Arbor Hill Historic District–Ten Broeck Triangle
Arbor Hill Historic District– Ten Broeck Triangle | |
Location | Albany, NY |
---|---|
Coordinates | 42°39′26″N 73°45′5″W / 42.65722°N 73.75139°W |
Area | 34 acres (14 ha)[2]: 18 [3]: 13 |
Built | 1845 1875 | –
Architectural style | Greek Revival, Italianate, Late Victorian |
NRHP reference No. | 79001564[1] (original) 84003865 (increase) |
Significant dates | |
Added to NRHP | January 25, 1979[4] |
Boundary increase | September 29, 1984[5] |
The Arbor Hill Historic District–Ten Broeck Triangle, originally the Ten Broeck Historic District, is a seven-
The future district was first established by its oldest contributing property, the Ten Broeck Mansion, built at the end of the 18th century by a prominent local family. It lent its name to the Ten Broeck Triangle, established in the middle of the following century when successful businessmen, primarily lumber dealers, built large houses along Ten Broeck Avenue with the fortunes they had made from trade on the Erie Canal. It was one of the first neighborhoods to develop north of the city's downtown as it grew during the 19th century.
Its fortunes began to slip as the city expanded westward to new neighborhoods like
Over 200 buildings, mostly a mix of
Geography
The district occupies the southeastern portion of Albany's Arbor Hill neighborhood. Its southern corner is Sweet Pilgrim Baptist Church at the junction of Ten Broeck Street and Clinton Avenue (part of U.S. Route 9), a block west of the Palace Theatre and across from Albany's Family Court building. The district's boundary, at that point also the eastern boundary of the Broadway portion of the Clinton Avenue Historic District[7]: 5 follows the rear lot lines of all the houses on the east side of the street, past St. Joseph's Church and Van Rensselaer Park north to Livingston Avenue. There, the Ten Broeck Mansion, originally known as Arbor Hill, which later became the name for the district,[2]: 14 occupies a large parcel at the intersection's southwest corner.[2]: 2
The boundary then turns northwest along the south side of Livingston and follows it to North Swan Street, which it turns to follow south. A hundred feet (30 m) south of the intersection, it takes in the properties on the west side and continues to do so for the next three blocks. These include Bethany Baptist Church, St. Joseph's Youth Center and some commercial properties along the adjacent blocks and the public basketball courts at the Second Street intersection.[3]: 3
Midway between First Street and Clinton the boundary turns southeast to follow the rear property line of the lots on First, again the boundary with the Clinton Avenue Historic District.[7]: 5 This line becomes Ludlow Alley shortly before North Hawk Street. After a short southward jog to take in the two properties on that street north of Clinton, it returns to the alley and follows it back to Clinton at Ten Broeck.[2]: 2 [3]: 3
The irregular polygon within this boundary includes six large blocks covering 34 acres (14 ha). In addition to the streets already named, the entirety of St. Joseph's Terrace and Hall Place are within the district. It has 220 contributing resources, with only two non-contributing modern properties. One hundred of those properties are houses, primarily two- to three-story wood frame or brick structures built between the 1820s and the early 20th century. The remainder are either small commercial buildings or institutional structures such as the three churches in the district.[3]: 3
Topographically the district rises almost a hundred feet (30 m) from its eastern and southern edges to level terrain along North Swan between Second and Third. This reflects the ravine there,[9] one of the few remaining from when Albany was first settled as most were later partially filled in to facilitate development,[10] now the neighborhood of Sheridan Hollow, which separates Arbor Hill and the district from downtown Albany.[3]: 14
To the north of the district are newer housing projects built during the
History
The district has passed through several distinct historical periods. For a long time after Albany was established as a city, the district remained undeveloped and outside city limits, a place where the city might expand in the future. When it was developed, after
After the Erie Canal was built, the pace of development increased, requiring the removal of a cemetery. Most of the current stock of buildings date to the mid- and late 19th century when the district was one of Albany's most desirable addresses. Later, as the affluent moved to the suburbs in the early 20th century, it became denser, and in the 1920s came to be identified more with the city's growing African-American population.[3]: 14
Due to that racial stigma, the neighborhood declined in status over the course of the 20th century. That trend began to reverse with the formation of community organizations in the 1970s and serious, ongoing efforts at historic preservation and restoration.[12]
1686–1796: Prehistory
The settlement that became Albany was
