List of historical states of Italy

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Archaic Italy
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History of Italy
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Early
Ancient Rome
Romano-Barbarian Kingdoms
Odoacer's 476–493
Ostrogothic 493–553
Vandal 435–534
Lombard (independence) 565–774
Lombard (under the Frankish rule) 774–885
Frankish (as part of the Carolingian Empire) 885–961
Germanic (as part of the Holy Roman Empire) 961–1801
Medieval
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Italy, up until the

Venetian Republic, the Republic of Florence, the Duchy of Milan, the Kingdom of Naples and the Kingdom of Sicily. Unlike all the other Italian states, the republics of Venice and Genoa, thanks to their maritime powers, went beyond territorial conquests within the Italian Peninsula, conquering various regions across the Mediterranean and Black Seas.[1][2]

Archaic Italy

Main article: List of ancient peoples of Italy
Roman expansion and conquest of Italy

Classical Italy

  The Roman Empire at its greatest extent, 117 AD

Early Middle Ages

High Middle Ages

Political map of Italy in the year 1000
Political map of Southern Italy in the year 1112

States in Central and Northern Italy

States in Southern Italy

States of the Holy Roman Empire

Sardinian Judicates

Late Middle Ages

Peace of Lodi
.
The Italian Peninsula in 1499.

Major states

Minor states

After the Italian Wars

Imperial fiefs in Italy
of the Austrian Habsburgs in red borders.

The

Venetian Republic, the Medici's Duchy of Tuscany, the Savoyard state, the Republic of Genoa, and the Papal States. The Gonzaga in Mantua, the Este in Modena and Ferrara and the Farnese in Parma and Piacenza continued to be important dynasties. Parts of the north of Italy remained a part of the Holy Roman Empire.[4][5][6]

Major states

Minor states

After the Wars of Succession of the 18th century

Political map of Italy in the year 1789

Following the European wars of succession of the 18th century and the extinction of the

Austrian monarchy. Southern Italy passed to a cadet branch of the House of Bourbon, known as House of Bourbon-Two Sicilies
. While other states such as Genoa, Savoy, Modena and Lucca remained with their governments unchanged.

Major states

Minor states

Their populations and other vital statistics stood as follows in the late 18th century:[7]

  • Kingdom of Naples (including Sicily): 6,000,000 (400,000 in Naples), army of 60,000 to 80,0000, 2 ships of the lines and some frigates
  • Republic of Venice: 3,500,000 (140,000 in the city of Venice itself), standing army and navy of 30,000, 12-15 ships of at least 54 guns plus frigates and brigs
  • Kingdom of Sardinia: 2,900,000 (2,400,000 on the mainland and 500,000 on the island), 12-15 fortified cities and towns (largest being Turin at 80,000), standing army of 25,000, which could be raised to 50,000 in a time of war and 100,000 with militia
  • Papal States: 2,400,000 (140,000 in the city of Rome), standing army of 6,000 to 7,000
  • Austrian Lombardy (Duchy of Milan, Duchy of Mantua, and minor territories): 1,100,000 (40,000 in the city of Milan itself)
  • Grand Duchy of Tuscany: 1,000,000 (80,000 in Florence), standing army of 6,000, navy of 3 frigates
  • Republic of Genoa: 500,000 (100,000 in the city of Genoa itself)
  • Duchy of Parma
    : 500,000 (40,000 in the city of Parma itself), standing army of 2,500 to 3,000
  • Duchy of Modena
    : 350,000 (20,000 in the city of Modena itself), standing army of 5,000 to 6,000
  • Republic of Lucca: 100,000

Total: 18.3 million

During Napoleonic times (1792–1815)

Political map of Italy in the year 1810

Sister republics of Revolutionary France

In personal union with France

Client states of the First French Empire

Other states

From the restoration to the unification

Political map of Italy in the year 1843

Following the defeat of Napoleon's France, the Congress of Vienna (1815) was convened to redraw the European continent. In Italy, the Congress restored the pre-Napoleonic patchwork of independent governments, either directly ruled or strongly influenced by the prevailing European powers, particularly Austria. The Congress also determined the end of two millenary republics: Genoa was annexed by the then Savoyard Kingdom of Sardinia, and Venice was incorporated with Milan into a new kingdom of the Austrian Empire.

At the time, the struggle for Italian unification was perceived to be waged primarily against the Habsburgs, since they directly controlled the predominantly Italian-speaking northeastern part of present-day Italy and were the most powerful force against the Italian unification. The Austrian Empire vigorously repressed nationalist sentiment growing in its domains on the Italian Peninsula, as well as in the other parts of Habsburg domains.

Post-unification

Kingdom of Italy in 1871, after the Capture of Rome
Kingdom of Italy in 1924, after World War I

Italian Partisan Republics

The

Second World War. They were universally short-lived, with most of them being reconquered by the Wehrmacht
within weeks of their formal establishments and re-incorporated into the Italian Social Republic.

Current states

See also

References

  1. ^ "End of Europe's Middle Ages - Italy's City-States". www.faculty.umb.edu. Retrieved 2021-09-10.
  2. ISBN 978-8862880824
    .
  3. ^ Flavius Magnus Aurelius Cassiodorus Senator, Variae, Lib. II., XLI. Luduin regi Francorum Theodericus rex.
  4. ISBN 1853360058
    .
  5. ^ Christine Shaw, Michael Mallett. The Italian Wars 1494-1559: War, State and Society in Early Modern Europe. Routledge.
  6. ^ "Peace of Cateau-Cambrésis | European history". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2020-09-08.
  7. ^ Journal of the Private Life and Conversations of the Emperor, Vol. 3. Emmanuel-Auguste-Dieudonne comte de Las Cases. 1816.
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