Aras (river)
Araqs | |
---|---|
Location | |
Countries | |
Physical characteristics | |
Source | Aras |
• location | Bingöl Mountains, Kocagün creek (Varto), Orman Creek (Hınıs), Tekman, Erzurum, Turkey |
• coordinates | 39°23′45″N 41°17′07″E / 39.395954°N 41.285200°E |
• elevation | 2,288 m (7,507 ft) |
Mouth | Kura |
• location | Sabirabad, Azerbaijan |
• coordinates | 40°01′06″N 48°27′13″E / 40.0184°N 48.4535°E |
• elevation | 0 m (0 ft) |
Length | 1,072 km (666 mi) |
Basin size | 102,000 km2 (39,000 sq mi) |
Discharge | |
• average | 285 m3/s (10,100 cu ft/s) |
Basin features | |
Progression | Kura→ Caspian Sea |
The Aras (also known as the Araks, Arax, Araxes, or Araz) is a river in the Caucasus. It rises in eastern Turkey and flows along the borders between Turkey and Armenia, between Turkey and the Nakhchivan exclave of Azerbaijan, between Iran and both Azerbaijan and Armenia, and, finally, through Azerbaijan where it flows into the Kura river. It drains the south side of the Lesser Caucasus Mountains while the Kura drains the north side of the Lesser Caucasus. The river's total length is 1,072 km (666 mi) and its watershed covers an area of 102,000 km2 (39,000 sq mi). The Aras is one of the longest rivers in the Caucasus.
Names
In classical antiquity, the river was known to the Greeks as Araxes (
its name is ارس (Aras).Geography
The Aras is supported by the Kocagün stream, Dallı stream and Orman stream from the Bingöl Mountains on the borders of Varto district merge with it around the Kırıkhan village of Tekman district.[1][2] It is surrounded by the Aras Mountains from the south.[3] The Aras meets the Akhuryan River southeast of Digor. From Digor it flows along the Armenia–Turkey border, then runs close to the corridor that connects Turkey to Azerbaijan's Nakhchivan exclave, and continues along the Iranian-Armenian and the Iranian-Azerbaijani border.[4] The Aras is fed by several major tributaries, including the Arpa Çayı (also known as the Akhuryan), which gathers the waters from the Kars River and Lake Çıldır located in Turkey, the Hrazdan River, which empties into Lake Sevan in Armenia, and the Qareh Sū, originating from the Sabalān Mountains in northeastern Iranian Azerbaijan.[5]
The lowest point in Armenia is a point along the Aras at an elevation of 380 metres (1,250 ft).[6]
Tributaries
The following rivers are tributaries of the Aras, from source to mouth:[7][8][9]
Etymology and history
In
According to a legend cited by Strabo, in ancient times, the Araxes river in Armenia had no outflow to the Caspian Sea, but spread out in plains and created a lake without outflow.[13]
In Islamic times, the Araxes became known in Arabic parlance as al-Rass (not to be confused with modern-day Ar Rass) and in Perso-Turkish contexts as Aras.[4]
In modern history, the Aras gained significance as a geographic political boundary. Under the terms of the Treaty of Gulistan and the Treaty of Turkmenchay, the river was chosen as the border limit between the Russian Empire and Qajar Iran, as the latter was forced to cede its Caucasian territories to Russia.[14] Because of these 19th-century border changes, one modern, not widely accepted scheme draws Aras River as the line of continental demarcation between Europe and Asia.[15]
In 1963–1970, Iran and the Soviet Union have built the Aras Dam near the Azerbaijani city of Nakhchivan, creating the Aras Reservoir. In 1999–2008, Iran has built the Khoda Afarin Dam near the historic Khudafarin Bridges, creating the Khoda Afarin Reservoir. Iran and Armenia are planning to build the Meghri Dam near the Armenian town of Meghri.[16]
Aras Valley