The stockade era reflected the threat that still existed to the frontier town from the French, which ended with the 1763 defeat of New France in the French and Indian War. The next year, Stephen van Rensselaer II, the patroon of his family's lands to the north of the city in what was then the town of Watervliet,[13] including the future district, began having them surveyed. As the city could now safely expand,[14] he had streets and building lots laid out in what came to be called Colonie,[13][a] largely along the lines they were actually built. He designated the land that is now the park named after his family to be the burying ground for inhabitants of his Rensselaerwyck manor.[2]: 17
1797–1844: Early development
Development was delayed because of the
Ten Broeck named the mansion Prospect due to the commanding view it offered of the Hudson and its river traffic (some other accounts suggest he called it Arbor Hill from the beginning). He lived there until his death in 1810; Elizabeth survived him by three years. By that point a few other houses had likely been built nearby, but not enough to make the group a neighborhood, even after Colonie was annexed by the city in 1815.[13] The mansion was sold to new owners who, over the next three decades, refurbished and expanded it with elements of the similar Greek Revival architectural style.[15]
The northward expansion of the city envisioned by the elder van Rensselaer finally came to pass after 1825, when the Erie Canal was opened. Many new arrivals to the city, drawn by the canal and its economic opportunities, needed places to live and work. They looked north, along Broadway and North Pearl. Some found the mansion neighborhood and the blocks to its west to their liking, enough that city directories of the period show a few residents and businessmen listing "Arbor Hill" as their address. During the 1830s, they built some of the first houses in the district after the mansion. A few from this period, such as 10 Ten Broeck Place and 31 Second Street, survive. Similarly, the mixed-use Greek Revival buildings around the intersection of Second and South Swan were built in the early 1840s.[3]: 15
1845–1899: Intensive development
Intensive development of the neighborhood was the result of an 1845 change. The soil of the Rensselaerwyck cemetery was particularly sandy and loose. Since it sat on a slope above the streets, heavy rains would often wash away markers and expose the underlying coffins and remains. By the early 1840s, there were many calls to move the bodies elsewhere. One of the most vocal advocates for such a move, Joseph Hall, a gardener who lived on the section of Third now known as Ten Broeck Place, had Hall Street named for him when it was opened in 1849, four years after the cemetery was moved.[2]: 17
While the former burying ground site was made into a park instead of being built on, construction on other parcels increased. The year the graves were moved, 41 Ten Broeck Street, the earliest dated house on that street after the mansion, was erected. The brick
In the blocks to the west, newer clusters such as 53, 55 and 57 First Street joined the scattered houses that already existed. At 23 and 25 Second Street, two brick houses were built in the late 1840s. These show a common architectural transition for that era, with their basic Greek Revival forms being overlaid with
The Italianate style would become dominant in the 1850s, when a third of the hundred houses in the Ten Broeck Triangle, the eastern portion of the district, were built. North Hawk and Hall streets were built almost completely during this period. The rowhouses from 2–38 First Street went up between 1854 and 1862.[2]: 13
In 1855
By 1870, much of the district had been developed. The lavish houses in particular that lined Ten Broeck Street gave it the nickname "Millionaire's Row." Many had been built by lumber merchants and overlooked the
There was enough demand for housing in the Ten Broeck Triangle that a new street was added in the ensuing decade. St. Joseph's Terrace was laid out in 1881 and formally
Architecturally, the new construction largely reflected contemporary trends. There were still a few late Italianate structures like 96 North Swan Street, built in 1885. But most new housing followed the Romanesque Revival of the late 19th century. The brick rectory with stone trim built by St. Joseph's in 1892 at 12 St. Joseph's Terrace is the district's most prominent example.[2]: 13 At 51 and 511⁄2 First, a pair of brick houses built in 1885, the intricate detailing includes terra cotta and stained glass windows.[3]: 7 The Romanesque houses at 67 Ten Broeck Street and 3 and 5 St. Joseph's Terrace are clad in the style's more common rusticated brownstone.[2]: 7, 13
1900–1914: Increasing density
In the new century, the neighborhood's growth slowed down as it was nearly built out. A few new houses were built, mostly architecturally sympathetic to their surroundings but experimenting slightly with their materials, such as local architect William Lee Woollett's brick houses with marble trim at 43 and 45 Ten Broeck Street in 1900.[2]: 15 At 66 First Street another brick and stone house went up, sympathetic with its much older neighbors.[3]: 8
