Architecture of Manchester

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

neogothic
town hall

The architecture of Manchester demonstrates a rich variety of architectural styles. The city is a product of the

Edwardian baroque, Art Nouveau, Art Deco and the Neo-Classical
.

Manchester burgeoned as a result of the

John Rylands Library. At the height of the Industrial Revolution, the city had nearly 2,000 warehouses. Many of them
have now been converted for other uses but their external appearance remains mostly unchanged so the city keeps much of its industrial, brooding character.

The

property boom of the 2000s with one urbanist remarking on "the sheer number of cranes and the noise of the building work, with the sound of pneumatic drills in my ears wherever I went".[2]

Manchester was granted

Urban Heritage Park
that aims to preserve the character and history of the area.

History

The

King Canute.[6]

There has been a church on the site of

mediaeval moated site[12] and Baguley Hall is a timber-framed hall from the 14th century.[13]

timber-framed Old Wellington Inn,[14] Sinclair's Oyster Bar[15] and the Mitre Hotel[16]
preserves some of the city's oldest buildings of their type. The original site of the Shambles was the location of butchers' shops and abattoirs.

In the 16th century domestic cloth weaving became important, and an Act of Parliament regulated the length of Manchester Cottons (which were actually woollens) to 22 yards. By 1641 Manchester was producing both cotton and linen cloth. A bequest from wealthy cloth merchant, Humphrey Chetham was responsible for the Chetham's School and Library in the mediaeval collegiate building.[17] St Ann's Church, attributed to Wren or one of his pupils,[18] was built in 1712 in St Ann's Square which became the fashionable area of town. Seven other churches were built during the 18th century, none of which survives.[19] St James Square (1735) was built by the Jacobites. Planned development occurred in the 1750s between Market Street, Cross Street, King Street and Mosley Street.[20]

Relatively few houses in the city centre survive from the Georgian era, one is Richard Cobden's townhouse from the 1770s.[21] Another survival is row of three-storey town houses built in red brick with sandstone dressings, now used as shops and offices in Princess Street.[22] Terraced houses were built on Byrom Street and Quay Street for the middle classes at the turn of the 18th and 19th centuries but few dwellings for the working classes survive except for a few north of Piccadilly Gardens and in Castlefield. Houses built for artisans and skilled workers had attic workshops housing handlooms for weaving.[23] Other city-centre dwellings had cellars and attics but none survive.[24]

Post-Industrial Revolution

Transport and industry

The Industrial Revolution gathered momentum after the Bridgewater Canal was opened to Castlefield on 10 July 1761.[25] The canal brought coal to the town from Worsley and when in 1776 it had been extended, cotton could be shipped into the town from the Port of Liverpool. At Castlefield Basin are a series of early warehouses, such as the Dukes Warehouse and the Grocers Warehouse. By 1800 the Bridgewater at Castlefield was connected to the Rochdale Canal and beyond that to the Ashton Canal.[26] On the Ashton Canal the Store Street Aqueduct designed by Benjamin Outram, is believed to be the first skewed aqueduct of its kind and the oldest still in use[27] and a brick lock-keeper's cottage constructed about 1800 survives by Number 2 Lock.[28]

The canals shaped the layout of the city attracting wharves and warehouses, transporting coal and heavy materials and provided water to run

Chorlton on Medlock.[29][30]

Manchester was linked to Salford across the River Irwell by a ford and subsequently by Salford Old Bridge in the 14th century. During the 19th century more bridges were built. The old bridge was replaced by Victoria Bridge which has a single arch of about 100 feet span constructed from sandstone in 1839.[31] Other Victorian bridges over the Irwell are the three-arched Blackfriars Bridge,[32] the skew arched Albert Bridge[33] and the wrought iron Palatine Bridge.[34]

Modern bridges include the

Trinity footbridge across the Irwell designed by Santiago Calatrava in 1994. It has a rotund pylon which rises to 41 metres from which tension cables hang down to suspend the footbridge deck.[35] Merchants Bridge at Castlefield Basin, built in 1996 by Whitby Bird, is a dramatic curving footbridge contrasting with seven older bridges.[36]

The

facade. Deansgate has a curved corner frontage with mock portcullis and embattled parapet. Oxford Road was rebuilt in 1960 in concrete and wood.[40]

The

Manchester Exchange operated between 1884 and 1969 near Manchester Cathedral, most of the station was in Salford and its 1929 extension east of the Irwell was in Manchester and was linked with the adjacent Victoria Station.[44]

  • Oxford Road Station
    Oxford Road Station
  • Manchester Central railway station, now a conference centre
    Manchester Central railway station, now a conference centre
  • Deansgate Station
    Deansgate Station
  • Facade of Victoria Station
    Facade of Victoria Station
  • Piccadilly Station from above
    Piccadilly Station from above

