Arcadia (utopia)

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The Arcadian or Pastoral State
, 1834

Arcadia (

mythology. Although commonly thought of as being in line with Utopian ideals, Arcadia differs from that tradition in that it is more often specifically regarded as unattainable. Furthermore, it is seen as a lost, Edenic form of life, contrasting to the progressive nature of Utopian
desires.

The inhabitants were often regarded as having continued to live after the manner of the Golden Age, without the pride and avarice that corrupted other regions.[1] It is also sometimes referred to in English poetry as Arcady. The inhabitants of this region bear an obvious connection to the figure of the noble savage, both being regarded as living close to nature, uncorrupted by civilization, and virtuous.

In antiquity

According to Greek mythology,

Pan, a virgin wilderness home to the god of the forest and his court of dryads, nymphs and other spirits of nature. It was one version of paradise, though only in the sense of being the abode of supernatural entities, not an afterlife for deceased mortals.

An artist's vision of Arcadia

In the 3rd century BCE the Greek poet Theocritus wrote idealised views of the lives of peasants in Arcadia for his fellow educated inhabitants of the squalid and disease-ridden city of Alexandria.[2]

Greek mythology and the poetry of Theocritus inspired the Roman poet Virgil to write his Eclogues, a series of poems with references to Arcadia as the home of Pan, pipes and singing.[3][4]

In the Renaissance

Arcadia has remained a popular artistic subject since antiquity, both in visual arts and literature. As Renaissance artists turned to classical antiquity for inspiration, artistic references to Arcadia underwent a revival.[1][

inappropriate external link?] Images of beautiful nymphs frolicking in lush forests have been a frequent source of inspiration for painters and sculptors. Because of the influence of Virgil in medieval European literature, e. g. in Divine Comedy, Arcadia became a symbol of pastoral simplicity. European Renaissance writers (for instance, the Spanish poet Garcilaso de la Vega) often revisited the theme, and the name came to apply to any idyllic
location or paradise.

Of particular note is

published his long poem Arcadia that fixed the Early Modern perception of Arcadia as a lost world of idyllic bliss, remembered in regretful dirges.

In the 1580s Sir

Countess of Pembroke's Arcadia, which established Arcadia as an icon of the Renaissance; although the story is plentifully supplied with shepherds and other pastoral characters, the primary characters are all royal visitors of the countryside. In 1598 the Spanish playwright and poet Lope de Vega
published Arcadia: Prose and Verse, which was a bestseller at the time.

Friedrich August von Kaulbach's In Arcadia

Though depicted as contemporary, this pastoral form is often connected with the Golden Age. It may be suggested that its inhabitants have merely continued to live as persons did in the Golden Age, and all other nations have less pleasant lives because they have allowed themselves to depart from original simplicity.

Acadia

The 16th-century Italian explorer Giovanni da Verrazzano applied the name "Arcadia" to the entire North American Atlantic coast north of Virginia. In time, this mutated to Acadia. The Dictionary of Canadian Biography says: "Arcadia, the name Verrazzano gave to Maryland or Virginia 'on account of the beauty of the trees', made its first cartographical appearance in the 1548 Gastaldo map and is the only name on that map to survive in Canadian usage. . . . In the 17th century Champlain fixed its present orthography, with the 'r' omitted, and Ganong has shown its gradual progress northwards, in a succession of maps, to its resting place in the Atlantic Provinces".

Revival of Mi'kmaq language has provided strong reason to believe that Verrazzano was informed by the name the Mi'kmaq gave to this place. The name Acadie may be derived from the Mi'kmaq, because in their language the word "cadie" means "place of abundance" and can be found in names such as "Tracadie" and "Shubenacadie".[5]

In 19th-century art

Thomas Eakins' Arcadia

In 1848, Judge Samuel Treat, of St. Louis described life of the early settlers in the Midwest with the sentence "Each family produced whatever was necessary for its own consumption, and lived in almost Arcadian simplicity."[6]

Composer W. S. Gilbert used the concept of Arcadia in his musicals Happy Arcadia (1872) and Iolanthe (1882).

Around 1880, the German painter Wilhelm von Kaulbach produced an etching, named "Faust und Helena in Arkadien". Faust and Helena are shown in the Arcadian grove, at the place of cheerful poetry, where they produced a son, Euphorion. He represent the spirit of antiquity married to the Nordic-German spirit, as an allegory of German-Greek poetry.[7]

The American painter

New York magazine critic Mark Stevens wrote "His [Eakins] joy in the natural body rarely made its way into his major paintings, perhaps because the subject was so personally complex for him. Only in his great "Swimming", which shows naked young men at a swimming hole, did he create an American Arcadia."[11]
Eakins' student Thomas Pollock Anshutz (1851-1912) had a long preoccupation painting "Arcadian subjects".[12]

In popular culture

One of the most popular

Edwardian musical comedies is The Arcadians (1909).[13]

Pastoral science fiction

Clifford Simak (1904–1988), a science fiction Grand Master whose output included stories written in the 1950s and 1960s about rural people who have contact with extraterrestrial beings who hide their alien identity.[14]

Pastoral science fiction stories typically show a reverence for the land, its life-giving food harvests, the cycle of the seasons, and the role of the community. While fertile agrarian environments on Earth or Earth-like planets are common settings, some works may be set in ocean or desert planets or habitable moons. The rural dwellers, such as farmers and small-townspeople, are depicted sympathetically, albeit with the tendency to portray them as

industrialization and showing the ills of urbanization
and over-reliance on advanced technologies.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ "JSTOR daily, Cottagecore debuted 2300 years ago". 11 November 2020. Archived from the original on 2020-12-05. Retrieved 2020-11-14.
  2. ^ Garson, R. W. (1971), “Theocritean Elements in Virgil’s Eclogues.” The Classical Quarterly, vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 188–203. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/637834. Accessed 20 Mar. 2024.
  3. ^ Jenkyns, R. (1989), Virgil and Arcadia. The Journal of Roman Studies, 79, 26–39. https://doi.org/10.2307/301178
  4. ^ "What is the meaning of the word "Acadie"? » Acadian Museum of Prince Edward Island". museeacadien.org. Archived from the original on 25 March 2018. Retrieved 23 March 2018.
  5. ^ Allen, L. P. (Luther Prentice) (1901) [1848]. The genealogy and history of the Shreve family from 1641;. Greenfield, Ill., Priv. print. p. 627.
  6. ^ Manuel Gogos (2014-01-15). "Das Feuer hinter den Bildern". Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung (in German). Archived from the original on 2022-06-29. Retrieved 2022-08-02.
  7. ^ "Arcadia ca. 1883". www.metmuseum.org. Archived from the original on 2022-08-14. Retrieved 2022-08-02.
  8. ^ hoakley (2016-09-26). "Thomas Eakins: the centenary of his death". The Eclectic Light Company. Archived from the original on 2022-05-16. Retrieved 2022-08-02.
  9. S2CID 192634190
    .
  10. ^ Louis Torres (August 2003). "Thomas Eakins: Painting Pure Thought". www.aristos.org. Archived from the original on 2021-12-02. Retrieved 2022-08-02.
  11. ^ "Arcadian Painter Anshutz Sentimentalized Workers". Observer. 2001-04-30. Archived from the original on 2022-05-26. Retrieved 2022-08-02.
  12. ^ Green, p. 14
  13. ISSN 0261-3077
    . Retrieved 2023-11-15.

References

External links