Archduchy of Austria

Coordinates: 48°13′N 16°22′E / 48.217°N 16.367°E / 48.217; 16.367
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Archduchy of Austria
Erzherzogtum Österreich (German)
1453–1804
1867–1918
Motto: A.E.I.O.U.
(Motto for the House of Habsburg)
"All The World Is Subject To Austria"[1][2]
Full coat of arms with decorations:[3]
The Archduchy of Austria, 1477
The Archduchy of Austria, 1477
StatusState of the Holy Roman Empire (1453–1806)
Crown land of the Habsburg monarchy (from 1526)
CapitalVienna
Common languagesCentral Bavarian, German, Renaissance Latin
Religion
Roman Catholicism
Demonym(s)Austrian
GovernmentAbsolute monarchy
Archduke 
• 1453–1457
Ladislaus the Posthumous
(first formal archduke)
• 1792–1806
Francis I a
• 1916–1918
Charles I
Historical eraLate Middle Ages to Early modern period
• Duke Rudolf IV forged Privilegium Maius
1358/59
• Emperor Frederick III acknowledged archducal title
6 January 1453
• Joined Austrian Circle
1512
• Ferdinand I regent according to Worms agreement
28 April 1521
1740–1748
• Austrian Empire proclaimed
11 August 1804
• Holy Roman Empire dissolved
6 August 1806
30 August 1867
18 November 1918
• Disestablished
1918
Currency
ISO 3166 codeAT
Preceded by		 Succeeded by
Duchy of Austria
Republic of German-Austria
^a The title "Archduke of Austria" remained part of the official grand title of the rulers of Austria until 1918.

The Archduchy of Austria (

principality of the Holy Roman Empire and the nucleus of the Habsburg monarchy. With its capital at Vienna
, the archduchy was centered at the Empire's southeastern periphery.

Its present name originates from the Frankish term Oustrich – Eastern Kingdom (east of the

archducal title. From the 15th century onward, all Holy Roman Emperors but one were Austrian archdukes and with the acquisition of the Bohemian and Hungarian crown lands in 1526, the Habsburg hereditary lands became the centre of a major European power.[4]

The archduchy's history as an

imperial state ended with the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806. It was replaced with the Lower and Upper Austria crown lands of the Austrian Empire.[5][6]

Geography

Armor of Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor, created for then-Archduke Ferdinand in 1549, with Reichsadler on the boots signifying his title King of the Romans. The parade armour was crafted by the eminent master plate armourer Kunz Lochner from Nuremberg.[7]
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Located in the Danube basin, the ancient Roman province Pannonia Superior, Austria bordered on the Kingdom of Hungary beyond the March and Leitha rivers in the east. In the south it was confined by the Duchy of Styria, with the border at the historic Semmering Pass, while in the north the Bohemian Forest and the Thaya river marked the border with Bohemia and Moravia.[4]

In the west, the Upper Austrian part bordered on the Bavarian stem duchy. The adjacent Innviertel region belonged to the Bavarian dukes, until it was occupied by Austrian forces during the War of the Bavarian Succession in 1778 and incorporated into the archducal lands according to the Peace of Teschen. In the course of the German mediatisation in 1803, the Austrian archdukes also acquired the rule over the Electorate of Salzburg and the Berchtesgaden Provostry.[8]

History

Ensign (1685–1740)

After Austria was detached from the

Babenberg dukes also acquired the neighbouring Duchy of Styria in 1192. After the extinction of male line in 1246 and the subsequent quarter-century reign by King Ottokar II of Bohemia – a permanent vestige of his rule is the division of Austria proper into Upper and Lower Austria (at the time called "Austria above the Enns" and "below the Enns") – it was seized by Habsburg King Rudolf I of Germany, who defeated Ottokar in the Battle on the Marchfeld (1278)[9] and later (1282) enfeoffed his sons Albert I and Rudolf II
with both duchies.

In 1358/59, Habsburg Duke Rudolf IV, in response to the Golden Bull of 1356, already claimed the archducal title by forging the Privilegium Maius. Rudolf aimed to achieve a status comparable to the Empire's seven prince-electors, the holders of the traditional Imperial 'arch'-offices; however, his attempts failed as the elevation was rejected by the Luxembourg emperor Charles IV (Rudolf's father-in-law). Rudolf's younger brothers Albert III and Leopold III divided the Habsburg lands by the 1379 Treaty of Neuberg, whereafter the Austrian duchy itself remained under the rule of the Albertinian line.[10][7]

From duchy to archduchy

On Epiphany 1453, Emperor Frederick III, regent of Austria for his minor Albertinian cousin Ladislaus the Posthumous, finally acknowledged the archducal title. It was then conferred to all Habsburg emperors and rulers, as well as to the non-ruling princes of the dynasty, however, it still did not carry the right to vote in the Imperial election.

Frederick further promoted the rise of the Habsburg dynasty into European dimensions with the arrangement of the marriage between his son Archduke Maximilian and Mary of Burgundy, heiress of Burgundy in 1477. After Maximilian's son Philip the Handsome in 1496 had married Joanna the Mad, Queen of Castile and Aragon, his son Charles V could come into an inheritance "on which the sun never sets".[7]

Nevertheless, Charles' younger brother

Anna of Bohemia and Hungary, Ferdinand inherited both kingdoms in 1526. Also King of the Romans from 1531, he became the progenitor of the Austrian branch of the House of Habsburg (House of Habsburg-Lorraine from 1780 on), which as Archdukes of Austria and Kings of Bohemia ruled as Holy Roman Emperors until the Empire's dissolution in 1806.[8]

Austrian Empire

In 1804, Emperor

federal states of Lower and Upper Austria in the new Republic of German-Austria.[7]

See also

References

  1. ISBN 978-3-406-44754-9
    .
  2. Latin: Austriae est imperare orbi universo (Austria is to rule the whole world) Also known as. But in the book of the same author, another page in Latin "En, amor electis, iniustis ordinor ultor; Sic Fridericus ego mea iura rego" (En, the love of the elect, I am ordered to avenge the unjust; Thus, Frederick, I rule my rights) There are also others, but like House of Savoy's FERT
    , the official interpretation is not set.
  3. ^
    The Ströhl's depiction in his Wappenrolle Österreich-Ungarns (1890 and 1900)
    Hugo Gerhard Ströhl: Wappenrolle Österreich-Ungarns. Erste Auflage, Wien 1890, S. V-VI. and Wappenrolle Österreich-Ungarns. Dritte Auflage, Wien 1900, S. 14.
  4. ^ a b Banks, John (1761). A Compendious History of the House of Austria, and the German Empire, etc. H. Serjeant. pp. 398–.
  5. ISBN 9781400889969
    .
  6. ^ "The House of Austria – the Habsburgs and the Empire". Habsburger Net. Retrieved May 17, 2020.
  7. ^
    ISBN 978-0-674-96932-2
    .
  8. ^ a b S.G Goodrich (1851). History of all nations, from the earliest periods to the present time; or, Universal History: in which the history of every nation, ancient and modern, is separately given. pp. 985–.
  9. ISBN 978-1-85109-672-5
    .
  10. ISBN 978-1-317-89570-1
    .

48°13′N 16°22′E / 48.217°N 16.367°E / 48.217; 16.367

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