Public buildings

Manchester's first town hall, designed by Francis Goodwin, was constructed during 1822–25 in the neo-classical style with a screen of Ionic columns.[45] Its facade was re-erected as a folly in Heaton Park at the west end of its lake in 1913.[46] Manchester was granted a Charter of Incorporation in 1838.[47] Classical architecture gave way to

Manchester Murals by Ford Madox Brown.[49]

Waterhouse was influenced by

Strangeways Gaol and its French Gothic style gatehouse in red brick with sandstone dressings[50] and landmark tower in red brick with sandstone dressings in the style of a minaret.[51]

The

City Police Courts in red brick with an impressive tower in the Italian Gothic style was completed in 1871 in Minshull Street by another proponent of the Gothic style Thomas Worthington.[52] Worthington's last commission in the city was the flamboyant Flemish Gothic Nicholls Hospital, an orphanage that is now part of The Manchester College and has similarities with the Minshull Street Courts.[53]

Acres Fair moved to Castlefield in 1872 and after it was abolished, the market traders remained at Lower Campfield Market and Higher Campfield Market[54] which were later covered by large, glazed buildings with cast-iron frames by Mangnall and Littlewood. Lower Campfield Market is now the Air and Space Gallery of the Museum of Science and Industry.[55]

London Road Fire Station of 1906 was designed in the

Turkish bath.[56][57]

In the 1930s Vincent Harris won competitions to design two of the city's civic buildings. Manchester Town Hall Extension between St Peter's Square and Lloyd Street was built between 1934 and 1938 to provide accommodation for local government services.[58] Its eclectic style was designed to be a link between the ornate Gothic Revival Town Hall and the classical rotunda of the Central Library built four years earlier.[59]

Education and culture

Education and culture became important in Georgian times leading to the construction of buildings that endure today. The

palazzo style by Barry in 1836.[63]

As Manchester emerged as the world's first industrial city, a

Whitworth Hall, its ceremonial venue built between 1895 and 1902.[69]

The Manchester School of Art was built in two stages, the main building is by G.T.Redmayne in the Neo-Gothic style in stone with gabled wings and pinnacles and an 1897 rear extension by Joseph Gibbon Sankey in red brick and terracotta with Art Nouveau decoration.[70]

The

Arts and Crafts details, opened in 1900.[71]

  • The Portico Library
    The
    Portico Library
  • Manchester Art Gallery
    Manchester Art Gallery
  • Manchester Athenaeum
    Manchester Athenaeum
  • The neogothic John Rylands Library opened 1900.
    The
    John Rylands Library
    opened 1900.
  • Whitworth Hall opened in 1902.
    Whitworth Hall
    opened in 1902.

Commerce

The commercial hub of Manchester or

Manchester Royal Exchange in 1851. The third exchange in the Classical style by Mills and Murgatroyd, opened in 1874 and was lavishly re-built Bradshaw Gass & Hope between 1914 and 1921. It had the largest trading room in the world but closed for cotton trading in 1968 and now is a theatre.[74]

Early

palazzo, was built in 1856, the largest single-occupancy textile warehouse in Manchester .[76]

Warehouses were built into the 20th century, many in the highly decorated

Edwardian Baroque style leaving the city with a legacy of some of the finest buildings of this type in the world. The continuing urbanisation and narrow roads in Manchester have impacted on views of these ornate buildings, many of which were often decorative at the top of the building. A flurry of ornate warehouses were built, many of which dominated the area around Whitworth Street and included Asia House, Manchester, India House and Lancaster House designed by Harry S. Fairhurst
.

From the early 19th century residential

palazzo style bank in St Ann's Square, (the Royal Bank of Scotland), was built in 1848 to the designs of J.E. Gregan.[78] Charles Cockerell designed the Bank of England's Manchester branch on King Street in 1845-6 but the street is dominated by the former Midland Bank designed by Edwin Lutyens in 1928 his major work in the city.[79] The Royal Bank of Scotland on Mosley Street was designed for the Manchester and Salford Bank by Edward Walters in 1862.[80] On the corner of Spring Gardens and York Street is the former Parrs Bank in red sandstone with a corner entrance designed in 1902 by Charles Heathcote in the Edwardian Baroque with Art Nouveau motifs in its ironwork.[81] Heathcote also designed the Baroque Lloyds Bank in 1915 on King Street in the heart of the city's banking district.[82]

Dutch Brick modernism'.[86]

Places of worship

Edgar Wood Centre, opened in 1906 (Grade I)

The medieval parish church was altered and rebuilt between 1814 and 1815. It became a cathedral in 1847 and was extensively restored and rebuilt by J.P. Holden between 1862 and 1868, by J. S. Crowther in the 1880s and in 1898 by Basil Champneys who added annexes in 1903.[8]

