Argentine Navy
This article needs additional citations for verification. (November 2018) |
Navy of the Argentine Republic | |
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Armada de la República Argentina | |
T-34 Mentor | |
Transport | PC-6 Porter SH-3 Sea King |
The Argentine Navy (ARA; Spanish: Armada de la República Argentina)[NB 1][3] is the navy of Argentina. It is one of the three branches of the Armed Forces of the Argentine Republic, together with the Army and the Air Force.
The
History
1810–1909
The Argentine Navy was created in the aftermath of the May Revolution of May 25, 1810, which started the war for independence from Spain. The navy was first created to support Manuel Belgrano in the Paraguay campaign, but those ships were sunk by ships from Montevideo, and did not take part in that conflict. Renewed conflicts with Montevideo led to the creation of a second fleet, which participated in the capture of the city. As Buenos Aires had little maritime history, most men in the navy were from other nations, such as the Irish-born admiral William Brown, who directed the operation. As the cost of maintaining a navy was too high, most of the Argentine naval forces were composed of privateers.
Brown led the Argentine navy in further naval conflicts at the War with Brazil and the Anglo-French blockade of the Río de la Plata.
In the 1870s the Argentine Navy began modernizing itself. At the close of the century, the force included:
- 5 armoured cruisers
- 4 coastal defence ironclads
- 3 second-class, high-speed, British-built cruisers
- 7 modern small cruisers and gunboats
- 4 destroyers
- 22 torpedo boats[5]
The most powerful ships at this time included the Italian-built Garibaldi and her sister ships: General Belgrano, Pueyrredón, and San Martín, each at over 6,000 tons. Three older ironclads, Almirante Brown, Independencia, and Libertad dated from the 1880s and early 1890s.[5]
The navy's ships were built primarily in Italy, Britain, France, and Spain, and were operated by over 600 officers and 7,760
1910–1982
A naval arms race between Argentina, Brazil and Chile, the most powerful and wealthy countries in South America, began when the Brazilian government ordered three dreadnoughts, battleships. The first,
For most of both world wars, Argentina was
In the postwar period, Naval Aviation and Marine units were put under direct Navy command. With Brazil, Argentina is one of two South American countries to have operated two aircraft carriers: the ARA Independencia and ARA Veinticinco de Mayo.
The Argentine Navy has been traditionally heavily involved in
The Navy also took part in all
During this regime, the Navy was also the main supporter of a military solution for the country's two longest-standing disputes: the
Falklands War, 1982
During the 1982
New German
After leading the invasion of the Falkland Islands, the Argentine fleet played only a small part in the subsequent conflict. After HMS Conqueror sank ARA General Belgrano, the Argentine surface fleet did not venture from a 12-mile (22.2 km) coastal limit imposed by the British.
The Argentine Navy's contribution to the war was principally the initial amphibious assaults on 2 and 3 April;
The ARA San Luis submarine also played a strategic role, nearly sinking the frigate HMS Arrow on 10 May,[14] although she scored no hits. The submarine ARA Santa Fe, after a successful resupply mission, was attacked and disabled off South Georgia, where her crew then surrendered along with the Argentine detachment at Grytviken. She was later scuttled by the British.