The affluent families that had lived in the Ten Broeck area began moving to the newer neighborhoods in the city's undeveloped western sections, which offered larger houses and larger lots in the newer suburban style of living. They rented the houses they left behind or sold them, with the result that many were subdivided into multiple units, making the Ten Broeck Triangle less exclusive than it had been for the previous 50 years.[2]: 19
This increase in density was reflected in the most significant construction of the 20th century's first decade. St. Joseph's had housed its school in various other buildings, but finally had to construct one for the purpose. The four-story brick edifice with stone trim completed in 1905 was the largest building in the western blocks of the future district.[3]: 16 Back on Ten Broeck Street, the church itself got a new spire in 1910.[2]: 13
The trend toward increasing density culminated in the construction of two apartment buildings, at 7–8 and 9–10 St. Joseph's Terrace, in 1914. Both brick with stone trim, one three stories and the other four, they were the first buildings in the neighborhood designed as multiple dwellings. Together with the nearby house at 3 St. Joseph's, a one-story brick building with marble trim and a
1915–1974: Decline and disinvestment
During the
In 1948 came the first suggestion that the neighborhood's future in the city lay with its own past. After a century of ownership, the descendants of James Olcott Worth formally transferred the Ten Broeck mansion from their family to the Albany County Historical Association. The ACHA began converting it into the historic house museum it is today;[15] in 1971 it was listed on the National Register.[20]
The challenges the neighborhood faced in maintaining its historic properties were demonstrated later, in the 1960s. By that time the neighborhood, overwhelmingly African American, was considered one of the worst in Albany.[16]: 96 Sweet Pilgrim's distinctive spire was removed, leaving St. Joseph's as the only church in the district with a presence in the city's skyline. Later in the decade, urban renewal efforts began to target Arbor Hill. The houses north of Livingston Avenue were demolished and replaced with the modern affordable housing that is there now. Similar projects targeted the blocks west of North Swan, leaving gaps and modern intrusions that also persist today.[3]: 16
1975–present: Preservation and revitalization efforts
In 1975 several residents of the Ten Broeck Triangle formed the Arbor Hill Concerned Citizens Association (AHCCA) to lobby the city for improvements in neighborhood services. Many of them lived in the surviving townhouses, which they had often
The city's urban renewal agency helped to repopulate the area with three auctions of foreclosed houses on Ten Broeck Street during that period. Starting prices were between $5–10,000; winning bidders received a $70,000 grant and a $80,000 loan at 3 percent interest. Priority went to former residents of Arbor Hill, families, and those who demonstrated an eagerness to participate in the community. All had to have a sufficient credit history to justify the loan. The AHCCA assisted the city in identifying bidders who met those qualifications. While only half the houses sold under the program were actually rehabilitated, the program was considered a success.[16]: 102–103
Continuing historic surveys and inventories of the area found that the blocks between the Ten Broeck Triangle and North Swan also had many intact rowhouses from the same 19th century period with little modern intrusion, even if some of them were in a state of neglect and disrepair. That area also extended to St. Joseph's School, part of the church's complex.[3]: 13 Accordingly, in 1984,[5] the district was extended by 21 acres (8.5 ha) to its present size of 34 acres (14 ha).[3]: 13 In addition to almost tripling its area, it more than doubled the amount of contributing properties to 220. The expanded district was renamed to reflect the area's wider scope and historic naming.[3]: 3
St. Joseph's particularly struggled in the late 20th century. After being among the many historic locations in Albany used by the producers of the 1987 film Ironweed to recreate the city's appearance during the Great Depression,[21] tight finances forced the Diocese of Albany to sell it to a congregant who in turn rented it back to them. That transaction did not prevent the church's outright closure in 1994; two years later the diocese bought it back and appointed a committee to seek alternative uses for it. By that point the church needed extensive repairs estimated to cost at least $2 million.[22]
In 2000 St. Joseph's made the Historic Albany Foundation's list of "Seven to Save" in the city,
Historic Albany also helped partially preserve 41 Ten Broeck Street. In 2000, after ownership had reverted to
