Archon (Gnosticism)
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Archons (
Hebdomad
A characteristic feature of the Gnostic concept of the universe is the role played in almost all Gnostic systems by the seven world-creating archons, known as the Hebdomad (ἑβδομάς). These Seven are in most systems semi-hostile powers, and are reckoned as the last and lowest emanations of the Godhead; below them—and frequently considered as proceeding from them—comes the world of the actually devilish powers. There are indeed certain exceptions; Basilides taught the existence of a "great archon" called Abraxas who presided over 365 archons.[5]
Evidently from works such as the
Naming and associations
The
- Yaldabaoth, called also Saklas who emerged later,[9] Archon of fornication[10] and Samael
- Saturn.
- 2nd Heaven. 6th Heaven and 7th Heaven. 8th Heaven. Cast into Tartarus[11][10]
- Feminine name: Pronoia (Forethought) Sambathas, "week".
- Prophets:[12] Moses, Joshua, Amos, Habakkuk.
- From Hebrew yalda bahut, "Child of Chaos"? The outermost who created the six others, and therefore the chief ruler and Demiurge par excellence. Called "the Lion-faced", leontoeides.
- Yaldabaoth is sometimes used interchangeably with Abraxas, notably in the works of Carl Jung. In The Red Book, Jung wrote:
"Abraxas is the god who is both good and evil, light and darkness, life and death. He is the god of the fullness of life, and he is the god of transformation. Yaldabaoth is the same god, but he is also the god of the unconscious mind. He is the god of our shadow selves, and he is the god of our fears and our desires. We must confront and integrate Yaldabaoth in order to achieve wholeness."
- Iao
- Sabaoth
- Mars.
- 6th Heaven. 7th Heaven. Above 7th Heaven.Christ.[14]
- Feminine name: Deity.
- Prophets: Elijah, Joel, Zechariah.
- Pistis Sophia supported Sabbaoth in his rebellion against his father, so she established the kingdom for Sabbaoth over everyone that he might dwell above the twelve gods of chaos receiving great authority against all the forces of chaos.[8] Hence, his name is derived from Sabbath, which corresponds to the 7th Heaven of rest that he rules indicating either rest from his struggle or as the one who will not rest on his father's creation but change it. The Old Testament phrase Yahweh sabaoth or 'Jehovah of Armies' was thought a proper name, hence Jupiter Sabbas or Sabazios.
- Adonaios
- Astaphanos, or Astaphaios
- Venus.
- 6th Heaven which is
- Feminine name: Sophia.
- Prophets: Esdras, Zephaniah.
- Astraphaios is beyond doubt the planet Venus, as there are gnostic gems with a female figure and the legend ASTAPHE, which name is also used in magic spells as the name of a goddess.[citation needed]
- Adonaeus[10]
- Horaios
- Seth
- 3rd Heaven.[10]
- David
- 4th Heaven.[10]
On the Origin of the World
In the Nag Hammadi text On the Origin of the World, the Seven Powers of the Heavens of Chaos are:[19]
- Yaldabaoth, representing forethought (Sambathas)
- Yao, representing mastery
- Sabaoth, representing divinity
- Adonaios, representing kingship
- Eloaios, representing envy
- Oraios, representing wealth
- Astaphaios, equated with Sophia
Pistis Sophia
The last book of the Pistis Sophia contains the myth of the capture of the rebellious archons, whose leaders here appear as five in number.[20]
- Paraplex
- Hekate
- Ariouth (females)
- Typhon
- Iachtanabas (males)
Apocryphon of John
In the Apocryphon of John, the demiurge Yaldabaoth, who is also known by the names Sakla and Samael, creates the "twelve authorities", who are:[19]
- Athoth (the reaper)
- Harmas (the jealous eye)
- Kalila-Oumbri
- Yabel
- Adonaios (Sabaoth)
- Cain (the sun)
- Abel
- Abrisene
- Yobel
- Armoupieel
- Melcheir-Adonein
- Belias (ruler over the depth of the underworld)
The twelve authorities then create the "Seven Powers", who are described as representing the seven days of the week:
- Athoth, representing goodness, with the face of a sheep
- Eloaios, representing forethought, with the face of a donkey
- Astaphaios, representing divinity, with the face of a hyena
- Yao, representing lordship, with the face of a snake with seven heads