Aftermath of the Falklands war
The core of the fleet was reformed with the retirement of all the World War II-era
Also, the
The amphibious force was drastically affected with the retirement of their only
France also transferred the
In 1988 the A-4 Skyhawk aircraft were withdrawn, leaving the Super Étendard as the only fighter jets in the navy inventory. The already-paid-for A-4Hs bought in Israel as their replacement could not be delivered due to the embargo imposed by the United States after the war. Instead
In the 1990s, the embargo was lifted and the
In 2000 the aircraft carrier ARA Veinticinco de Mayo was decommissioned without replacement, although the navy maintains[when?] the air group of Super Étendard jets and S-2 Trackers that routinely operated from the Brazilian Navy aircraft carrier São Paulo[16] or United States Navy carriers when they are in transit in the south Atlantic during Gringo-Gaucho manoeuvers.[citation needed]
Gulf War and nineties
Argentina was the only Latin American country to participate in the 1991 Gulf War, sending a destroyer and a corvette in a first deployment and a supply ship and another corvette later to participate in the United Nations blockade and sea control effort in the gulf. Operación Alfil ("English: Operation [Chess] Bishop"), as it was known, carried out more than 700 interceptions and sailed 25,000 miles in the operations theatre.[citation needed]
From 1990 to 1992, the Baradero-class patrol boats were deployed under UN mandate ONUCA to the Gulf of Fonseca in Central America.[17] In 1994, the three Drummond-class corvettes participated in Operation Uphold Democracy in Haiti.[18]
21st century
In 2003, for the first time, the Argentine Navy (classified as major non-NATO ally) interoperated with a United States Navy battle group when the destroyer ARA Sarandí (D-13) joined the USS Enterprise Carrier Strike Group and Destroyer Squadron 18 as a part of Exercise Solid Step during their tour in the Mediterranean Sea.[citation needed]
In 2010 the construction of four 1,800 ton
In October 2012 the Navy's sail training ship ARA Libertad was seized under court order in Ghana by creditors of Argentina's debt default in 2002.[22] On 15 December 2012 the UN International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea ruled unanimously that the ship had immunity as a military vessel, and ordered that "Ghana should forthwith and unconditionally release the frigate ARA Libertad"[23][24] Four days later Libertad was released from Tema and arrived to the port of Mar del Plata on 9 January 2013.[25]
The Argentine Navy is under-funded and struggling to meet maintenance and training requirements; as a result, only 15 of its 42 vessels are in a condition to sail.[citation needed][when?] The 2013 defence budget allowed for the 15 operational vessels to each spend less than 11 days at sea, while the submarines averaged just over 6 hours submerged in the whole of 2012.[26] ARA Espora spent 73 days in late 2012 stranded in South Africa for lack of spares. The Almirante Brown-class destroyers are short of spares and their ordnance has expired, while the Antarctic patrol ship ARA Almirante Irizar had been under repair for 10 years because of a fire.[26] On 23 January 2013 the Type 42 destroyer ARA Santísima Trinidad sank at her moorings after having been mothballed for ten years.[27]
The Argentine Navy participates in joint exercises with other friendly navies including Brazil, United States, Spain, France, Canada, South Africa,[28] Italy, Uruguay, and, since the 1990s, Chile. The exercises are routinely held to develop a common operational doctrine. Every year the Argentine and Chilean Navies participate in the Patrulla Antártica Naval Combinada (English: Joint Antarctic Naval Patrol) to guarantee safety to all tourist and scientific ships in transit within the Antarctic Peninsula, where the Navy is also directly responsible for maintaining the Argentine bases there.[citation needed]
San Juan Disaster and Submarine Fleet Renewal Problem
On 15 November 2017, the
In 2019, the governments of Brazil and Argentina were working on a transfer deal of the four Tupi IKL209/1400 submarines currently operated by the Brazilian Navy. Two of the Brazilian submarines are currently non operational pending repairs, the other two are still active pending their replacement by the 4 Scorpene type submarines currently under construction. However, in the early 2000s they had been upgraded with new combat systems by Lockheed Martin Maritime Systems and Sensors. This gave the submarines the ability to carry and fire the MK 48 MOD 6AT ADCAP Torpedo. Although there are some reservations about the deal, the defense ministers and admirals of the Argentine Navy were enthusiastic about moving forward with it. The submarines were to be repaired and serviced in the Tandanor drydock facility. If the deal moves forward it would allow Argentina to restore its submarine capability which is currently defunct.[32][33][34] As an alternative, in 2021 a Russian delegation visited the TANDANOR shipyard and other defence facilities, reportedly also making an offer to supply either the Improved Kilo-class submarine or the export variant of the Lada-class submarine to the Argentine Navy.[35]