In 2006, a bird research and education center was established by KuzeyDoğa, a Turkish non-governmental organization for nature conservation, in the Aras Valley at the village Yukarı Çıyrıklı, in the Tuzluca district of Iğdır Province, Turkey. It is one of Turkey's two bird-ringing stations that remain active yearly.[17] Between 2006 and 2021, more than 145,000 birds of 201 species were ringed, and 306 bird species were observed at this station. Sixty-three percent of the 489 bird species found in Turkey are recorded at this wetland, making it eastern Turkey's most species-rich wetland for birds. The number of ringed and observed 306 bird species comprises 90 percent of the 340 bird species in Iğdır Province, the most bird species rich landlocked province of Turkey. Seven new bird species were observed during the bird ringing activities in 2012 alone, including the raptor Shikra, or Little Banded Goshawk (Accipiter badius), which was new to Turkey's avifauna.[18][19]
A Biology professor at the
Gallery
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The Aras, taken in thePoldasht District
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The Aras, taken from Iğdır
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Photograph of the Aras from space
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The Araz nearJoulfa
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Aras River with Iran to the left and (Karabakh Plains) / Azerbaijan to the right
See also
- Armenia–Iran border
- Azerbaijan–Iran border
- Geography of Armenia
- Geography of Azerbaijan
- Geography of Iran
- Geography of Turkey
- Nature of Azerbaijan
- List of rivers of Armenia
- List of lakes of Armenia
- Rivers and lakes in Azerbaijan
- The Maiden Tower water reservoir
Footnotes
- ^ "Erzurum Mülkî İdare İl Haritası" (PDF). harita.gov.tr. Harita Genel Müdürlüğü. p. 1.
- ^ "Bingöl Dağları" (PDF). dogadernegi.org. Doğa Derneği. p. 1.
- ^ "Aras Vadisi" (PDF). dogadernegi.org. Doğa Derneği. p. 1.
- ^ a b "Araxes River". Encyclopædia Iranica. Archived from the original on 17 May 2018. Retrieved 3 May 2018.
- ^ "Aras River | river, Asia | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 2023-04-21.
- OCLC 31709972.
- ISBN 92-1-116775-2. Archived(PDF) from the original on 2014-02-27. Retrieved 2014-07-13.
- ^ Аракс, Great Soviet Encyclopedia
- ^ Reducing Trans-boundary Degradation of the Kura-Aras River Basin, UN-Water
- ASIN B0006EXQ9C.
- ^ "Calumet, A. D. 1672–1757, Rosebmuller, 1768–1835, Kell, 1807–1888, and some other scholars believed the source river [for Eden] was a region of springs. The Pishon and Gihon were mountain streams. The former may have been the Phasis or Araxes, and the latter the Oxus." Duncan, George S. (October 1929) "The Birthplace of Man" The Scientific Monthly 29(4): pp. 359-362, p. 360
- ISBN 0-312-10169-4.
- ^ "Strabo, Geography, Book 11, chapter 14". www.perseus.tufts.edu. Archived from the original on 2019-07-30. Retrieved 2018-01-15.
- ISBN 9781598849486. Archivedfrom the original on 4 February 2021. Retrieved 23 April 2015.
- ^ "Caucasus". Archived from the original on 2020-05-04. Retrieved 2019-09-10.
- ^ "News: Meghry Power Plant Kicks off". Iran Water & Power Resources Development Co. 17 November 2012. Archived from the original on 13 March 2016.
- ^ Ocak, Serkan (28 July 2013). "Aras Kuş Cenneti müjdesi". Radikal (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 13 July 2014.
- ^ NTV MSNBC (in Turkish). 13 February 2013. Archivedfrom the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 13 July 2014.
- NTV MSNBC (in Turkish). 13 February 2013. Archivedfrom the original on 15 July 2014. Retrieved 13 July 2014.
- ^ "Aras Nehri'ndeki Kuşlara ABD'den El Uzattı". Akdeniz Gazete (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 13 July 2014. |