Archipelago of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina
Archipelago of San Andrés,
Providencia and Santa Catalina Archipiélago de San Andrés, Providencia y Santa Catalina | |
---|---|
US$ 0.5 billion) | |
Time zone | UTC−05:00 |
ISO 3166 code | CO-SAP |
HDI (2019) | 0.789[5] high · 3rd |
Website | SanAndres.gov.co |
The Archipelago of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina (Spanish: Archipiélago de San Andrés, Providencia y Santa Catalina, pronounced [aɾtʃiˈpjelaɣo ðe ˌsan anˈdɾes pɾoβiˈðensja j ˌsanta kataˈlina]), or San Andrés and Providencia, is one of the departments of Colombia, and the only one located geographically in Central America. It consists of two island groups in the Caribbean Sea about 775 km (418 nmi; 482 mi) northwest of mainland Colombia, and eight outlying banks and reefs. The largest island of the archipelago and Colombia is called San Andrés and its capital is San Andrés. The other large islands are Providencia and Santa Catalina Islands which lie to the north-east of San Andrés; their capital is Santa Isabel.
Name
The name is sometimes abbreviated to "Archip. de San Andres".[6] The official website abbreviates it as San Andrés ("Gobernación de San Andrés").[7] ISO 3166-2:CO lists it as "San Andrés, Providencia y Santa Catalina".[8] Statoids lists it as "San Andrés y Providencia".[9]
History
Spain formally claimed the archipelago of
In 1630,
In 1775, Lieutenant Tomás O'Neil, a Spaniard of Irish descent, was given military command of the islands and, in 1790, was named governor. He requested the transfer of the islands to the jurisdiction of the
On 4 July 1818, a French corsair,
After the Spanish colonies became independent, the inhabitants of San Andrés, Providence and St. Catherine voluntarily adhered to the Republic of
In 1928, Colombia and Nicaragua signed the
In 2001, Nicaragua filed claims with the International Court of Justice (ICJ) over the disputed maritime boundary and claimed 50,000 km2 (19,305 sq mi) in the Caribbean, including the San Andrés and Providencia Archipelagoes. Colombia responded that the court has no jurisdiction over the matter and increased its naval and police presence in the islands. Colombia also defended its claim in the ICJ. On 13 December 2007, the ICJ ruled that the islands were Colombian territory but left the maritime border dispute unresolved.[11] On 19 November 2012, the ICJ held that Colombia had sovereignty over the islands.
United States claims
In the 19th century, the United States claimed several uninhabited locations in the area under the
Declaration of self-determination
In 1903, the local Raizal population rejected an offer from the US to separate from Colombia in the wake of Panama's secession from Colombia. However, the island's native population soon changed its mind when the policies of successive Colombian governments tried consistently to modify the majority Raizal and British ethnic composition of the Islands by the extensive migration of Spanish-speaking mainland Colombians. The efforts at assimilation and immigration were led largely by Catholic missionaries, which angered the Protestant native population.[14][15]
Local government and representation
This section needs to be updated.(October 2019) |
2007 elections
A member of the departmental assembly for 15 years, Pedro Gallardo Forbes, of the
At the departmental assembly, elected the same day, the 9 seats were distributed among 6 parties: three Liberals (Arlington Howard, Qwincy Bowie Gordon, and Leroy Carol Bent Archbold), two MIR (Jorge Méndez and Freddy Herazo) two Democratic Colombia Party (former MP María Teresa Uribe Bent and former Interior Secretary Rafael Gómez Redondo), two SNUP (Fernando Cañon Florez and María Said Darwich), one Radical Change (Heber Esquivel Benitez), and one Conservative (Julio César Gallardo Martínez).[17]
The new mayor of Providence, Janeth Archbold (Team Colombia party), a political ally of the new governor, was elected with 1,013 votes against Liberal Mark Taylor (515 votes), SNUP Arturo Robinson (514 votes) and Conservative Peter Bent.[17]
Geography
Besides the San Andrés and
Island of San Andrés
San Andrés Island
This is the main island of the San Andrés group, and the largest of the department. It is located at 12°33′N 81°43′W / 12.550°N 81.717°W. It measures 12 km (7.5 mi) in length with a width of 3 km (1.9 mi) and covers an area of 26 km2 (10 sq mi). There is a tiny lagoon in the centre of the island called Big Pond. The principal town is San Andrés in the north of the island. Another town is San Luis on the east coast. Cayo Johnny (Johnny Caye) lies 1.5 km (0.9 mi) ENE of German Point (Punta Norte), the island's northern tip, and Haynes Cay about the same distance east of the island. Cotton Cay is less than 1 km (0.6 mi) south of San Andrés town, on the northeastern coast.[citation needed]
Cayos de Albuquerque (Cayos de S.W., Southwest Cays)
This atoll is southwest of San Andrés at 12°10′N 81°51′W / 12.167°N 81.850°W. It is the westernmost point of Colombia. The reef is about 7 km (4.5 mi) across. In the southern part are Cayo del Norte and Cayo del Sur. Cayo del Norte, the larger of the two, is up to 2 m (7 ft) high and overgrown with
Cayos del Este Sudeste (Courtown Cays, Cayos de E.S.E.)