In July 2022, in the context of Argentina's desire to replace its submarine fleet, defence minister Jorge Taiana paid a visit to the Naval Group shipyard in Cherbourg to examine the construction process for the Scorpène-class submarine.[36] Minister Taiana also visited Germany for a meeting with his ministerial counterpart, in order to explore the possibility of acquiring German-built submarines, either independently or in tandem with an interim acquisition of the Brazilian Navy's Tupi-class boats. However, it still remained unclear whether Argentina had either the financial resources or the political will to pursue any submarine replacement.[37]
Maritime Patrol Aircraft Replacement
In 2019, Argentina was also pursuing the procurement of four P-3C Orion aircraft from US Navy surplus stocks since Argentina's fleet of P-3B's were no longer operational since 2019. The package deal was approved in September 2019. The US State Department has cleared the transaction of $78.03m to be carried out as part of a foreign military sale. It includes the delivery of related equipment and services. Argentina will receive four turboprop engines for the aircraft and an additional four turboprop engines. It will also receive communications and radar equipment, Infrared/Electro-optic equipment, and aviation life support systems. The US will provide spares plus repairs, aircraft depot maintenance, and logistical support. Contractors for the deal include Logistic Services International, Lockheed Martin, Rockwell Collins and Eagle Systems. These newer Orions will be up to the latest Orion standard, and provide Argentina with a much needed boost in anti-submarine and maritime surveillance missions.[38]
However, in the aftermath of the inauguration of Alberto Fernández as president in December 2019, the deal appeared to be in limbo with the Navy now apparently considering completing the refurbishment of its older P-3B fleet pending the outcome of further discussions around the P-3C acquisition.[39] As of early 2021, it was planned that, after upgrades, the P-3B would be returned to service starting in 2022.[40] In December 2022, it was reported that the refurbishment of the P-3B was proceeding slower than anticipated and while a revised delivery date of the first upgraded P-3B had been projected for September 2023, that schedule might now face delays.[41] In February 2023 it was reported that Argentina was negotiating with Norway to purchase three or four of its surplus P-3Cs.[42] The agreement to purchase four aircraft was signed in October 2023.[43] It had been hoped that the aircraft would be delivered in late 2023. However, by years end the aircraft had not been delivered due to an Argentine failure to make the required payment.[44] In March 2024, it was reported that initial payments had been made. Delivery of the first aircraft was now hoped for in 2024, with the remaining aircraft to follow in 2025.[45]
Future of the Fleet
In 2020, the Argentine national government created an interministerial committee with the objective of reassuring national oceans' sovereignty. In 2020, the Ministry of Defence informed Congress of a desire to acquire a
Foreign overfishing is a serious concern and, in 2020, the Argentine Navy captured at least two foreign ships allegedly illegally fishing in the South Atlantic. Foreign, mostly Chinese, illegal fishing in Argentine territorial waters has been estimated to cost Argentina between US$1 billion and $2.6 billion per year.
It remained to be determined how the several envisaged new-acquisition projects would be funded. For instance, the proposed submarine acquisition from Brazil would require extensive refurbishment of the vessels prior to being ready for renewed operational service with the Argentine Navy.[54] As of the end of 2022, the mooted submarine deal with Brazil had not yet been finalised and the process of refurbishment not yet begun. In 2021, one analyst noted that over the past thirty years the Argentine navy has lost many core capabilities, including its aircraft carrier (along with most of its fixed-wing combat aviation), submarines and area air defence vessels. Most of these seemed unlikely to be reconstituted.[55]
Structure
The Argentine navy has four main commands: High Seas Fleet, Submarine Force, Naval Aviation, and Naval Infantry (Marines).