The AHCCA founded a separate group called the Arbor Hill Improvement Corporation in the early 1980s to address housing issues that the private developers of the area were not. It assists residents in applying for financing and restoration grants, sometimes partnering with similar organizations in other neighborhoods in applying for grants. Another community group, St. Joseph Housing Corporation, has renovated some old buildings into affordable housing.[16]: 115
By the 1990s the Ten Broeck Triangle had been almost completely restored and was home to a thriving community of young professionals and their families. However, the rest of the district, like the rest of Arbor Hill, had not been gentrified and continued to have the problems associated with poorer, predominantly minority urban neighborhoods. While there was tension between residents who continued to support those efforts and residents who felt the neighborhood should focus on improving lower-end housing, as the 20th century ended the latter efforts became more acceptable as it was clearer that gentrification could not spread beyond the triangle.[16]: 116
In 2002 local artist Yacob Williams painted the first of four murals in the Arbor Hill neighborhood on the house at the corner of North Swan and Livingston, a project intended to improve the quality of life in a high-crime area. He chose the design, "Mother Africa", from suggestions submitted by local youth, who also assisted on the painting. The project was cosponsored by the Ten Broeck Triangle Preservation League and the Social Capital Development Corporation.[32]
During the 2010s, St. Joseph's Academy was renovated into the Albany Barn, a 13,500-square-foot (1,250 m2) space for 22 artists to live and work.[33] In 2018 Albany mayor Kathy Sheehan and her husband bought 18 First Street for $77,000. "I've been talking about preserving these buildings, moving downtown," she said. "I need to walk the walk." Restoring the house turned out to be more extensive than they expected, requiring replacing a side wall, the roof, the entire plumbing and electrical systems, and gutting the interior. "It stopped being much of a historic preservation because we couldn't preserve anything", she said. The couple moved in late in 2019.[34]
Significant contributing properties
All but three of the 220 buildings in the district are contributing properties to its historic character. Almost all of those 217 are houses. One, the Ten Broeck Mansion, is individually listed on the Register as well.[20] Some others have distinctive characteristics within the district.[2]: 13–16 [3]: 4–10
Houses
- 2–38 First Street. This group of three-bay, three-story rowhouses, descending in steps along with its street, has been described as "one of the most aesthetically pleasing mid-19th century townscapes in Albany."[35] Many have brownstone pedimented doorways. All were built in the late 1850s and early 1860s.[2]: 3
- 51 and 511⁄2 First Street: These two brick houses were built in 1885 in the decoration such as a pediment and frieze and a corbeled cornice. The house at 51 has stained glass in some windows.[3]: 7
- 55 and 57 First Street. These houses, 55 in wood and 57 in brick, predate 1846, making them among the earliest on the street. Both have a basic aluminum siding, 57 is largely intact, with a pedimented door hood and eyebrow windows.[3]: 7
- 65 and 67 First Street: These are another pair of wooden houses. Built in the late 1880s, their unusual decoration for the neighborhood includes a pedimented and arched entry with clapboard, unusual window casings and an iron fence across the front yard.[3]: 7
- 69 and 71 First Street: These two brick houses, built at the same time as their neighbors, share the same unusual design touches. They include porches with bracket-like members between posts and corbelling supporting a decorative cornice on the facade.[3]: 7
- 2–6 Hall Place: This row of brick houses with wooden Second Empire style was popular.[2]: 14
- 86–90 North Hawk Street: These three attached brick houses are among the district's few Gothic Revival style homes. All have wide door and window enclosures topped by Tudor-style moldings and prominent stone water tables. They date to the late 1850s.[3]: 8
- 36 North Swan Street: This brick Italianate three-story commercial-residential building has a bracketed wooden latticework cornice. Its two-over-two sash glazed windows have iron hoods and sills. The storefront is done in Carrarra glass. It was built in the late 1860s.[3]
- 43 and 53 North Swan Street: These two wooden two-story structures are the oldest largely intact mixed-use commercial/residential buildings in the district, dating to 1845. Both have their original clapboard siding on the second floor and a bracketed cornice. The building at 43 North Swan has six-over-six double-hung sash and eyebrow windows as well.[3]: 9
- 50 North Swan Street: This two-story wooden commercial-residential building dates to 1844, making it the oldest on the street and one of the few buildings in the western section of the district predating the removal of the Van Rensselaer Cemetery. It has a bracketed cornice above the storefront; the upper story has been reclad with aluminum siding.[3]: 10