- Sabaoth, representing kingdom, with the face of a snake
- Adonin, representing jealousy, with the face of an ape
- Sabbataios, representing understanding, with the face of a flaming fire
In Epiphanius
In the system of the Gnostics mentioned by Epiphanius we find, as the Seven Archons,
- Iao
- Saklas (the chief demon of Manichaeism)
- Seth
- David
- Eloiein
- Elilaios (probably connected with )
- Yaldabaoth (or no. 6 Yaldaboath, no. 7 Sabaoth)
Hellenized form
In the Hellenized form of Gnosticism, either all or some of these names are replaced by personified vices. Authadia (Authades), or Audacity, is the obvious description of Yaldabaoth, the presumptuous Demiurge, who is lion-faced as the Archon Authadia. Of the archons Kakia, Zelos, Phthonos, Errinnys, Epithymia, the last represents Venus. The number seven is obtained by placing a proarchon or chief archon at the head. That these names are only a disguise for the Sancta Hebdomas is clear, for Sophia, the mother of them, retains the name of Ogdoad, Octonatio. Occasionally, as among the Naassenes, one meets with the archon Esaldaios, which is evidently the El Shaddai of the Bible, and he is described as the archon "number four" (harithmo tetartos).
Mandaeism
In Mandaean cosmology, Ptahil-Uthra, although not a deity, can be considered the primary archon since he is viewed as the creator of the material world.[21]
Among the
Manichaeism
The
Origins
Planets
Irenaeus tells us that "the holy Hebdomad is the seven stars which they call planets".[24] It is safe, therefore, to take the above seven Gnostic names as designating the seven planetary divinities: the sun, moon and five planets. In the Mandaean system the Seven are introduced with the Babylonian names of the planets. The connection of the Seven with the planets is also clearly established by the expositions of Celsus and Origen (Contra Celsum, vi. 2 2 seq.) and similarly by the above-cited passage in the Pistis Sophia, where the archons, who are here mentioned as five, are identified with the five planets (excluding the sun and moon).
In this, as in several other systems, the traces of the planetary seven have been obscured, but hardly in any have they become totally effaced. What tended most to obliterate the sevenfold distinction was the identification of the God of the Jews, the Lawgiver, with Yaldabaoth and his designation as World-creator, whereas formerly the seven planets together ruled the world. This confusion, however, was suggested by the very fact that at least five of the seven archons bore Old-Testament names for God—El Shaddai, Adonai, Elohim, Jehovah, Sabaoth.
Wilhelm Anz has also pointed out that Gnostic eschatology, consisting in the soul's struggle with hostile archons in its attempt to reach the Pleroma, is a close parallel of the soul's ascent, in Babylonian astrology, through the realms of the seven planets to Anu.[25] The late Babylonian religion can definitely be indicated as the home of these ideas.[26]
In
Zoroastrianism
The
Fallen angels
In On the Origin of the World, the archons impregnate the Biblical Eve, an idea probably deriving from the Sons of God in Genesis 6:1–4 or the Book of Enoch.[31] In accordance with the depictions of fallen angels in the Enochian writings, the archons incite passions to humans. Further, they both teach idolatry, sacrifices and bloodshed to enslave the Gnostics and trapping them in ignorance.[32]
Greek theology
The mythology of ancient Greece knew gods, daemons, and heroes. Theoí árchontes (
Presently the syncretism of the later Greek philosophy found room for archons, which appear in Neoplatonism and were claimed to derive from Plato's unwritten tradition. They are inserted by the author of the book De Mysteriis Aegyptiorum,[35] and even it would seem by his questioner Porphyry, below gods, daemons, angels, and archangels, and above heroes (omitted by Porphyry) and departed "souls", in the scale of invisible beings whose presence may become manifest. It may be only an accidental coincidence that about the end of the 2nd century "Archon" was one of the names given by the Platonist Harpocration to the "Second God" of Numenius (Proclus in Tim. 93 C).
