Architecture of Jacksonville
The architecture of
Prominent architects
Contributing heavily during the reconstruction period following the Great Fire of 1901, a young New York architect named Henry John Klutho would come to influence generations of local designers. Klutho's works exhibit elements influenced by both the Chicago School, championed by Louis Sullivan, and the Prairie School of architecture, popularized by Frank Lloyd Wright. As a result, Jacksonville has one of the largest collections of Prairie Style buildings outside the Midwest.[5]
By the 1950s, modernist design principles would permeate throughout the United States, transforming the rapidly growing State of Florida., many of Jacksonville's modern landmarks were designed locally.
Residential architecture
Houses
Few structures survive from the earliest period of Jacksonville's history, though there are a handful of notable exceptions. Built in 1797, Kingsley Plantation is the oldest surviving structure in the city and is currently maintained by the National Park Service as part of the Timucuan Ecological and Historic Preserve. Located on Fort George Island, the plantation is a unique two-story house that resembles 17th century British gentry homes. The Red Bank Plantation House is a Georgian Revival style structure built in 1854. Marabanong Mansion is a Queen Anne style home built in 1876. Napoleon Bonaparte Broward House, built in 1878, and the Merrill House, built in 1886, are two examples of Victorian style homes in Jacksonville.
The
Following World War II, suburbs rapidly developed throughout the United States, due in large part to the rise of personal automobile ownership. Following the opening of the Mathews Bridge, Arlington would become the most important of these developments locally. This period also coincided with the popularization of Modern design in architecture. Designed by Robert C. Broward, the Butterfly House was completed in 1957 in the Arlington neighborhood. Its design elements, including the butterfly wing shaped roof, are sometime more broadly categorized today as Mid-century modern design.[10] The Jacksonville Beaches also host a number of modern homes built during this period. Famed architect Paul Rudolph designed the iconic Milam House in 1961, which is on the National Register of Historic Places. William Morgan designed the Williamson House in 1966, and his own home, Morgan House, in 1974. Both are located on the beach.[11]
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Red Bank Plantation House,Georgian style.
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19th century Napoleon Bonaparte Broward House on Fort George Island.
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Shotgun houses on Cleveland Avenue in Durkeeville, Mid-Westside.
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Thomas V. Porter House, located downtown.
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Home in Riverside and Avondale.
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Classical Revival residence in Ortega.
Apartments and condominiums
- 1913 Klutho Apartments, Prairie School, Henry John Klutho
- 1923 John Gorrie, Renaissance Revival, Roy A. Benjamin and Mellen Clark Greeley (originally the John Gorrie Junior High School)[12]
- 1924 (originally the Ambassador Hotel)
- 1925 The Carling, Renaissance Revival, Thompson, Holmes & Converse
- 1926 Pringle & Smith(originally the Lynch Building)
- 1949 City Place, Moderne
- 1967 The Commander, Mid-century modern
- 1968 Cathedral Towers, Kemp, Bunch & Jackson[13]
- 1970 Cathedral Townhouse, Kemp, Bunch & Jackson[13]
- 1972 Mount Carmel Garden Apartments, Brutalist
- 1973 Riverside Presbyterian Apartments, Brutalist
- 1974 Cathedral Terrace, Kemp, Bunch & Jackson[13]
- 1974 Hogan Creek Tower, Brutalist
- 2003 Berkman Plaza
- 2006 The Strands at St. Johns Center
- 2006 San Marco Place
- 2008 The Peninsula at St. Johns Center, Postmodern,
- 2015 220 Riverside, Modernist,
- 2016 Brooklyn Riverside Apartments, Modernist,
- 2018 Lofts at LaVilla, Modernist
- 2018 Lofts at Monroe, Modernist
- 2018 Broadstone River House, Modernist
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Churchwell Building on East Bay Street
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Klutho Apartments in Springfield.
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Northbank, Downtown.
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Northbank, Downtown
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20th centuryNorthbank, Downtown.