- 94 North Swan Street. Its facade long since covered in aluminum and permastone, this two-story wooden house from the late 1850s has a gable in the middle of its cornice, an unusual feature in the district.[3]: 10
- 12 and 14 Second Street: The two brick rowhouses here are typical of the Albany style of that building type. They have high exposed stone basements, stone stoops, tall windows, an iron hood on the door and an intricate bracketed cornice. They were built in the early 1870s.[3]: 6
- 20 Second Street: This two-story wooden house with a side gable is one of the few with that kind of roof in the district. A simple wood cornice is its only decorative touch; its facade is covered in aluminum. With its construction predating 1841, it is one of the earlier houses in the district.[3]: 6
- 23 and 25 Second Street: This pair of brick houses, built in the late 1840s, demonstrate the transition between the Greek Revival and Italianate styles. Their denticulated cornices, a hallmark of the former, are supported by the wooden brackets commonly associated with the latter. The houses are distinguished by a Gothic Revival railing around the areaway at 23 along with almost flush lintels and sills, in contrast to the door pediment and projecting sills of 25.[3]: 5
- 31 Second Street: Considered one of the best Greek Revival houses in the district, this wooden structure dates to the early 1840s. It has pilasters, flushboard siding, battered and shouldered window and door architraves and a cornice that suggests an entablature.[3]: 6
- 32 Second Street: Like the house across the street at 31 Second, this brick house exhibits less restraint in its Greek Revival stylings. Its decorative touches include columns in antis and a wood cornice. Its eyebrow windows have Greek key-patterned wooden screens. Its construction predates 1841.[3]: 5
- 44 Second Street: This two-story wooden house is one of the district's more idiosyncratic. Its one-over-one glazed windows are in a random arrangement; the second floor is splayed out in a bell curve. At the top is a bracketed cornice. It is believed, without certainty, to have been built in the 1840s.[3]: 6
- 53 Second Street: The only residential-commercial building in the district not on North Swan, this brick structure in Flemish bond has classic Greek Revival features such as flat lintels, barely projecting sills, a denticulated cornice and a simple frieze. It was built around 1844.[3]: 6
- 3 St. Joseph's Terrace: This one-story brick house is trimmed in marble and has a pantile roof. Built in 1914, it is one of the last houses to be built during the district's period of significance.[2]: 3
- 4 and 5 St. Joseph's Terrace: These two foundation while 5 is made completely of rusticated brownstone. Much original decoration and finish remains on 4, including its original wooden doors, stained-glass transom in a first-floor window and dragon motif in the iron railing on the original steps. They were built in the mid-1890s.[2]: 3
- 10 Ten Broeck Place: This frame house clad in modern asbestos brick siding dates to the 1830s, making it the oldest surviving house in the district after the mansion. It has a Greek Revival entrance flanked by pilasters, shouldered trim on its six-by-six sash downstairs and eyebrow windows upstairs. Atop is a shallow hipped roof.[3]: 5
- 16 and 18 Ten Broeck Place: These two Italianate brick houses have prominent projecting sheet metal door and window hoods. At the roofline are bracketed cornices with porthole windows. They were built in the 1870s.[3]: 5
- 30 Ten Broeck Place: Another frame house predating the cemetery removal, this two-story building, now sided in aluminum, has six-over-six sash, Gothic Revival elements on its doorway and a bracketed cornice. Atop is a gabled roof. It is estimated to have been built about 1842.[3]: 5
- 41 Ten Broeck Street: This is a three-story, five-facade remains.[30]
- 43–45 Ten Broeck Street: These two rowhouses are two-story brick buildings trimmed in marble. They have asymmetric windows and arched doorways. Local architect William Lee Woollett, the first owner of record for 45, is believed to have designed and built them both around 1900.[2]: 14
- 49 Ten Broeck Street: This three-story brick house, built in 1859, has a prominent entrance portico with Ionic columns. It serves as the focal point for eastward views down Second Street.[2]: 14
- 51 Ten Broeck Street: This two-story brick house is the earliest dated house on the street, built in 1842 before the cemetery was moved. Its Italianate cornice was probably added later.[2]: 14
- 55 Ten Broeck Street: The two pilasters flanking the entrance of this two-story brick house are a feature common to other rowhouses of that era elsewhere in the city but not seen much otherwise in the Ten Broeck Triangle. They were built in the early 1860s.[2]: 14
