Archerfish
Archerfish | |
---|---|
Toxotes jaculatrix
| |
Scientific classification | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Chordata |
Class: | Actinopterygii |
Order: | Perciformes |
Family: | Toxotidae Cuvier, 1816 |
Genus: | Toxotes Cuvier, 1816 |
Type species | |
Labrus jaculator
, 1803 |
The archerfish (also known as spinner fish or archer fish) or Toxotidae are a
Archerfish have deep and laterally compressed bodies, with the dorsal fin and the profile a straight line from dorsal fin to mouth. The mouth is protractile, and the lower jaw juts out. Sizes are fairly small, typically up to about 12–18 cm (5–7 in), but T. chatareus can reach 40 cm (16 in).[3][4]
Archerfish are popular exotic fish for
Capture of prey
Archerfish are remarkably
When an archerfish selects its prey, it rotates its eye so that the image of the prey falls on a particular portion of the eye in the
Young archerfish start shooting when they are about 2.5 cm (1 in) long but are inaccurate at first and must learn from experience.[
An archerfish will often leap out of the water and grab an insect in its mouth if it happens to be within reach. Individuals typically prefer to remain close to the surface of the water.[11]
New research has found that archerfish also use jets to hunt underwater prey, such as those embedded in silt. It is not known whether they learned aerial or underwater shooting first, but the two techniques may have evolved in parallel, as improvements in one can be adapted to the other.[16] This makes it an example of exaptation.
Species
There are 9 valid species, 8 in the genus Toxotes:[1][3][17][18]
- Protoxotes lorentzi Weber, 1910 - primitive archerfish
- Toxotes blythii Boulenger, 1892 - clouded archerfish, zebra archerfish
- Toxotes carpentariensis, Castelnau, 1878
- Toxotes chatareus (Hamilton, 1822) - largescale archerfish, common archerfish
- Toxotes jaculatrix (Pallas, 1767) - banded archerfish
- Toxotes kimberleyensis Allen, 2004 - Kimberley archerfish, western archerfish
- Toxotes microlepis Günther, 1860 - smallscale archerfish
- Toxotes oligolepis Bleeker, 1876 - big scale archerfish
- Tan, 2018
Timeline
See also
References
- ^ doi:10.23788/IEF-952.
- ^ Arthington, A., and McKenzie, F. "Review of Impacts of Displaced/Introduced Fauna Associated with Inland Waters. Archived December 1, 2008, at the Wayback Machine" Environment Australia Archived April 25, 2009, at the Wayback Machine Australia: State of the Environment Technical Paper Series (Inland Waters), Series 1, 1997. Accessed 2009-05-24.
- ^ a b c Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2017). Species of Toxotes in FishBase. December 2017 version.
- ISBN 0-12-547665-5.
- ^ "Archer Fish (Toxotes jaculatrix)". liveaquaria. 2016-03-09. Archived from the original on 2016-04-05.
- ^ Douglas, M.M.; Bunn, S.E. & Davies, P.M. (2005-06-03). "River and wetland food webs in Australia's wet-dry tropics: general principles and implications for management" (PDF). Marine and Freshwater Research Vol. 56, No. 3, 329–342. Retrieved 2009-05-24.
- ^ ""Plastic flies help spitting archer fish regain aim" Telegraph.co.uk". The Telegraph. 2002-07-11. Retrieved 2009-05-24.
- ^ S2CID 1139246. Archived from the original(PDF) on 2010-06-14. Retrieved 2014-05-31.
- ^ Temple, S. E. "Effect of salinity on the refracive index of water: considerations for archer fish aerial vision" 'Journal of Fish Biology' Vol 70, 1626–1629 2007.
- ^ Temple, S.E., Hart, N. S., and Colin, S. P. "A spitting image: visual specializations of the arsherfish (Toxotes chatareus)" 'Brain Behaviour and Evolution' Vol. 73, 309 2009.
- ^ .
- ^ "Spit Decision: How Archerfish Decide". WIRED. 19 November 2013.
- . Retrieved 2014-10-06.
- ^ Jones, N. A. R., Webster, M. M., Templeton, C. N., Schuster, S., & Rendell, L. (2018). Presence of an audience and consistent interindividual differences affect archerfish shooting behaviour. Animal Behaviour, 141, 95–103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2018.04.024
- ^ Davis, B. D., & Dill, L. M. (2012). Intraspecific kleptoparasitism and counter-tactics in the archerfish (Toxotes chatareus). Behaviour, 149(13–14), 1367–1394. https://doi.org/10.1163/1568539X-00003026
- ^ "New Scientist: Spitting archerfish shoot at prey above and beneath the water".
- ^ Froese, Rainer, and Daniel Pauly, eds. (2017). "Toxotidae" in FishBase. December 2017 version.
- PMID 35814192.)
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