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Apartments in the Brooklyn neighborhood
Commercial architecture
Places of business
- 1889 El Modelo Block
- 1902 Classical Revival, Edward H. Glidden (originally the Mercantile Exchange Bank Building)
- 1902 Plaza Hotel (Jacksonville), Oxford Ink Tattoo, Dr. Bexley (originally Chief Surgeon General's Quarters in 1832 before it burned down in 1901)
- 1902 Chicago school, Henry John Klutho
- 1908 Prairie school, Henry John Klutho
- 1909 Mowbray and Uffinger(originally the Atlantic National Bank Building)
- 1910 Prairie school, Henry John Klutho
- 1911 Prairie school, Henry John Klutho
- 1912 Prairie school, Mark and Sheftall
- 1925 Groover-Stewart Drug Company Building, Marsh & Saxelbye[14]
- 1926 Scottish Rite Masonic Center, Egyptian Revival/Art Deco, Roy A. Benjamin
- 1926 Classical Revival, Marsh & Saxelbye[15]
- 1926 Mowbray and Uffinger
- 1926 Elks Club Building, Mediterranean Revival, Roy A. Benjamin
- 1927 Levy Building,
- 1927 Hildebrandt Building,
- 1928
- 1929 Classical Revival, Marsh & Saxelbye
- 1941 First Federal Savings and Loan Building, Art Deco
- 1941 Furchgott Building, Art Deco,
- 1951 Jacksonville Transportation Authority Headquarters, Art Deco (originally the Atlantic National Bank Annex)
- 1953 Old Peninsular Life Insurance Building,
- 1955
- 1955 International Style, Kemp, Bunch & Jackson[13]
- 1957 International Style/Mid-century modern, Ira M. Koger (originally the Koger Center)
- 1958 Skinner Dairy, Mid-century modern, Taylor Hardwick
- 1960 International Style/Mid-century modern, Kemp, Bunch & Jackson (originally the Atlantic Coast Line Railroad Building)[13]
- 1963 Ketchum & Sharp(originally the Universal-Marion Building)
- 1965 Jessie Ball duPont Center, Mid-century modern, Taylor Hardwick
- 1967 International Style/Mid-century modern, Welton Becket, in association with Kemp, Bunch & Jackson (originally the Gulf Life Building)[13]
- 1967
- 1971 Blue Cross Blue Shield Building, Brutalist, Kemp, Bunch & Jackson[13]
- 1974 Modernist, Kemp, Bunch & Jackson (originally the Independent Life Building)[20]
- 1974 BB&T Building,
- 1982 Modernist , Kendrick Bangs Kellogg
- 1983
- 1985 Modernist, Kemp, Bunch & Jackson[21]
- 1985 Modernist, Kemp, Bunch & Jackson[13]
- 1986 One Enterprise Center, Postmodern, Clark Tribble Harris & Li Architects (originally the Florida National Bank Building)
- 1986 Brutalist,
- 1989 VyStar Tower, Postmodern, Kemp, Bunch & Jackson (originally the American Heritage Life Building)[22]
- 1990 Bank of America Tower, Postmodern, Helmut Jahn (originally the Barnett Center)
- 2003 Raymond James Building, Postmodern, Jess Walker of Morris Adjmi Architects
- 2008 EverBank Plaza, Postmodern
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The Florida Times-Union Building
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Blue Cross Blue Shield of Florida
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The Wells Fargo Center is one of the city's most iconic buildings
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TheSunTrust Tower located on Laura Street in downtown
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One Enterprise Center and Omni Hotel Jacksonville
Hotels
- 1869 St. James Hotel (destroyed in 1901)
- 1875 Windsor Hotel (destroyed in 1901)
- 1908 Seminole Hotel, Prairie school, Henry John Klutho(demolished in 1974)
- 1926 Hotel George Washington, Renaissance Revival, Marsh & Saxelbye(demolished in 1973)
- 1928 Ribault Inn Club, Colonial Revival, Maurice Fatio and Mellen Clark Greeley
- 1959 Hotel Robert Meyer, Mid-century modern (demolished in 1998)[23]
- 1975 Hyatt Regency Jacksonville Riverfront Annex, Modernist, William Morgan(originally the Davis State Building)
- 1987 Omni Jacksonville Hotel
- 2001 Hyatt Regency Jacksonville Riverfront
Shopping centers
- 1959 Gateway Town Center
- 1967 Regency Square Mall
- 1987 Ben Thompson(demolished in 2020)
- 1990 The Avenues
- 2005 St. Johns Town Center
Institutional architecture
Government
- 1886 County Courthouse (destroyed in 1901)
- 1902 Classical Revival, Rutledge Holmes(demolished)
- 1909 Godbold Building, Prairie school, Henry John Klutho(Originally the YMCA Building)
- 1912 Prairie school, Henry John Klutho
- 1913 The Criminal Court Building, Prairie school, Henry John Klutho(demolished in 1968)
