Arduino

Arduino

Arduino Uno SMD R3
Developer	arduino.cc
Manufacturer	Arduino
Type	Single-board microcontroller
Operating system	None (default) / Xinu
CPU	Atmel AVR (8-bit) ARM Cortex-M0+ (32-bit) ARM Cortex-M3 (32-bit) Intel Quark (x86) (32-bit)
Memory	SRAM
Storage	Flash, EEPROM
Website	arduino.cc

Arduino (/ɑːrˈdwiːnoʊ/) is an Italian open-source hardware and software company, project, and user community that designs and manufactures single-board microcontrollers and microcontroller kits for building digital devices. Its hardware products are licensed under a CC BY-SA license, while the software is licensed under the GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL) or the GNU General Public License (GPL),^[1] permitting the manufacture of Arduino boards and software distribution by anyone. Arduino boards are available commercially from the official website or through authorized distributors.^[2]

Arduino board designs use a variety of

The Arduino project began in 2005 as a tool for students at the Interaction Design Institute Ivrea, Italy,^[3] aiming to provide a low-cost and easy way for novices and professionals to create devices that interact with their environment using sensors and actuators. Common examples of such devices intended for beginner hobbyists include simple robots, thermostats, and motion detectors.

The name Arduino comes from a bar in Ivrea, Italy, where some of the project's founders used to meet. The bar was named after Arduin of Ivrea, who was the margrave of the March of Ivrea and King of Italy from 1002 to 1014.^[4]

History

Founding

The Arduino project was started at the

The initial Arduino core team consisted of Massimo Banzi, David Cuartielles, Tom Igoe, Gianluca Martino, and David Mellis.^[3]

Following the completion of the platform, lighter and less expensive versions were distributed in the open-source community. It was estimated in mid-2011 that over 300,000 official Arduinos had been commercially produced,^[6] and in 2013 that 700,000 official boards were in users' hands.^[7]

Trademark dispute

In early 2008, the five co-founders of the Arduino project created a company, Arduino LLC,^[8] to hold the trademarks associated with Arduino. The manufacture and sale of the boards were to be done by external companies, and Arduino LLC would get a royalty from them. The founding bylaws of Arduino LLC specified that each of the five founders transfer ownership of the Arduino brand to the newly formed company.^{[citation needed]}

At the end of 2008, Gianluca Martino's company, Smart Projects, registered the Arduino trademark in Italy and kept this a secret from the other co-founders for about two years. This was revealed when the Arduino company tried to register the trademark in other areas of the world (they originally registered only in the US), and discovered that it was already registered in Italy. Negotiations with Martino and his firm to bring the trademark under the control of the original Arduino company failed. In 2014, Smart Projects began refusing to pay royalties. They then appointed a new CEO, Federico Musto, who renamed the company Arduino SRL and created the website arduino.org, copying the graphics and layout of the original arduino.cc. This resulted in a rift in the Arduino development team.^[9][10][11]

In January 2015, Arduino LLC filed a lawsuit against Arduino SRL.^[12]

In May 2015, Arduino LLC created the worldwide trademark Genuino, used as brand name outside the United States.^[13]

At the World Maker Faire in New York on 1 October 2016, Arduino LLC co-founder and CEO Massimo Banzi and Arduino SRL CEO Federico Musto announced the merger of the two companies.^[14] Around that same time, Massimo Banzi announced that in addition to the company a new Arduino Foundation would be launched as "a new beginning for Arduino", but this decision was withdrawn later.^[15][16]

In April 2017,

This section may be confusing or unclear to readers. In particular, the article only mentioned and explained the origin of the american LLC and the italian SRL companies. This is the first time the german AG is mentioned without clarifying with which of those two parties it is associated.. Please help clarify the section. There might be a discussion about this on the talk page. (November 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

By 2017 Arduino AG owned many Arduino trademarks. In July 2017 BCMI, founded by Massimo Banzi, David Cuartielles, David Mellis and Tom Igoe, acquired Arduino AG and all the Arduino trademarks. Fabio Violante is the new CEO replacing Federico Musto, who no longer works for Arduino AG.[19]^[20]

Post-dispute

In October 2017, Arduino announced its partnership with Arm Holdings (ARM). The announcement said, in part, "ARM recognized independence as a core value of Arduino ... without any lock-in with the ARM architecture". Arduino intends to continue to work with all technology vendors and architectures.^[21] Under Violante's guidance, the company started growing again and releasing new designs. The Genuino trademark was dismissed and all products were branded again with the Arduino name.

In August 2018, Arduino announced its new open source command line tool (arduino-cli), which can be used as a replacement of the IDE to program the boards from a shell.^[22]

In February 2019, Arduino announced its IoT Cloud service as an extension of the Create online environment.^[23]

As of February 2020, the Arduino community included about 30 million active users based on the IDE downloads.^[24]

Hardware

Arduino is open-source hardware. The hardware reference designs are distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution Share-Alike 2.5 license and are available on the Arduino website. Layout and production files for some versions of the hardware are also available.

