Archaic period (North America)
North American prehistory |
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In the classification of the
The rest of the Americas also have an Archaic Period.[2]
Classifications
This classification system was first proposed by Gordon Willey and Philip Phillips in the widely accepted 1958 book Method and Theory in American Archaeology.
In the organization of the system, the Archaic period followed the Lithic stage and is superseded by the Formative stage.[3]
- The Lithic stage
- The Archaic stage
- The Formative stage
- The Classic stage
- The Post-Classic stage
Numerous local variations have been identified within the cultural rankings. The period has been subdivided by region and then time. For instance, the Archaic Southwest tradition is subdivided into the San Dieguito–Pinto, Oshara, Cochise and Chihuahua cultures.[4]
Archaic stage in North America
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Since the 1990s, secure dating of multiple Middle Archaic sites in northern Louisiana, Mississippi and Florida has challenged traditional models of development. In these areas, hunter-gatherer societies in the
Across the
Timeline
This article needs additional citations for verification. (September 2018) |
Early Archaic
- 8000 BC: The last glacial period ends, causing sea levels to rise and flood the Beringia land bridge, closing the primary migration route from Siberia.
- 8000 BC: Sufficient rain falls on the American Southwest to support many large mammal species – mammoth, mastodon, and a bison species – that soon go extinct.
- 8000 BC: Hunters in the American Southwest use the atlatl.
- 7500 BC: Early basketry.[citation needed]
- 7560—7370 BC: Kennewick Man dies along the shore of the Columbia River in Washington State, leaving one of the most complete early Native American skeletons.[8]
- 7000 BC: Northeastern peoples depend increasingly on deer, nuts, and wild grains as the climate warms.
- 7000 BC: Native Americans in Lahontan Basin, Nevada mummifytheir dead to give them honor and respect, evidencing deep concern about their treatment and condition.
Middle Archaic
- 6500 BC–200 AD: The San Dieguito–Pinto tradition and Chihuahua traditionflourish in the Southwest.
- 6000 BC: Ancestors of Penutian-speaking peoples settle in the Northwestern Plateau.
- 6000 BC: Nomadic hunting bands roam Subarctic Alaska following herds of caribouand other game animals.
- 6000 BC: Aleuts begin to arrive in the Aleutian Islands.
- 5700 BC: Cataclysmic eruption of Mount Mazama in modern-day Oregon.
- 5500 BC–500 AD: Southwestern Archaic tradition, arises in north-central New Mexico, the San Juan Basin, the Rio Grande Valley, southern Colorado, and southeastern Utah.
- Natives of the Northwestern Plateau begin to rely on salmon runs.
- 5000 BC: Early cultivation of food crops began in Mesoamerica.
- 5000 BC: Native Americans in the Pacific Northwest from Alaska to California develop a fishing economy, with salmon as a staple.
- 5000 BC: The rings, and pendants.
- 5000 BC–200 AD: The Cochise tradition arises in the American Southwest.
- 4500 BC: Emergence of the Shield Archaic tradition.[9]
- Native Americans in the northern Great Lakes produce copper tools, ornaments, and utensils traded throughout the Great Plains and Ohio Valley.
- Shell ornaments and copper items at Indian Knoll in Kentucky evidence an extensive trade system over several millennia.
- 4000 BC: Inhabitants of Mesoamerica cultivate squash.
- 4000–1000 BC: Old Copper complex emerges in the Great Lakes region
- 3500 BC: The largest, oldest drive site at Head-Smashed-In Buffalo Jump, Alberta, Canada.
- 3500–3000 BC: Construction of extensive mound complex built at Watson Brake in the floodplain of the Ouachita River near Monroe in northern Louisiana.[10]
- Shell ornaments and copper items at Indian Knoll, Kentuckyevidence an extensive trade system over several millennia.
Late Archaic
- 3000 BC: Cultivation of the sunflower and marsh elder begins in the American South; northeastern natives cultivate amaranthand marsh elder. After harvesting these plants, the people grind their seeds into flour.
- 3000 BC: The squashfollow later.
- 3000 BC: Native Americans of the Pacific Northwest begin to exploit shellfish resources.
- 3000 BC: Fishing in the Northwestern Plateau increases.
- 3000 BC: Natives speaking the Northeastern Woodlandsfrom the south.