- 1924 Henrietta Cuttino Dozier and A. Ten Eyck Brown[24]
- 1933 Ed Austin Building, (originally the United States Federal Courthouse)
- 1952 Modernist, (originally the Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta Jacksonville Branch)
- 1958 International Style, Reynolds, Smith & Hills
- 1960 City Hall Annex, Mid-century modern, Reynolds, Smith & Hills(Former City Hall)
- 1961 International Style (originally the Florida National BankBuilding)
- 1966 Charles E. Bennett Federal Building, Brutalist/Mid-century modern, Reynolds, Smith & Hills
- 1977 Modernist, William Morgan
- 2002 Bryan Simpson United States Courthouse, Postmodern, Kemp, Bunch & Jackson[26]
- 2012 Duval County Courthouse, Kemp, Bunch & Jackson[27]
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Yates Building
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Ed Austin Building
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City Hall Annex
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Jacksonville Fire and Rescue Department Headquarters (Former Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta Jacksonville Branch)
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The Ed Ball Building
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United States Courthouse
Education
- 1905 Classical Revival, Henry John Klutho
- 1916 Georgian Revival, Howells & Stokes
- 1925 Bolles School, Mediterranean Revival, Marsh & Saxelbye
- 1974 J. Henry Gooding Building on the Jacksonville University campus, Brutalist, Kemp, Bunch & Jackson[28]
- 2005 Main Library Building, Postmodern, Robert A. M. Stern
- 2009 Modernist, Rink Design
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Carnegie Library
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Edward Waters College
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Gooding Building on the Jacksonville University Campus
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Student Union
Museums
Jacksonville is home to a variety of museums of varied styles. Completed in 1921, the
Houses of worship
- 1883 St. George Episcopal Church, Carpenter Gothic, Robert Sands Schuyler
- 1887 St. Andrew's Episcopal Church, Gothic Revival, Robert Sands Schuyler
- 1903 Snyder Memorial Methodist Episcopal Church, Late Gothic Revival, J. H. W. Hawkins
- 1904 Romanesque Revival, M. H. Hubbard
- 1905 Romanesque Revival, Francis J. Norton and J. B. Carr & Co.
- 1906 St. John's Cathedral, Gothic Revival, Snelling and Potter
- 1910 Basilica of the Immaculate Conception, Late Gothic Revival, M. H. Hubbard
- 1917 Our Lady of the Angels Catholic Church, Late Gothic Revival
- 1927 Romanesque Revival, Addison Mizner
- 1967 St. Paul's by-the-Sea Episcopal Church, Mid-century modern, Blake Ellis
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Immaculate Conception Catholic Church
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First Presbyterian Church
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St. John the Divine Greek Orthodox Church
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Riverside Baptist Church
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Bethel Church
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St. Andrews
Cultural architecture
Entertainment venues
The city host a number of music and performance venues, most notably the
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San Marco Theatre
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Jacksonville Coliseum (demolished)
Sports venues
Jacksonville is home to several major sports venues, most notably
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EverBank Field
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Baseball Grounds of Jacksonville
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Veterans Memorial Arena
Transportation architecture
- 1895 Flagler Depot (partially demolished in 1918)
- 1919 W.B.W. Howe
- 1968 Original Jacksonville International Airport Terminal
- 2005 Jacksonville International Airport
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Interior of Jacksonville International Airport
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Jacksonville Terminal
Parks and historic sites
- 1564 Fort Caroline (destroyed in 1568; reconstructed in late 20th century)
- 1797 Kingsley Plantation
- 1852 Old City Cemetery
- 1857 James Weldon Johnson Park (formerly Hemming Park, originally City Park)