Sea Fleet
Submarine Force
The Submarine Force Command (Spanish: Comando de la Fuerza de Submarinos, abbreviated COFS) was created when the Navy first started using submarines in 1927. The Tactical Divers Group is under the submarine force command structure.[citation needed] However, as of 2020 there were no operational submarines in service.[56][57]
The Naval Aviation Command (
The
Hydrographic Service
The Argentine Naval Hydrographic Service (Spanish: Servicio de Hidrografía Naval, abbreviated SHN) provides national hydrographics services.[citation needed]
Ranks
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Officers
Rank insignia consists of a variable number of gold-braid stripes worn on the sleeve cuffs or on shoulder-boards. Officers may be distinguished by the characteristic loop of the top stripe (in the manner of British Royal Navy officers). Combat uniforms may include metal pin-on or embroidered collar rank insignia. Rank insignia is worn on the chest when in shipboard or flying coveralls.
Officers are commissioned in either the Command (line) Corps (those who attend the Escuela Naval Militar- Military Naval College) or the Staff Corps (Professional Officers who only attend a short course in the Naval Academy after getting a civilian degree, except for the Paymasters who instead attend the Naval College).
The Line Corps is divided into three branches: the Naval branch (including Surface Warfare, Submarine Warfare and Naval Aviation sub-branches), the Marine Corps branch, and Executive -Engineering- branch. Line Corps' reserve officers are considered Restricted Line ( Escalafon Complementario ) officers in any of the Warfare Communities (Surface, Submarine, Marines, Aviation and Propulsion), and can only raise to OF-4 rank ( Capitan de Fragata ).
All Line Corps officers wear distinctive branch/sub-branch insignia on the right breast. Some Staff Corps officers also wear specialisation badges (Aviation, Surface, Submarine and Marines). Other common insignia is the Naval War College insignia, parachute wings, etc., also worn on the right breast. Medals and Ribbons, if awarded, are worn on the left breast, just above the chest pocket. The rank insignia of Staff Corps' officers is placed over a background colour denoting the wearer's field, such as purple (Chaplains), blue (Engineers), red (Health Corps), white (Paymasters), green (Judge Advocate Officers), brown (Technical Officers, promoted from the ranks) and grey (special branch). The background colour for Command Corps officers is navy blue/black.
Rank group | General / flag officers | Senior officers | Junior officers | Officer cadet | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Argentine Navy[65] |
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Almirante | Vicealmirante | Contralmirante | Comodoro de marina | Capitán de navío
|
Capitán de fragata | Capitán de corbeta | Teniente de navío | Teniente de fragata | Teniente de corbeta | Guardiamarina
|
Enlisted ratings and Non-Commissioned Officers
Other ranks' insignia (not including Seamen) is worn on either shoulderboards or breast or sleeve patches. Seamen and Seamen Recruits wear their insignia on their sleeves. The shoulderboards denote the wearer's specialty.
Rank group | Senior NCOs | Junior NCOs | Enlisted | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Argentine Navy[65] |
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Suboficial mayor | Suboficial principal | Suboficial primero | Suboficial segundo | Cabo principal | Cabo primero | Cabo segundo | Marinero primero | Marinero segundo |
Uniform
Beards
Following a global trend, Argentine armed forces have prohibited beards since the 1920s. This was reinforced in the Cold War era when they were deemed synonymous with leftist leanings. The only exception were Antarctic service within the three armed forces as a protection from cold weather, and submarine service within the Navy as a way of saving water. However, shaving was mandatory upon return to headquarters.[citation needed]
In 2000 the Navy broke with this tradition within the Argentine armed forces as Adm. Joaquín Stella, then Navy
Equipment
See also
- Argentine Army
- Argentine Air Force
- Argentine Naval Aviation
- Argentine Army Aviation
- Argentine naval forces in the Falklands War
- List of ships of the Argentine Navy
- List of auxiliary ships of the Argentine Navy
- List of senior officers of the Argentine Navy
Notes
- ^ . This forms the basis for the navy's ship prefix "ARA".