- Shell ornaments and copper items at Indian Knoll, Kentuckyevidence an extensive trade system over several millennia.
- 2888 BC: People of the pottery making was spreading in South America, but had not reached Mesoamerica.[11]
- 2500–800 BC: The Arctic Small Tool tradition develops on the Alaska Peninsula, near Bristol Bay, and on the eastern shores of the Bering Strait in Alaska.
- 2500–1800 BC: Aleutian tradition emerges in Alaska.
- 2500 BC:
- 2400 BC:
- 2500 BC: The Cochise tradition become skilled farmers of the American Southwest.
- 2100 BC: Maize cultivation begins in Aridoamerica.[13]
- 2000–1000 BC: flintknapping, earthenware, and effigy, conical, and platform mounds, as well as planned settlements on concentric earthen ridges[14]
- 1500 BC: Salishanspeakers arrive in Northwestern Plateau region.
- 1500 BC–1000 AD: Intermediate Horizon (or Campbell tradition) emerged among Indigenous peoples of California
- 1000 BC: Athapaskan-speaking natives arrive in the North American Arctic, possibly from Siberia.
- 1000 BC: Pottery making widespread in the Eastern woodlands.
Shield Archaic
The Shield Archaic was a distinct regional tradition which existed during the
The prominent Canadian archaeologist J. V. Wright argued in 1976 that the Shield Archaic had emerged from the
See also
- Archaeology of the Americas
- Archaic–Early Basketmaker Era
- List of pre-Columbian cultures
- List of archaeological periods (North America)
- Prehistoric Southwestern cultural divisions(North America)
- Pre-Columbian South America
- Mesolithic
Footnotes
- ^ Anderson, David G.; Sassaman, Kenneth E. (2012). Recent Developments in Southeastern Archaeology: From Colonization to Complexity. Washington, DC: Society for American Archaeology Press.
- ^ OCLC 19750309.
- ^ Willey, Gordon; Phillips, Philip (1958), Method and Theory in American Archaeology, University of Chicago[ISBN missing]
- ^ "Archaic Period, Southeast Archaeological Center". Archived from the original on 5 December 2004. Retrieved 2004-11-28.
- ^ Milanich 1994, p. 84-85, 90, 95.
- ^ Russo, Michael. "Archaic Shell Rings of the Southeast U. S." (PDF). National Park Service. pp. 10, 13–15, 27. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 15, 2012. Retrieved March 22, 2021.
- ^ McManamon, Francis P. "Determination That the Kennewick Human Skeletal Remains are "Native American" for the Purposes of the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA)." National Park Service Archaeology Program. 11 Jan 2000 (retrieved 18 June 2011)
- ^ a b Gordon 1996, p. 199.
- ^ Saunders, Joe W. et al. "Watson Brake, a Middle Archaic Mound Complex in Northeast Louisiana" American Antiquity . Vol. 70, No. 4: 631–668. 2005
- )
- ^ a b "Migration to Greenland."About Greenland. Retrieved 28 February 2012. Archived 5 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Sara A. Herr, "The Latest Research on the Earliest Farmers", Archaeology Southwest 23, n. 1 (Winter 2009): 1
- ^ Department of the Arts of Africa, Oceania, and the Americas. (October 2003). "Poverty Point (2000–1000 B.C.)" Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History Essays, The Metropolitan Museum of Art (retrieved 19 June 2011)
- ^ Storck 1974.
- ^ Gordon 1996, p. 201.
- ^ Gordon 1996, p. 208.
- ^ Gordon 1996, p. 215.
- ^ Gordon 1996, p. 200.
References
- Gordon, Bryan C. (1996). "Chapter 9: The Shield Archaic Tradition". People of Sunlight, People of Starlight: Barrenland Archaeology in the Northwest Territories of Canada. Mercury Series 154. ISBN 0-660-15963-5.
- OCLC 470148039.
- OCLC 19750309.
- Storck, P. L. (1974). "Two Probable Shield Archaic Sites in Killarney Provincial Park, Ontario" (PDF). Ontario Archaeology. 21. Ontario Archaeological Society: 3–36.
Further reading
- Claassen, Cheryl (2010). Feasting with Shellfish in the Southern Ohio Valley: Archaic Sacred Sites and Rituals. Knoxville: U of Tennessee P. ISBN 978-1-5723-3733-6.