- 1878 Old St. Luke's Hospital 314 North Palmetto
- 1899 Klutho Park(originally Springfield Park)
- 1919 Memorial Park, Olmsted Brothers and Roy A. Benjamin
- 1947 Art Moderne, Jefferson Davis Powell
- 1965 Friendship Fountain, Mid-century modern, Taylor Hardwick
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Old St. Luke Hospital
Tallest buildings
The 10 tallest standard structures:
Std. rank |
Name | Year |
Location (Downtown) |
Floors |
Standard height ft |
Std. hgt m |
Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1
|
Bank of America Tower | 1990 | North Laura Street & West Bay Street | 42 | 617 | 188 | |
2
|
Wells Fargo Center | 1974 | Laura Street & Independent Drive | 37 | 535 | 163 | |
3
|
EverBank Center
|
1983 | West Bay Street & Pearl Street | 32 | 447 | 136 | |
4
|
The Peninsula at St. Johns Center | 2006 | 1401 Riverplace Boulevard | 36 | 437 | 133 | |
5
|
Riverplace Tower | 1967 | Riverplace Boulevard & Flagler Avenue | 28 | 432 | 132 | |
6
|
SunTrust Tower
|
1989 | Laura Street & Independent Drive | 24 | 357 | 109 | |
7
|
The Strand at St. Johns Center | 2006 | 1401 Riverplace Boulevard | 28 | 328 | 100 | |
8
|
Eight Forty One | 1954 | 841 Prudential Drive | 22 | 309 | 94 | |
9
|
Two Prudential Plaza | 1985 | Museum Circle & San Marco Boulevard | 21 | 305 | 93 | |
10
|
One Enterprise Center | 1986 | Water & Hogan Streets | 21 | 299 | 91 |
Chronology of the tallest buildings in Jacksonville:
Years tallest (Florida) | Years tallest (city) | Name | Std. hgt ft/m |
Floors |
Year completed | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1902-1909 | 1902–1909 | Dyal-Upchurch Building
|
82 / 25 | 6 | 1902 | |
1909-1912 | 1909–1912 | 121 Atlantic Place | 135 / 41 | 10 | 1909 | |
1912-1913 | 1912–1913 | Florida Life Building
|
148 / 45 | 11 | 1912 | |
1913-1926 | 1913–1926 | Heard National Bank Building | 180 / 55 | 15 | 1913 | |
1926–1954 | Barnett National Bank Building | 224 / 68 | 18 | 1926 | ||
1954–1967 | Eight Forty One | 309 / 94 | 22 | 1955 | ||
1967-1972 | 1967–1974 | Riverplace Tower | 417 / 127 | 28 | 1967 | |
1974-1981 | 1974–1990 | Wells Fargo Center | 535 / 163 | 37 | 1974 | |
1990–present | Bank of America Tower | 617 / 188 | 42 | 1990 |
Accolades
"Florida Architecture: 100 places, 100 years", compiled by the Florida chapter of the American Institute of Architects.[30]
Rank | Building | Architect |
---|---|---|
4 | University of North Florida Student Union
|
Dasher, Reynolds & Belyea |
6 | St. Paul's by-the-Sea Episcopal Church | Blake Ellis |
14 | Bolles School
|
Marsh & Saxelbye |
26 | Florida Theatre | Roy A. Benjamin |
48 | Epping Forest | Marsh & Saxelbye |
51 | Jacksonville Public Library | Robert A. M. Stern |
55 | Unitarian Universalist Church
|
Robert C. Broward |
57 | Haydon Burns Library
|
Taylor Hardwick |
64 | St. James Building | Henry John Klutho |
68 | Chart House Restaurant
|
Kendrick Bangs Kellogg |
70 | Riverside Baptist Church | Addison Mizner |
87 | Riverplace Tower | Welton Becket |
92 | Florida Life Building
|
Henry John Klutho |
96 | Westminster Woods | Robert C. Broward |
Styles and schools
Jacksonville architects used many design styles and belonged to a variety of architectural schools. Below is a list of those styles and schools.
- American Four-Square
- Art Deco/Moderne
- Beaux-Arts
- Brutalism
- Chicago School (also known as Commercial Style)
- Classical Revival (also known as Neoclassical architecture)
- Colonial Revival
- Craftsman (also known as American Craftsman)
- Dutch Colonial
- Eastlake/Stick
- Egyptian Revival
- Gothic Revival
- International
- Mediterranean Revival
- Modern
- Prairie School
- Queen Anne
- Renaissance Revival (also known as Neo-Renaissance)
- Shotgun
- Spanish Revival (also known as Spanish Colonial Revival)
- Tudor Revival
See also
- List of tallest buildings in Jacksonville
- National Register of Historic Places listings in Duval County, Florida
References
- ^ "The rich history of Jacksonville - the one you probably didn't know about". J Magazine. Florida Times-Union. December 17, 2017. Retrieved March 2, 2018.
- ^ "Distinguish Jacksonville: The Great Fire of 1901". Metro Jacksonville. January 6, 2007. Retrieved April 12, 2016.
- ^ Ennis Davis (March 6, 2008). "A Century of Florida's Tallest Skyscrapers". Metro Jacksonville. Retrieved April 12, 2016.