- 57–59 Ten Broeck Street: These two late Italianate three-story rowhouses have unusual elongated proportions. Two brothers are believed to have built them around 1873.[2]: 14
- 93 Ten Broeck Street: This two-and-half-story brick Italianate house sits on a large lot for the neighborhood. It has intricate detailing, including bay windows, segmental arched lintels, ironwork and heavy brackets on the cornices. Side porches overlook what was once the garden on the south side. It is not known when, exactly, it was built.[2]: 14
- 105 Ten Broeck Street: This two-and-a-half-story brick house has a clipped corner, giving it an unusual polygonal shape fitting its location at the north end of the street. It is topped with an iron mansard roof, in keeping with its believed construction date of 1873.[2]: 14
Other buildings
- King Building, 27–29 North Swan Street. This is a two-story brick Greek Revival duplex with six-over-six double-hung sash windows, flush lintels and near-flush sills, intricate cast iron door caps and a brick frieze. In the rear is an arch which was originally the rear entrance to the Ten Broeck Mansion. It dates to the 1850s.[3]: 8
- restore it.[2]: 14
- St. Joseph's Church Rectory, 12 St. Joseph's Terrace. Built in 1892, this is a brick three-story Romanesque Revival house with stone lintels and string courses and an arched center door and basement window. It is topped with an asymmetrical gabled roof.[2]: 13
- St. Joseph's Academy, 70 North Swan Street. This four-story brick building, dating to 1905, has sections articulated by its facade. Its parapet and water table are limestone; the windows on the fourth floor are arched with a brick course connecting them at the springline. It has been used as a youth center;[3]: 10 following renovations in the 2010s, it is now the Albany Barn, which offers 22 living and work spaces for local artists.[33][36]
- St. Joseph's Terrace Apartment Buildings, 7–8 and 9–10 St. Joseph's Terrace. These two brick buildings, constructed in 1914, are the only purpose-built apartments in the district. Both are brick and four bays wide, with 7–8 three stories tall and 9–10 four stories. The former is distinguished by its stone trim, including keystones, entrance surrounds and water tables. The latter has projecting bow windows on its upper stories.[3]: 13
- Sweet Pilgrim Baptist Church, 4 Ten Broeck Street. This brick church on a high foundation dates to 1877. Its steeple was removed in the 1960s, but it remains an important aspect of the district as its southern gateway, at the Clinton Avenue intersection.[2]: 14
Preservation
In 2003 two planning firms hired by the city sought citizen input and created the Arbor Hill Citizen Advisory Committee, which developed a plan to improve life in Arbor Hill as a whole. Among the aspects considered was how the historic district could benefit the neighborhood's future. The Ten Broeck Triangle, it noted, was one of three areas of Arbor Hill where property values did not suffer from the neighborhood's bad reputation. "It is not unusual to see an abandoned building next to a home in which a property owner has invested $300,000 or more," in the Triangle, the report said. "Clearly, to the extent that neighborhood-wide problems are alleviated or solved, property owners in the Ten Broeck neighborhood will greatly benefit and market values can be expected to escalate rapidly."[37]: 7
Projects suggested specifically for the district include promoting the
In a 2005 progress report on the plan, the city noted that the state had awarded the Albany Housing Authority a grant for a feasibility study on the former St. Joseph's School.[37]: 5 It also reported on Historic Albany's progress in stabilizing and restoring St. Joseph's, possibly for future use as a branch library. The organization had helped the plan's cultural goals as well by organizing a walking tour of the Ten Broeck Triangle.[37]: 9 In 2010 the city and the advisory committee shared an award from the American Planning Association's (APA) upstate New York chapter for excellence in implementing the plan.[38] Four years later the national APA recognized the entirety of Arbor Hill as one of its 10 great neighborhoods in America, along with Washington, D.C.'s Adams Morgan, Savannah, Georgia's Victorian District and Seattle's Fremont.[39]
See also
Notes
- ^ No relation to the current Town of Colonie, north of Albany.
- Stephen and Harriet Myers House, a station on the Underground Railroad outside the district on Livingston Avenue west of North Swan.[18]
References
- ^ a b "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. March 13, 2009.
- ^ U.S. National Archives. Retrieved June 19, 2020.
- ^ U.S. National Archives. Retrieved June 19, 2020.
- ^ a b "Federal Register" (PDF). 45 (54). Office of the Federal Register. March 18, 1980: 17466. Retrieved June 20, 2020.
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(help) - ^ a b "Federal Register" (PDF). 50 (43). Office of the Federal Register. March 5, 1985: 8880. Retrieved June 20, 2020.
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(help) - ISBN 9781588433459.