Although the hardware and software designs are freely available under copyleft licenses, the developers have requested the name Arduino to be exclusive to the official product and not be used for derived works without permission. The official policy document on the use of the Arduino name emphasizes that the project is open to incorporating work by others into the official product.^[25] Several Arduino-compatible products commercially released have avoided the project name by using various names ending in -duino.^[26]

Most Arduino boards consist of an

The Arduino board exposes most of the microcontroller's I/O pins for use by other circuits. The Diecimila,^[a] Duemilanove,^[b] and current Uno^[c] provide 14 digital I/O pins, six of which can produce pulse-width modulated signals, and six analog inputs, which can also be used as six digital I/O pins. These pins are on the top of the board, via female 0.1-inch (2.54 mm) headers. Several plug-in application shields are also commercially available. The Arduino Nano and Arduino-compatible Bare Bones Board^[33] and Boarduino^[34] boards may provide male header pins on the underside of the board that can plug into solderless breadboards.

Many Arduino-compatible and Arduino-derived boards exist. Some are functionally equivalent to an Arduino and can be used interchangeably. Many enhance the basic Arduino by adding output drivers, often for use in school-level education,^[35] to simplify making buggies and small robots. Others are electrically equivalent, but change the form factor, sometimes retaining compatibility with shields, sometimes not. Some variants use different processors, of varying compatibility.

Official boards

The original Arduino hardware was manufactured by the Italian company Smart Projects.^[36] Some Arduino-branded boards have been designed by the American companies SparkFun Electronics and Adafruit Industries.^[37] As of 2016^[update], 17 versions of the Arduino hardware have been commercially produced.

• 
  Arduino RS232^[38]
  (male pins)
• 
  Arduino Diecimila^[39]
• 
  Arduino Duemilanove^[40]
  (rev 2009b)
• 
  Arduino Uno R2^[41][42]
• 
  Arduino Uno SMD R3^[43]
• 
  Arduino Leonardo^[44]
• 
  Arduino micro Archived 2020-10-29 at the Wayback Machine (ATmega32U4)
• 
  Arduino pro micro (ATmega32U4)
• 
  Arduino Pro^[45]
  (No USB)
• 
  Arduino Mega^[46]
• 
  Arduino Nano^[47]
  (DIP-30 footprint)
• 
  Arduino LilyPad 00^[48]
  (rev 2007) (No USB)
• 
  Arduino Robot^[49]
• 
  Arduino Esplora^[50]
• 
  Arduino Ethernet^[51]
  (AVR + W5100)
• 
  Arduino Yún^[52]
  (AVR + AR9331)
• 
  Arduino Due

  ARM Cortex-M3

  core)
• 
  Arduino GIGA R1 WiFi (Dual core ARM Cortex-M7 + ARM Cortex-M4 cores + Murata 1DX)

Shields

Arduino and Arduino-compatible boards use printed circuit expansion boards called shields, which plug into the normally supplied Arduino pin headers.

• 
  Some shields offer stacking headers which allow multiple shields to be stacked on top of an Arduino board. Here, a prototyping shield is stacked on two

  Adafruit

  motor shield V2s.
• 
  Screw-terminal breakout shield in a wing-type format, allowing bare-end wires to be connected to the board without requiring any specialized pins
• 
  Adafruit Datalogging Shield with a

  Secure Digital

  (SD) card slot and real-time clock (RTC) chip along with some space for adding components and modules for customization
• 
  Adafruit Motor Shield with screw terminals for connection to motors. Officially discontinued, this shield may still be available through unofficial channels.
• 
  The Adafruit Motor Shield V2 uses I²C, requiring vastly fewer digital I/O pins than attaching each motor directly.
• 
  A USB host shield which allows an Arduino board to communicate with a USB device such as a keyboard or a mouse

Software

A program for Arduino hardware may be written in any

Legacy IDE

Arduino Legacy IDE

Screenshot of Arduino IDE showing Blink program
Developer(s)	Arduino Software
Stable release	1.8.19 / 21 December 2021; 2 years ago (2021-12-21)[61]
Written in	ARM
Type	Integrated development environment
License	LGPL or GPL license
Website	www.arduino.cc/en/software

The Arduino

From version 1.8.12, Arduino IDE windows compiler supports only Windows 7 or newer OS. On Windows Vista or older one gets "Unrecognized Win32 application" error when trying to verify/upload program. To run IDE on older machines, users can either use version 1.8.11, or copy "arduino-builder" executable from version 11 to their current install folder as it is independent from IDE.^[63]

IDE 2.0

An initial alpha preview of a new Arduino IDE was released on October 18, 2019, as the Arduino Pro IDE. The beta preview was released on March 1, 2021, renamed IDE 2.0. On September 14, 2022, the Arduino IDE 2.0 was officially released as stable.^[65]

The system still uses Arduino CLI (Command Line Interface), but improvements include a more professional development environment and autocompletion support.^[66] The application frontend is based on the Eclipse Theia Open Source IDE. Its main new features are:^[67]

• Modern, fully featured development environment
• New Board Manager
• New Library Manager
• Board List
• Basic Auto-Completion
• Serial Monitor
• Dark Mode

Sketch

A sketch is a program written with the Arduino IDE.^[68] Sketches are saved on the development computer as text files with the file extension .ino. Arduino Software (IDE) pre-1.0 saved sketches with the extension .pde.