This atoll is 22 km (14 mi) east-south-east of San Andrés Island and 35 km (22 mi) northeast of Cayos de Alburquerque, at 12°24′N 81°28′W / 12.400°N 81.467°W. It is 14 km (8.7 mi) long and 4 km (2.5 mi) wide. There are a few sand
Banks and shoals
Colombia claims sovereignty over six additional outlying banks and shoals: Alice Shoal, Bajo Nuevo Bank, Serranilla Bank, Quita Sueño Bank, Serrana Bank, and Roncador Bank.[citation needed]
Demographics
Year | Pop. | ±% |
---|---|---|
1973 | 22,983 | — |
1985 | 35,818 | +55.8% |
1993 | 61,040 | +70.4% |
2005 | 70,554 | +15.6% |
2018 | 61,280 | −13.1% |
Source:[19] |
The Departamento de San Andrés, Providencia y Santa Catalina covers a land area of 44 km2 (17 sq mi) and had a census population of 59,573. The latest official estimate for 2007 is 72,923.[citation needed]
Before 1960, the population of the islands was almost entirely
By 2005, Raizals were only 30% of the 60,000 or more inhabitants of the islands, with the rest being mainland
Transportation
Airports
The airport is one of Colombia's fastest growing airports with a 13.4% increase in the number of passengers between 2005 and 2006.[citation needed]
See also
References
- ^ "Geografía del Archipiélago" (in Spanish). Gobernación Archipiélago de San Andrés, Providencia y Santa Catalina. Archived from the original on 16 February 2013.
- ISBN 978-958-8225-52-4.
- ^ "DANE". Archived from the original on 13 November 2009. Retrieved 13 February 2013.
- ^ "Producto Interno Bruto por departamento", www.dane.gov.co
- ^ "Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab". hdi.globaldatalab.org. Retrieved 2018-09-13.
- ^ "Censo General 2005 : Perfil ARCHIP. DE SAN ANDRES" (PDF). Dane.gov.co. Retrieved 15 October 2017.
- ^ Gobernación de San Andrés. "Últimos Comunicados | Gobernación de San Andrés". Sanandres.gov.co. Retrieved 2012-08-15.
- ^ [1] Archived January 12, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Colombia Departments". Statoids.com. Retrieved 2012-08-15.
- ^ Providence Island, 1630–1641, The Other Puritan Colony - by Karen Ordahl Kupperman, University of Connecticut
- ^ "Contenido". ELESPECTADOR.COM. Archived from the original on 12 March 2020. Retrieved 15 October 2017.
- ^ a b "Acquisition Process of Insular Areas". U.S. Department of the Interior, Office of Insular Affairs. Archived from the original on 2012-04-14. Retrieved 2008-01-13.
- ^ "FORMERLY DISPUTED ISLANDS". U.S. Department of the Interior, Office of Insular Affairs. Archived from the original on 2007-09-30. Retrieved 2008-01-13.
- ^ "Raizales" (in Spanish). Fundación Hemera. Archived from the original on 2007-10-13. Retrieved 2007-12-29.
- ^ Adelaida Cano Schütz (2005-05-09). "Los raizales sanandresanos: realidades étnicas y discurso político" (in Spanish). pasaporte colombiano. Archived from the original on 27 January 2008. Retrieved 2007-12-29.
- ^ Eduardo Lunazzi (2007-10-26). "Batalla publicitaria caracterizó la campaña en San Andrés" (in Spanish). El Tiempo. Archived from the original on 2011-12-04. Retrieved 2007-12-29.
- ^ a b c Cesar Pizarro (2007-10-28). "Diputado Pedro Gallardo elegido Gobernador en voto finish" (in Spanish). The Archipielago Press. Archived from the original on 6 January 2008. Retrieved 2007-12-29.
- ^ "Colombian Islands". GeoNames. Retrieved September 22, 2021.
- ^ "Reloj de Población". DANE. Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadísitica. Archived from the original on 16 January 2018. Retrieved 6 July 2017.
- ^ Fernando Urrea Giraldo (2007-10-12). "La visibilidad estadística de la población negra o afrodescendiente en Colombia, 1993-2005: entre lo étnico y lo racial" (PDF) (in Spanish). 12º Congreso de Antropología, Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Archived from the original on 2008-02-27. Retrieved 2007-12-29.
- ^ Laborator.co. "Gustavo Rojas Pinilla". www.aerocivil.gov.co. Retrieved 2018-04-25.
- ^ Zorro Rincón, Nicolás (December 5, 2021). "American lands in San Andrés opening connectivity between the island and the U.S." Aviacionline.com. Archived from the original on September 23, 2022. Retrieved September 23, 2022.
Sources
- Diemer, Christian; Šeparović, Amalija (2006). "Territorial Questions and Maritime Delimitation with Regard to Nicaragua's Claims to the San Andrés Archipelago". Heidelberg Journal of International Law (HJIL). 66: 167–186. ISSN 0044-2348.
External links
- Official website: "Gobernación del Archipielago (Government of the Archipelago)" (in Spanish). Gobernación Archipiélago de San Andrés, Providencia y Santa Catalina.
- Geotoutism http://www.caribbeancolombia.com/ San Andres, Providencia and Santa Catalina are a perfect spot to explore Geoutourism. Visit the website made with National Geographic where you can find an interactive mapguide the places to visit and much more
- "San Andrés Turismo (San Andrés Tourism)". Gobernación Archipiélago de San Andrés, Providencia y Santa Catalina. Archived from the original on 2008-11-19.
- ICJ Nicaragua v. Colombia (Preliminary Objections) and (Merits) and 2007 Preliminary Objections Judgment and ASIL and BBC and Colombia President and Colombia MFA and Analysis 20 Hague YIL 75-119 2008[permanent dead link]
- Information on Colombian lighthouses (German)
- Oceandots at the Wayback Machine (archived December 23, 2010)
- New York Times article on independence movement