Archaeal Richmond Mine acidophilic nanoorganisms

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
"ARMAN" redirects here. For other uses, see Arman (disambiguation).

ARMAN (uncultured acidophilic lineages)
Scientific classification
Domain:
Archaea
Phylum:
Micrarchaeota Parvarchaeota

Archaeal Richmond Mine acidophilic nanoorganisms (ARMAN) were first discovered in an extremely acidic mine located in northern California (

Ferroplasma acidarmanus
).

Distribution

Examination of different sites in the mine using fluorescent probes specific to the ARMAN groups has revealed that they are always present in communities associated with acid mine drainage (AMD), at Iron Mountain in northern California, that have pH < 1.5. They are usually found in low abundance (5–25%) in the community. Recently, closely related organisms have been detected in an acidic boreal mire or bog in Finland,[4] another acid mine drainage site in extreme environments of Rio Tinto, southwestern Spain,[5] and at a weak-alkaline deep subsurface hot spring in Yunohama, Japan.[6]

Cell structure and ecology

Using

E. coli
cell grown in culture contains ≈10,000 ribosomes. This suggests that for ARMAN cells a much more limited number of metabolites are present in a given cell. It raises questions about what the minimal requirements are for a living cell.

3D reconstructions of ARMAN cells in the environment has revealed that a small number of them attach to other Archaea of the order Thermoplasmatales (Baker et al. 2010 [8]). The Thermoplasmatales cells appear to penetrate the cell wall to the cytoplasm of the ARMAN cells.[9] The nature of this interaction hasn't been determined. It could be some sort of parasitic or symbiotic interaction. It is possible that ARMAN is getting some sort of metabolite that it is not able to produce on its own.

Genomics and proteomics

The genomes of three ARMAN groups were sequenced at the DOE

Self-Organizing Map clustering of tetranucleotide DNA signatures.[11]

The first draft of Candidatus Micrarchaeum acidiphilum ARMAN-2 is ≈1 Mb.

Crenarchaea
divide is reflected in them sharing many genetic aspects of both Crenarchaea and Euryarchaea. Specifically they have many genes that had previously only been identified in Crenarchaea. It is difficult to elucidate many of the commonly known metabolic pathways in ARMAN due to the unusually high number of unique genes that have been identified in their genomes.

A novel type of tRNA splicing endonuclease, involved in the processing of tRNA, has been discovered in ARMAN groups 1 and 2.[12] The enzyme consists of two duplicated catalytic units and one structural unit encoded on a single gene, representing a novel three-unit architecture.

References

  1. S2CID 26033384
    .
  2. PMID 23851394
    .
  3. PMID 25702576
    .
  4. ^ Juottonen et al. Seasonality of rDNA- and rRNA-derived archaeal communities and methanogenic potential in a boreal mire, ISME Journal 24 July 2008
  5. ^ Amaral-Zettler et al. Microbial community structure across the tree of life in the extreme Río Tinto, ISME Journal 2010
  6. ^ Murakami et al. Metatranscriptomic analysis of microbes in an ocean-front deep subsurface hot spring reveals novel small RNAs and type-specific tRNA degradation, Appl Environ Microbiol 2011
  7. PMID 18946497
    .
  8. ^
    PMID 20421484
    .
  9. ^ Sanders, Robert (3 May 2010). "Weird, ultra-small microbes turn up in acidic mine drainage".
  10. ^ "Our Projects".
  11. ^ Dick et al. Community-wide analysis of microbial genome sequence signatures. Archived 2014-07-15 at the Wayback Machine Genome Biology 10:R85
  12. PMID 21880595
    .

External links

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