- ^ "Wells Fargo Center, Jacksonville". Emporis. Archived from the original on March 8, 2016. Retrieved April 12, 2016.
- ^ Wayne W. Wood. "Jacksonville's Lost Treasures". Prairie School Traveler. Retrieved April 23, 2016.
- ^ Lesa Lorusso. "Identifying American Architectural Styles: Midcentury Modern". Florida Preservationist. Florida Historical Society. Archived from the original on April 27, 2016. Retrieved April 23, 2016.
- ^ "When Does Modern Architecture Become Historic?". Jacksonville Historical Society. Retrieved April 23, 2016.
- ^ Ennis Davis (April 12, 2012). "The Premature Destruction of Downtown Jacksonville". Urban Issues. Metro Jacksonville. Retrieved April 24, 2016.
- ^ Jessie-Lynne Kerr (January 24, 2008). "Architect transformed city waterfront". The Florida Times-Union. Retrieved April 24, 2016.
- ^ Reynolds, Tiffanie. "Broward's 'Butterfly House' restored to former glory". Jacksonville.com. Florida Times-Union. Retrieved 7 February 2018.
- ^ "University of Florida honors architect William Morgan with a Lifetime Achievement Award". Jacksonville.com. Retrieved 2018-02-11.
- ^ "Historic Properties in Jacksonville: John Gorrie Junior High: A school, a home". jaxhistory.org. Jacksonville Historical Society. Retrieved 2 March 2018.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "Shaping Downtown Jacksonville's Skyline". kbj.com. KBJ Architects. Retrieved 9 February 2018.
- ^ "Groover-Stewart Drug Company Building". digitalcommons.unf.edu. University of North Florida. Retrieved February 11, 2018.
- ^ "Schultz Building". digitalcommons.unf.edu. University of North Florida. Retrieved February 11, 2018.
- ^ "Levy Building". digitalcommons.unf.edu. University of North Florida. Retrieved February 11, 2018.
- ^ "Hildebrandt Building". digitalcommons.unf.edu. University of North Florida. Retrieved February 11, 2018.
- ^ "Greenleaf and Crosby Building". digitalcommons.unf.edu. University of North Florida. Retrieved February 11, 2018.
- ^ "Prudential Insurance Company of America – South Central Home Office Retrofit Project". KBJ Architects. Retrieved February 6, 2018.
- ^ "Modis". KBJ Architects. Retrieved February 6, 2018.
- ^ "Prudential Insurance Company of America – South Central Home Office Operations Center". KBJ Architects. Retrieved February 6, 2018.
- ^ "American Heritage Life Insurance Co. – Corporate Headquarters". KBJ Architects. Retrieved February 6, 2018.
- ^ Metro Jacksonville
- ^ "Henrietta Dozier (1872-1947)". New Georgia Encyclopedia. Retrieved 11 February 2018.
- ^ "Former Post Office and Federal Courthouse". digitalcommons.unf.edu. University of North Florida. Retrieved February 11, 2018.
- ^ "United States Courthouse". KBJ Architects. Retrieved February 6, 2018.
- ^ "Duval County Courthouse". KBJ Architects. Retrieved February 6, 2018.
- ^ "J. Henry Gooding Building". Historic Campus Architecture Project. Council of Independent Colleges. Retrieved February 11, 2018.
- ^ "Western Union Telegraph Building (MOCA)". digitalcommons.unf.edu. University of North Florida. Retrieved February 11, 2018.
- ^ "Florida Architecture: 100 Years. 100 Places". American Institute of Architects Florida. Retrieved May 7, 2013.
Further reading
- Wood, Wayne W., Davis, Judy (1989). Jacksonville's Architectural Heritage: Landmarks for the Future. University Press of Florida. ISBN 0-8130-0953-7
- ISBN 0-8130-0731-3
- Hochstim, Jan (2005). Florida Modern: Residential Architecture 1945-1970. Rizzoli. ISBN 0-8478-2603-1
- King, Joseph (2005). Paul Rudolph: The Florida Houses. Princeton Architectural Press. ISBN 1-5689-8551-7
- McCarter, Robert (2002). William Morgan, Selected and Current Works. Images Publishing Group. ISBN 1-8769-0702-9
- Taylor Hardwick (2014). Taylor Hardwick: 60 Years of Design. Taylor Hardwick. ISBN 0-6159-7671-9
External links