In 1828 the Quakers built their Meeting House in Mount Street. Designed by Richard Lane it has an ashlar facade and a three-bay pedimented Ionic portico with a frieze.[87]

Victorian churches, particularly those of the Roman Catholics, espoused the Gothic principles of

E.W. Pugin's Grade II* Church and Friary of St Francis, Gorton Monastery are "of more than local interest".[91]

In the late 19th century the large Jewish community around

Moorish style and survives as Manchester Jewish Museum.[92]

The Church of Christ, Scientist in Fallowfield, designed by Edgar Wood opened in 1907. Nikolaus Pevsner considered it "the only religious building in Lancashire that would be indispensable in a survey of twentieth century church design in all England."[93] and "one of the most original buildings of that time in England, or indeed anywhere."[94]

Modernism

After World War II, work to rebuild war-damaged Manchester began and the transition from warehouse to office blocks accelerated as the city's industrial prowess waned. Few aesthetically memorable buildings were constructed in the 1950s and 1960s,[95] but some grew into landmarks for the city.

The first major building constructed after the war was the Granada Studios complex designed by Ralph Tubbs in 1954.[96] The studios' notable features were a lattice tower and red, neon sign.

When the 118-metre tall

photovoltaic cells in 2005 and is the tallest listed building in the United Kingdom. Along with New Century House which also opened in 1962, its "design of discipline and consistency which forms part of a group with the Co-operative Insurance Society".[98] Gateway House, a modernist office block designed by Richard Seifert & Partners in 1969 on the approach to Manchester Piccadilly station, is considered to be one of Seifert's most loveable buildings.[99]
Hollins College, known as the Toast rack, is representative of work produced by Manchester's City Council's city architect L. C. Howitt while implementing the city's post-war rebuilding plans.[100]

  • The CIS Tower (1962) was the tallest listed building in the UK
    The CIS Tower (1962) was the tallest listed building in the UK
  • The wavy frontage of Gateway House (1969)
    The wavy frontage of Gateway House (1969)
  • The former UMIST Campus consists of many Modernist buildings built in the 1960s
    The former
    UMIST
    Campus consists of many Modernist buildings built in the 1960s
  • The Grade II Toast Rack building (1960)
    The Grade II Toast Rack building (1960)

New millennium architecture

After the destruction caused by the

SimpsonHaugh and Partners. Other buildings with glass incorporated into their design include Urbis, No. 1 Deansgate, the Manchester Civil Justice Centre and the Great Northern Tower, by Assael Architecture. Manchester City Council has been more sympathetic to tall buildings since 1990 and its Manchester Core Strategy 2012–2027 considered 'iconic' developments which reflect the non-conformity and uniqueness of the city would be viewed more sympathetically.[101]

The Manchester Civil Justice Centre was built in 2007 in Spinningfields - Manchester's new business district. It has been well received by architecture critics who praised its aesthetics, environmental credentials and structural quality. The Guardian architecture critic Owen Hatherley described it as a "genuinely striking building".[102]

Monuments and sculpture

See also: List of public art in Greater Manchester
The Albert Memorial, Albert Square

In Manchester are monuments to people and events that have shaped the city and influenced the wider community. Two squares holding many public monuments are

James Watt and The Duke of Wellington
.

Notable monuments elsewhere in the city include the

his original
in London.

Thomas Heatherwick's B of the Bang was a 56 metres (184 ft)-high metal sculpture commissioned for the 2002 Commonwealth Games. Erected near the City of Manchester Stadium in Eastlands, the sculpture was beset by structural problems and dismantled in 2009.[103]

Streets and plazas

Piccadilly Gardens, redesigned by Tadao Ando in the early 2000s

Manchester has a number of squares, plazas and shopping streets many of which are pedestrianised and other streets have

bus priority
.

One of the oldest thoroughfares is

medieval
street pattern around the original market place was cleared in 1970s developments. Ancient streets such as Smithy Door were lost. One ancient survivor is Long Millgate, a winding lane, leading north from the old market place across Fennel Street to Todd Street (formerly Toad Lane – thought to be a corruption of T'owd Lane, or The Old Lane), an attractive and peaceful thoroughfare bounded by gardens.

curry mile
in Rusholme.

Other notable places in Manchester include:

Whitworth Gardens, New Cathedral Street, the Gay Village and Chinatown
.

Architects

The

Norman Foster
.

Manchester has historically had a large architecture practice presence in comparison to other British cities however this presence burgeoned during the redevelopment of the city since the

Capita Symonds and Chapman Taylor.[106]

More recently, practices such as

Feilden Clegg Bradley and Donald Insall Associates have opened offices in Manchester since the Great Recession
recovery.

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Architecture of the City of Manchester.

References

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Bibliography

External links


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