- ^ a b c O'Brien, Austin (May 1988). "National Register of Historic Places nomination, Clinton Avenue Historic District". New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation. Retrieved June 19, 2020.
- ^ Google (March 17, 2021). "Google Maps" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved March 17, 2021.
- ^ Albany Quadrangle – New York – Albany, Rensselaer Cos (Map). 1:24,000. USGS 7½-minute quadrangle map series. United States Geological Survey. Retrieved March 18, 2021.
- ^ "Ruttenkill". New York State Museum. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved March 18, 2021.
- ^ Google (June 19, 2020). "Arbor Hill Historic District–Ten Broeck Triangle" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved June 19, 2020.
- ^ "Extensive $48 million Rehabilitation Project Under Way in Arbor Hill Neighborhood". Capitalize Albany. January 14, 2019. Retrieved June 19, 2020.
- ^ a b c John French (1860). Gazetteer of the State of New York. R. Pearsall Smith. p. 159. Retrieved May 31, 2012.
- ISBN 1892724537.
- ^ a b c d Bielinski, Abraham (2011). "Our History". Ten Broeck Mansion. Retrieved May 29, 2012.
- ^ ISBN 9781566394109. Retrieved June 9, 2012.
- ^ "Michael N. Nolan". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved June 19, 2020.
- U.S. National Archives. Retrieved June 20, 2020.
- ^ The Community Builders, Inc.; Behan Planning Associates, LLC (November 11, 2003). "2003 Arbor Hill Neighborhood Plan" (PDF). p. 2. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 19, 2013. Retrieved June 5, 2012.
- ^ a b "Federal Register" (PDF). 44 (26). Office of the Federal Register. February 6, 1979: 7534. Retrieved June 20, 2020.
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(help) - Albany Times-Union. Retrieved June 20, 2020.
- ^ Yu, Winifred (August 3, 1996). "Diocese Buys Back Historic Church". Times Union. p. B7. Archived from the original on May 26, 2012. Retrieved June 3, 2012.
- ^ Benjamin, Elizabeth (April 16, 2000). "Preservation Group Lists Buildings Facing Extinction". Times Union. p. C6. Archived from the original on May 26, 2012. Retrieved June 3, 2012.
- ^ "St. Joseph's Roman Catholic Church & Ten Broeck Triangle Historic District". New York State Preservation League. 2002. Archived from the original on July 5, 2012. Retrieved June 5, 2012.
- ^ Crowe II, Kenneth C. (December 21, 2001). "Historic Church Condemned". Times Union (Albany). p. B8. Archived from the original on May 26, 2012. Retrieved June 3, 2012.
- ^ Duggan, Erin (January 11, 2003). "Ruined Church Returned to City". Times Union. p. B1. Archived from the original on May 26, 2012. Retrieved June 3, 2012.
- ^ Scruton, Bruce A. (February 4, 2003). "City Set to Sign Over St. Joseph's". Times Union (Albany). p. B1. Archived from the original on May 26, 2012. Retrieved June 3, 2012.
- ^ "Albany County Edition". Times Union (Albany). September 7, 2007. p. D1. Archived from the original on May 26, 2012. Retrieved June 3, 2012.
- Albany Times-Union. Retrieved June 20, 2020.
- ^ Daily Gazette. Schenectady, NY. Retrieved June 9, 2012.
- ^ "What We Do". Historic Albany Foundation. Archived from the original on August 11, 2012. Retrieved June 9, 2012.
- ^ Foss, Sara (August 16, 2002). "Artist sees benefits of murals". The Daily Gazette. Retrieved June 9, 2012.
- ^ a b "Albany Barn, Inc". Discover Albany. Retrieved June 18, 2020.
- Albany Times-Union. Retrieved June 18, 2020.
- ISBN 9780962536816. Retrieved June 9, 2012.
- ^ "Albany Barn". Albany Barn. Retrieved June 18, 2020.
- ^ a b c d "Arbor Hill Neighborhood Plan Progress Report, 2005" (PDF). City of Albany. Spring 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 22, 2015. Retrieved March 20, 2021.
- ^ "Arbor Hill". City of Albany. 2007. Archived from the original on November 18, 2009. Retrieved June 11, 2012.
- Albany Times-Union. Retrieved June 21, 2020.
External links
- Media related to Arbor Hill Historic District-Ten Broeck Triangle at Wikimedia Commons