian period, first as a designation for the Amorites and later for the Arameans. In the Assyrian royal inscriptions the term Aḫlamū and the name A-ra-mu are sometimes combined to form a double designation for Arameans.[12]
Early Jewish tradition claims that the name is derived from the biblical Aram, son of Shem, a grandson of Noah in the Bible.[13]
History
The
The Arameans emerged in a region which was largely under the domination of the
Two medium-sized
There was some synthesis with neo
With the advent of the
The Neo Assyrian Empire was riven by unremitting civil war from 626 BC onward, weakening it severely, and allowing it to be attacked and destroyed by a coalition of its former vassals between 616 and 605 BCE. The region of Aram was subsequently fought over by the Neo-Babylonian Empire and Egyptians, the latter of whom had belatedly come to the aid of their former Assyrian overlords. The Babylonians prevailed and Aram became a part of the Neo-Babylonian Empire (612–539 BC) where it remained named Eber-Nari.
The
In 332 BC the region was conquered by the
It is from this period that the later
This area, by now called Syria, was fought over by
In the mid-7th century AD the region fell to the
Culture
After the fall of the last Aramean kingdoms and city-states the Arameans isolated themselves mainly in
Religion
Ancient Aramean Religion
Records of the religion and worship habits among ancient Arameans are fairly scarce. The Aramean pagan pantheon mainly consisted of common Semitic gods who were also worshipped by other
It appears from their inscriptions as well as from their names that the Arameans also worshipped other
Language
With the spread of the Arameans in large numbers throughout
Architecture and art
Aramean cities were enclosed by a city wall and a fortified upper town or citadel on which palaces and other representative buildings are located. The entrance of the palaces of the kings mostly included several steles of winged bulls or lions as a sign of power and dominance. Surprisingly, no temples have been excavated on the citadels of the major Aramean cities. The only remarkable exception is the temple in antis in Tell Afis. The fact that the main temple of
The
See also
- Arameans
- Aram-Damascus
- Aram-Naharaim
- Aramean kings
- Luwian-Aramean kingdoms
- Aramaic language
- Aramaic studies
References
- ^ BibleGateway.com, ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE BIBLE, "Aram, Aramaeans", [1]. Retrieved 28 October 2022.
- ^ a b Lipiński 2000.
- ^ Younger 2016.
- ^ Minov 2020, p. 255-263.
- ^ "Aramaic language | Description, History, & Facts | Britannica".
- ^ Akopian 2017, p. 87.
- ^ Brock 1992a, p. 16.
- ^ Brock 1992b, p. 226.
- ^ Herbert Niehr, The Arameans in Ancient Syria, Brill, 2014, pg. 338
- ^ Lipiński 2000, p. 26-40.
- ^ Herbert Niehr, The Arameans in Ancient Syria, Brill, 2014, pg. 340
- ^ Herbert Niehr, The Arameans in Ancient Syria, Brill, 2014, pg. 344
- ^ See Genesis 10:22
- ^ W.T. Pitard, Encyclopedia of the Bible and Its Reception vol. 2, De Gruyter, 2009, pg. 638
- ^ Marti Nissinen, "Assyria" in (ed. Herbet Niehr) The Arameans in Ancient Syria (Brill, 2014, pp. 273-274)
- ^ Lipiński 2000, p. 375-376.
- ^ Lipiński 2000, p. 406-407.
- ^ Lipiński 2000, p. 315.
- ^ Rollinger 2006, p. 283-287.
- ^ "Aramaic and Endangered Languages - Ideas | Institute for Advanced Study". 10 December 2015.
- ^ "Aramean Religion | Encyclopedia.com".
- ^ a b Akopian 2017, p. 51.
- ^ Sokoloff 1983.
- ^ Beyer 1986.
- ^ Creason 2008, pp. 108–44.
- ^ Gzella 2015.
- ^ .
- ^ a b "The Hattian and Hittite Civilizations". yumpu.com.
Sources
- Abousamra, Gaby (2019). "Biblical Ṣobah: A Location Attempt". Aramaean Borders: Defining Aramaean Territories in the 10th–8th Centuries B.C.E. Leiden-Boston: Brill. pp. 229–244. ISBN 9789004398535.
- Akopian, Arman (2017). Introduction to Aramean and Syriac Studies: A Manual. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Handbooks. ISBN 9781463238933.
- Amadasi-Guzzo, Maria Giulia (2019). "What Do We Know about the Borders and Exchanges between Aram and Phoenicia in the 9th–8th Centuries B.C.E. in Anatolia and Syria?". Aramaean Borders: Defining Aramaean Territories in the 10th–8th Centuries B.C.E. Leiden-Boston: Brill. pp. 149–171. ISBN 9789004398535.
- Bagg, Ariel M. (2019). "At the Limits of Historical Geography: Reconstructing Aramaean Territories in the West According to the Neo-Assyrian Written Sources". Aramaean Borders: Defining Aramaean Territories in the 10th–8th Centuries B.C.E. Leiden-Boston: Brill. pp. 1–25. ISBN 9789004398535.
- Beyer, Klaus (1986). The Aramaic Language: Its Distribution and Subdivisions. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. ISBN 9783525535738.