For all the series of the ruling Gods (θεοὶ ἄρχοντες), are collected into the intellectual fabrication as into a summit, and subsist about it. And as all the fountains are the progeny of the intelligible father, and are filled from him with intelligible union, thus likewise, all the orders of the principles or rulers, are suspended according to nature from the demiurgus, and participate from thence of an intellectual life.
— Proclus, The Theology of Plato[36]
See also
References
- ^ Francis T. Fallon "The Enthronement of Sabaoth" Brill Archive, 1978 p. 80
- ^ "Archons". Gnosticism Explained. Retrieved 25 October 2021.
- ^ Hypostasis of the Archons. Retrieved 25 October 2021.
- ^ Lillie, Celene. "Reality of the Rulers" (PDF). Taho Center. Taho Center. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2022-10-13. Retrieved 2022-07-14.
- Adversus Haereses, i. 24.
- ISBN 9789004306219.
- ^ Clem. Alex. Stromata, iv. 25, xxv. p. 636: see also his quotation, v. 11, p. 692, of a mention of the fifth heaven in apocryphal writings ascribed to Zepbaniah
- ^ a b c For "feminine names," see Robinson, James M. (1990), "On the Origin of the World, translated by Hans-Gebhard Bethge and Bentley Layton", The Nag Hammadi Library, revised edition, San Francisco: HarperCollins. For planets, see Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). . Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
- ISBN 978-90-04-18140-3.
- ^ ISBN 978-90-474-4198-4.
- ISBN 978-90-474-2670-7.
- ^ "Moreover, they distribute the prophets in the following manner.... Each one of these, then, glorifies his own father and God, and they maintain that Sophia, herself has also spoken many things through them regarding the first Anthropos (man), and concerning that Christ who is above, thus admonishing and reminding men of the incorruptible light, the first Anthropos, and of the descent of Christ." (Irenaeus i. 30)
- ISBN 978-3-447-02518-8.
- ISBN 978-90-474-2670-7.
- ^ Essays on the Coptic Gnostic Library. Brill Archive. 1970.
- ISBN 978-0-595-19212-0.
- ISBN 978-1-4697-9139-5.
- ISBN 978-90-04-11674-0.
- ^ ISBN 0-06-052378-6
- ^ Schmidt, Koptisch-gnostische Schriften, p. 234 seq. These ideas may possibly be traced still further back, and perhaps even underlie St Paul's exposition in Colossians 2:15.
- OCLC 65198443.
- ^ Cf. chiefly Genza, in Tractat 6 and 8; W. Brandt, Mandäische Schriften, 125 seq. and 137 seq.; Mandäische Religion, 34 seq., &c.
- ^ F. C. Baur, Das manichäische Religionssystem, v. 65
- ^ Irenaeus, Against Heresies i. 30.
- ^ Wilhelm Anz (1897). Ursprung des Gnosticismus.
- ^ Zimmern, Keilinschriften in dem alien Testament, ii. p. 620 seq.; cf. particularly Diodorus ii. 30.
- . Retrieved 2021-09-03.
- ^ Aldihisi, Sabah (2008). The story of creation in the Mandaean holy book in the Ginza Rba (PhD). University College London.
- ^ Bundahishn iii. 25, v. z. Cf. similar ideas in the Arabic treatise on Persian religion Ulema-i-Islam, Vullers, Fragmente über die Religion Zoroasters, p. 49, and in other later sources for Persian religion, put together in Spiegel, Eranische Altertumskunde, Bd. ii. p. 180.
- ^ Origen, Contra Celsum, vi. 22.
- ISBN 9789047426707p. 194
- ISBN 9781451415971.
- ^ Plato, Phaedr. 247 A.
- Philo, De Monarchia i. 1, p. 213; cited by Hilgenfeld, Apost. Vater, 252 q. v.
- ^ Iamblichus (attr.). De Mysteriis ii. 3-9.
- ^ The Six Books of Proclus, the Platonic Successor, on the Theology of Plato, translated by Thomas Taylor.
- Attribution
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the Wace, Henry(eds.). A Dictionary of Christian Biography, Literature, Sects and Doctrines. Vol. I. London: John Murray. p. 153.- This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Gnosticism". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Gnosticism". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
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