References
Citations
- ^ "Argentina hace publica la cantidad de personal militar en sus fuerzas". zona-militar.com. 19 March 2018. Archived from the original on 28 April 2018. Retrieved 28 April 2018.
- ^ From the 1936 movie La muchachada de a bordo composed by Manuel Romero and Abraham Soifer
- ^ "The Argentine Navy's Recent Past in Photographs". Warship International (1): 84–88. 1988.
- ^ "Historia de la Armada Argentina (in Spanish)". ara.mil.ar. Archived from the original on 16 December 2008. Retrieved 28 April 2018.
- ^ a b Keltie 1900, p. 349.
- ^ Keltie 1900, p. 349–350.
- ^ Associated Press. "Plan Big Navy for Argentina". Youngstown Vindicator March 10, 1940. (Retrieved via Google News 10/25/10).
- ^ Conway's All the World Fighting Ships 1947–1995
- ^ "Persecución y captura de un pesquero". Archived from the original on 5 June 2011. Retrieved 24 December 2014.
- ^ "Incendian y hunden un pesquero para evitar su captura". Archived from the original on 5 June 2011. Retrieved 24 December 2014.
- ^ "Para evitar su captura, el capitán de un pesquero hundió el barco". lanacion.com.ar. Archived from the original on 5 June 2011. Retrieved 28 April 2018.
- ^ "Vice-Admiral Lombardo ... states that the Type 42 destroyer Santisima Trinidad was off the Argentine coast that day carrying out radio interference operations on the frequencies used by the British air controllers." The Fight for the Malvinas, pp. 211-212, Martin Middlebrook, Penguin, 1990
- ^ La difesa argentina replicò con prontezza, danneggiando un Harrier con un obsoleto missile Tigercat, che esplose dietro il suo bersaglio. Rivista aeronautica, p. 110, Tomo 18, Ministero dell'aeronautica, 2005
- ^ "A few minutes later, when the frigates were close to the submarine, a 'small metallic explosion' was heard. Neither of the British ships reported any incident during this period but Paul Bootherstone recalls that when the Arrow's towed torpedo decoy was retrieved later it was found to be badly damaged". The Royal Navy and Falklands War, pp. 156-157, David Brown, Pen and Sword, 1987
- ^ França oferece "Foudre" à Argentina Archived 2011-07-16 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ ARAEX VI - 2001
- ^ Armada Argentina. ":: ARMADA ARGENTINA ::". Archived from the original on 28 December 2014. Retrieved 24 December 2014.
- ^ "Estudios Interdisciplinarios de América Latina y el Caribe – Las crisis de Guatemala (1954) y Haití (1991-1994)". Archived from the original on 19 January 2015. Retrieved 24 December 2014.
- ^ mindef: El comienzo en agosto próximo en los Astilleros Tandanor (en Buenos Aires) de la construcción primera de las cuatro Patrulleras Oceánicas Multipropósito, cuya ingeniería básica fue adquirida a la industria chilena. Archived 2010-03-07 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Higuera, Jose (2 February 2018). "Argentina restarts talks with Naval Group for Gowind OPVs". IHS Jane's 360. Santiago. Archived from the original on 5 February 2018. Retrieved 5 February 2018.
- ^ "Argentina confirms the purchase of four French OPVs". IHS Jane's 360. 30 November 2018. Archived from the original on 3 December 2018. Retrieved 3 December 2018.
- ^ "Argentina takes ship dispute with Ghana to UN court". BBC News. 14 November 2012. Archived from the original on 27 January 2013.
- ^ "Ghana told to free Argentine ship Libertad by UN court". BBC News. 15 December 2012. Archived from the original on 3 July 2015.
- ^ "Order: The "ARA Libertad" Case" (PDF). International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea, Hamburg. 15 December 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 January 2013. Retrieved 15 December 2012.
- ^ Daniel Schweimler (10 January 2013). "Argentine naval frigate returns home". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 10 December 2022.