- ISBN 9780879075248.
- ISBN 0814323618.
- Creason, Stuart (2008). "Aramaic" (PDF). The Ancient Languages of Syria-Palestine and Arabia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 108–44.
- Dušek, Jan (2019). "The Kingdom of Arpad/Bīt-Agūsi: Its Capital, and Its Borders". Aramaean Borders: Defining Aramaean Territories in the 10th–8th Centuries B.C.E. Leiden-Boston: Brill. pp. 172–202. ISBN 9789004398535.
- Edmonds, Alexander J. (2019). "A People without Borders? Tracing the Shifting Identities and Territorialities of the Ahlameans". Aramaean Borders: Defining Aramaean Territories in the 10th–8th Centuries B.C.E. Leiden-Boston: Brill. pp. 26–62. ISBN 9789004398535.
- Gzella, Holger (2015). A Cultural History of Aramaic: From the Beginnings to the Advent of Islam. Leiden-Boston: Brill. ISBN 9789004285101.
- ISBN 9789042908598.
- ISBN 9783447065443.
- Lemaire, André (2019). "The Boundary between the Aramaean Kingdom of Damascus and the Kingdom of Israel". Aramaean Borders: Defining Aramaean Territories in the 10th–8th Centuries B.C.E. Leiden-Boston: Brill. pp. 245–266. ISBN 9789004398535.
- Luukko, Mikko (2019). "Gurraeans and Ituʾaeans in the Service of the Assyrian Empire". Aramaean Borders: Defining Aramaean Territories in the 10th–8th Centuries B.C.E. Leiden-Boston: Brill. pp. 92–124. ISBN 9789004398535.
- Marf, Dlshad A. (2019). "The Aramaean Presence in the Northern Zagros during the Middle and Neo-Assyrian Periods". Aramaean Borders: Defining Aramaean Territories in the 10th–8th Centuries B.C.E. Leiden-Boston: Brill. pp. 78–91. ISBN 9789004398535.
- Messo, Johny (2011). "The Origin of the Terms Syria(n) and Suryoyo: Once Again". Parole de l'Orient. 36: 111–125.
- Minov, Sergey (2020). Memory and Identity in the Syriac Cave of Treasures: Rewriting the Bible in Sasanian Iran. Leiden-Boston: Brill. ISBN 9789004445512.
- Mynářová, Jana; Dušek, Jan (2019). "The Tell Fekheriye Inscription and the Western Assyrian Border in the Late 9th Century B.C.E.". Aramaean Borders: Defining Aramaean Territories in the 10th–8th Centuries B.C.E. Leiden-Boston: Brill. pp. 63–77. ISBN 9789004398535.
- Richelle, Matthieu (2019). "The Fluctuating Borders of Hamath (10th–8th Centuries B.C.E.)". Aramaean Borders: Defining Aramaean Territories in the 10th–8th Centuries B.C.E. Leiden-Boston: Brill. pp. 203–228. ISBN 9789004398535.
- Rollinger, Robert (2006). "The Terms Assyria and Syria Again" (PDF). Journal of Near Eastern Studies. 65 (4): 283–287. S2CID 162760021.
- Sader, Hélène (1992). "The 12th Century B.C. in Syria: The Problem of the Rise of the Aramaeans". The Crisis Years: The 12th Century B.C. from beyond the Danube to the Tigris. Dubuque: Kendall-Hunt. pp. 157–164.
- Sader, Hélène (2000). "The Aramaean Kingdoms of Syria: Origin and Formation Processes". Essays on Syria in the Iron Age. Louvain: Peeters Press. pp. 61–76. ISBN 9789042908789.
- Sader, Hélène (2010). "The Aramaeans of Syria: Some Considerations on their Origin and Material Culture". The Books of Kings: Sources, Composition, Historiography and Reception. Leiden-Boston: Brill. pp. 273–300. ISBN 978-9004177291.
- Sader, Hélène (2014). "History". The Aramaeans in Ancient Syria. Leiden: Brill. pp. 11–36. ISBN 9789004229433.
- Sader, Hélène (2016). "The Formation and Decline of the Aramaean States in Iron Age Syria". State Formation and State Decline in the Near and Middle East. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 61–76. ISBN 9783447105651.
- Simon, Zsolt (2019). "Aramaean Borders: the Hieroglyphic Luwian Evidence". Aramaean Borders: Defining Aramaean Territories in the 10th–8th Centuries B.C.E. Leiden-Boston: Brill. pp. 125–148. ISBN 9789004398535.
- Sokoloff, Michael, ed. (1983). Arameans, Aramaic and the Aramaic Literary Tradition. Tel Aviv: Bar Ilan University Press.
- Younger, Kenneth Lawson (2016). A Political History of the Arameans: From Their Origins to the End of Their Polities. Atlanta: SBL Press. ISBN 9781628370843.
- Zwickel, Wolfgang (2019). "Borders between Aram-Damascus and Israel: A Historical Investigation". Aramaean Borders: Defining Aramaean Territories in the 10th–8th Centuries B.C.E. Leiden-Boston: Brill. pp. 267–335. ISBN 9789004398535.
External links
- Media related to Aram (region) at Wikimedia Commons