Architecture of Lebanon
The architecture of Lebanon embodies the historical, cultural and religious influences that have shaped Lebanon's built environment. It has been influenced by the Phoenicians, Romans, Byzantines, Umayyads, Crusaders, Mamluks, Ottomans and French[citation needed]. Additionally, Lebanon is home to many examples of modern and contemporary architecture. Architecturally notable structures in Lebanon include ancient thermae and temples, castles, churches, mosques, hotels, museums, government buildings, souks, residences (including palaces) and towers.
Roman architecture
The temples have faced theft, earthquakes and civil wars and wear.
The Jupiter temple is a six Corinthian columns of the great temple, and it is a 22 meters high column built on a podium. In this Temple, only six columns remain out of the 54 massive columns that originally surrounded the sanctuary. The little temple is found near the Jupiter Temple is known as the Temple of Bacchus and it was built in the second century A.D. Finally, it is considered to be the best preserved Roman temple of its size.[3]
Castles
Lebanon is known for its many stone castles.
- Citadel of Raymond de Saint-Gilles
- Castle of Tyre
- Tebnine Castle
- Beaufort Castle
- Byblos Castle
- Moussa Castle
- Mseilha Fort
- Sea Castle
Cities
Byblos
Sidon
Beirut
Up until the first half of the 19th century it was not as significant as other cities along the Mediterranean Sea coast (Tripoli and Damascus), and few pre-19th century landmarks remain, apart from some religious buildings.[8] In 1831 Ibrahim Pasha established himself in the city in the wake of his struggle against Ottoman rulers.[8] The toll road to Damascus was constructed in 1863, Orozdi Bek Department store in 1900, and the Arts and Crafts School in 1914.[8]
The city now features modern buildings alongside arabesque
Religious architecture
Roman temples include the Temples of
There are thousands of churches in Lebanon that include but are not limited to:
]19th century
The
20th century and Classical architecture to Modernism
20th century architecture in Lebanon included the period of the
Contemporary architecture
International architecture firms have also played a role and 21st century projects include the New Beirut Souks by Rafael Moneo, Hariri Memorial Garden[13] and Zaitunay Bay. The Arab Center for Architecture (ACA) was established in Beirut in 2008.[14] VJAA designed the Charles Hostler Center (2008) in Beirut.[15]
Residential architecture
The first residential houses in Lebanon were the Phoenician houses.[16] They were bricks and the roofs where always formed from massive rocky segments. The perception deriving the method of building a house met some changes after the
Lebanese houses incorporated the rules of the
Architects
Prominent architects who worked in Lebanon include:
- Bechara Affendi, an Armenian-Lebanese architect who designed Petit Serail, Menchiyyeh and the Police and Internal Security Headquarters (demolished in the early 1990s)[11]
- Youssef Aftimus, Beirut City Hall (1933)[8]
- Ilyas Murr (1884-1976), the first Lebanese engineer to graduate from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (1905), he designed the Art Deco Roxy movie theater (1932) in central Beirut.[12]
- Antoine Tabet (1907-1964) graduated from the Ecole Superieure des Ingenieurs de Beyrouth in 1926 and worked in Paris under Auguste Perret until 1932 when he joined Jacques Poirrier, Georges Bordes and Andre Lotte to design the Hotel Saint Georges. He also designed the Almaza beer factory (1934), and Sagesse School (1937) in Achrafieh. Tabet and Farid Trad were Modernist pioneers in Lebanon.[12]
- Karol Schayer (1900-1971), a graduates of the Polytechnic School of Lvov in 1920, emigrated to Lebanon during World War II. He teamed with German interior designer Fritz Gotthelf (1905-1980), Wassek Adib (1926-) and engineer Bahij Makdissi (1916-1995) to establish an architectural firm that designed the AUB Alumni Club (1952), Dar al Sayad (1954), and the Shell building (1959).[12]
- Grand Lycee Franco-Libanais (1960), and Sacre-coeur Hospital (1961) in Hazmieh.[12]
- George Addor (1920-1982) a graduate of the Zurich Polytechnic school (1948) designed the Starco Center (1957) with his partner Dominique Julliard as well as the Central Bank building and the presidential palace (1965) in Baabda[12]
- Joseph Phillippe Karam[11]
- Bartlett School and the Architecture Association went on to design several projects with partners Theo Kanaan (1910-1959) and Assem Salam including the Pan American Building (1955) in the center of the city.[12] He also designed Arida Apartment Building (1951) with Theo Kanaan.[11]
- Oscar Niemeyer, from Brazil designed the Tripoli, Lebanon, Tripoli International Fair or Rashid Karami Fair (begun in 1963 and still unfinished during the beginning of the civil war in 1975)[12]
- Assem Salam (born 1924), a graduate of the University of Cambridge (1950) he designed the Serail of Saîda (1965), Khachoggi Mosque (1968), Broumana High School dormitories (1966)[12] He worked with George Rayyes and Theo Kanaan, and went on to be involved in the design in many important buildings.[11]
- Michel Abboud
- Harissa, Lebanon.[11]
- Joseph Philippe Karam
- Zaha Hadid American University in Beirut buildings
- Other architects who have helped shape Lebanon include Khalil Khoury (1929-), his brother Georges Khoury (1933-), Gregoire Serof, Raoul Verney, Jacques Liger-Belair, Pierre Neema, Antoine Romanos,[12] Pierre Neema, Karl Cheyer, Fritz Gotthelf, Bahij Makdisi, Habib Debs, Jad Tabet, Jalal El-Ali, and Wassek Adib.[11]
See also
References
- ^ Baalbek: Heliopolis, city of the sun, p. 15. Dar el-Machreq Publishers : distribution, Librairie Orientale. Retrieved 12 November 2011
- ^ UNESCO World Heritage Review describing Baalbek
- ^ Ballbek Info, Middle east countries, Retrieved on 18 November 2011
- ^ Byblos Info, Middle east cities, Retrieved 19 November 2011
- ISBN 978-1-84217-132-5. Retrieved 18 January 2012.
- ^ "Byblos Castle". Retrieved 2 March 2013.
- ^ Aḥmad ʻĀrif Zayn, (Sidon's history) تاريخ صيدا, Princeton University Arabic collection, مطبعة العرفان 1913
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Encyclopedia of Twentieth Century Architecture edited by Stephen Sennott pages 128- 130
- ^ Samir Kassir, Malcolm Debevoise, Robert Fisk, Beirut University of California Press, University of California Press, 2010
- ^ Beit ed-Dine بيت الدين, barelias Archived November 10, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, Retrieved on 20 November 2011
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Heart of Beirut: Reclaiming the Bourj by Samir Khalaf
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2013-08-07. Retrieved 2015-07-04.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ Hariri Memorial Garden by Vladimir Djurovic Archived July 5, 2015, at the Wayback Machine Architecture Lab
- ^ About Arab Center for Architecture
- ^ "Charles Hostler Center / VJAA". 29 September 2009.
- ^ Peter Rainow, HISTORY OF LEBANON Greenwood histories of the modern nations, Greenblood Pub Group, 2010
- ^ Distinguished architect Pierre El-Khoury leaves a dazzling visual legacy July 8, 2005 The Daily Star (Lebanon)
Further reading
- A dictionary of 20th century architecture in Lebanon, Alphamedia, Beirut by Yacoube G., 2004.