A minimal Arduino C/C++ program consists of only two functions:^[69]

• setup(): This function is called once when a sketch starts after power-up or reset. It is used to initialize variables, input and output pin modes, and other libraries needed in the sketch. It is analogous to the function main().^[70]
• loop(): After setup() function exits (ends), the loop() function is executed repeatedly in the main program. It controls the board until the board is powered off or is reset. It is analogous to the function while(1).^[71]

Blink example

Most Arduino boards contain a

const int LED_PIN = 13;             // Pin number attached to LED.

void setup() {
    pinMode(LED_PIN, OUTPUT);       // Configure pin 13 to be a digital output.
}

void loop() {
    digitalWrite(LED_PIN, HIGH);    // Turn on the LED.
    delay(1000);                    // Wait 1 second (1000 milliseconds).
    digitalWrite(LED_PIN, LOW);     // Turn off the LED.
    delay(1000);                    // Wait 1 second.
}

There is a Xinu OS port for the ATmega328P (Arduino Uno and others with the same chip), which includes most of the basic features.^[76] The source code of this version is freely available.^[77]

There is also a threading tool, named Protothreads. Protothreads are described as "extremely lightweight stackless threads designed for severely memory constrained systems, such as small embedded systems or wireless sensor network nodes.^[78]

There is a port of FreeRTOS for the Arduino.^[79] This is available from the Arduino Library Manager. It is compatible with a number of boards, including the Uno.

Applications

• Arduboy, a handheld game console based on Arduino
• Arduinome, a MIDI controller device that mimics the Monome
• Ardupilot
  , drone software and hardware
• ArduSat, a cubesat based on Arduino
• C-STEM Studio
  , a platform for hands-on integrated learning of computing, science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (C-STEM) with robotics
• Data loggers for scientific research^{[80][81][82][83]}
• OBDuino, a trip computer that uses the on-board diagnostics interface found in most modern cars
• OpenEVSE an open-source electric vehicle charger
• XOD, a visual programming language for Arduino

Simulation

• Tinkercad, an analog and digital simulator supporting Arduino Simulation, which is most commonly used to create 3D models
• Wokwi, a digital and free to use simulator for Arduino boards

Recognitions

The Arduino project received an honorary mention in the Digital Communities category at the 2006 Prix Ars Electronica.^[84]

The Arduino Engineering Kit won the Bett Award for "Higher Education or Further Education Digital Services" in 2020.^[85]

See also

• List of Arduino boards and compatible systems
• List of open-source hardware projects
• PlatformIO [de; ca; zh]

Explanatory notes

References

Further reading

• Banzi, Massimo; Shiloh, Michael (2022). Make: Getting Started With Arduino: The Open Source Electronics Prototyping Platform (4th ed.). Make Community.
  ISBN 978-1680456936
  .
• Blum, Jeremy (2019). Exploring Arduino: Tools and Techniques for Engineering Wizardry (2nd ed.).
  ISBN 978-1119405375
  .
• Boxall, John (2021). Arduino Workshop: A Hands-On Introduction with 65 Projects (2nd ed.).
  ISBN 978-1718500587
  .
• Karvinen, Tero; Karvinen, Kimmo; Valtokari, Ville (2014). Make: Sensors (1st ed.). Make Community.
  ISBN 978-1449368104
  .
• Monk, Simon (2018). Programming Arduino Next Steps: Going Further with Sketches (2nd ed.).
  ISBN 978-1260143249
  .
• Monk, Simon (2022). Programming Arduino: Getting Started with Sketches (3rd ed.). McGraw-Hill Education.
  ISBN 978-1264676989
  .
• Nussey, John (2018). Arduino For Dummies (2nd ed.). John Wiley & Sons.
  ISBN 978-1119489542
  .
• Purdum, Jack (2015). Beginning C for Arduino: Learn C Programming for the Arduino (2nd ed.).
  ISBN 978-1484209417
  .
• Schmidt, Maik (2015). Arduino: A Quick Start Guide (2nd ed.).
  ISBN 978-1941222249
  .

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Arduino.

• Official website
• How Arduino is open sourcing imagination, a TED talk by creator Massimo Banzi
• Evolution tree for Arduino
• Arduino Cheat Sheet
• Arduino Dimensions and Hole Patterns
• Arduino Shield Template
• Arduino Board Pinout Diagrams: Due, Esplora, Leonardo, Mega, Micro, Mini, Pro Micro, Pro Mini, Uno, Yun

Historical

• Arduino – The Documentary (2010): IMDb, Vimeo
• Massimo Banzi interviews: Triangulation 110, FLOSS 61
• Untold History of Arduino – Hernando Barragán
• Lawsuit documents from Arduino LLC vs. Arduino S.R.L. et al. – United States Courts Archive