- ^ a b "Argentine navy short on spares and resources for training and maintenance". MercoPress. 22 November 2012. Archived from the original on 28 December 2012.
- ^ "Argentine destroyer that led war against Britain sinks, a symbol of decay for once-proud navy". The Washington Post. Associated Press. 23 January 2013. Archived from the original on 26 January 2013. Retrieved 25 January 2013.
- ^ Atlasur VIII Archived 2016-03-12 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Submarino ARA San Juan: la Armada dio por finalizado el operativo de rescate y ya no busca sobrevivientes". La Nación. Archived from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 28 April 2018.
- ^ Redacción (18 July 2019). "Informe Final del Congreso: Macri y Aguad son responsables del hundimiento del ARA San Juan". elAgora.digital (in Spanish). Retrieved 28 July 2019.
- ^ "Argentine navy short on spares and resources for training and maintenance". MercoPress. 22 November 2012. Archived from the original on 28 December 2012.
- ^ "Brazil will supply Argentina with German built submarines in need of repair". MercoPress. 10 June 2019. Retrieved 28 May 2020.
- ^ "Brazil to give 4 submarines to Argentina".
- ^ "SSK Tupi Class - Naval Technology".
- ^ "La Armada Argentina recibe propuesta técnica por los submarinos AMUR 1650". 12 March 2021.
- ^ "Le ministre argentin de la Défense à Cherbourg pour parler Scorpène | Mer et Marine". 11 July 2022.
- ^ "La opción alemana con que recuperar la fuerza de submarinos de la Armada Argentina". 26 August 2022.
- ^ "Argentina's P-3C Orion aircraft support package sale approved by US". 20 December 2019.
- ^ "¿Una luz de esperanza para los P-3B Orión?". 14 August 2020.
- ^ "El estado de la Aviación Naval Argentina". 12 February 2021.
- ^ "Novedades sobre los P-3 Orion para la Armada Argentina". 13 December 2022.
- ^ "La Armada Argentina negocia la compra de P-3 Orion y más helicópteros". Pucará Defensa. 27 February 2023.
- ^ "Firmaron un convenio para la adquisición de aeronaves P-3 Orion para la Armada Argentina". Government of Argentina. 17 October 2023.
- ^ Roldán, Juan José (28 December 2023). "Estos fueron los vehículos y aeronaves incorporadas por las Fuerzas Armadas Argentinas durante el año 2023". Zona Militar.
- ^ Rivas, Santiago (27 March 2024). "La Armada Argentina inicia los pagos por los P-3 Orion, aunque la entrega aún se demora". Pucará Defense.
- ^ a b "El Ministerio de Defensa delinea el reequipamiento de la Armada Argentina - Noticias Infodefensa América". 10 August 2020.
- ^ "Argentine Province of Buenos Aires, Defense Ministry sign cooperation deal". Mercopress. 11 March 2023.
- ^ Videla Solá, Mariano Germán (15 February 2024). "Mientras la región fortalece sus capacidades de transporte anfibio, la Armada Argentina aún analiza opciones para la incorporación de LPD o LST". Zona Militar.
- ^ "Pesca ilegal chinesa prossegue no mar argentino". Estadão. 10 January 2023. Retrieved 28 February 2023.
- ^ "Argentina sinks Chinese fishing boat Lu Yan Yuan Yu 010". BBC. 16 March 2016. Retrieved 28 February 2023.
- ^ "El gobierno conformó una mesa interministerial para frenar la pesca extranjera ilegal". 7 May 2020.
- ^ "La Armada Argentina extenderá la vida útil de las MEKO 140". 27 August 2020.
- ^ "INVAP y CITEDEF junto a la Armada Argentina participarán del proyecto de modernización de la corbeta ARA Parker". Zona Militar. 22 September 2022. Retrieved 27 February 2023.
- ^ "Four non-operational Tupi-class subs to be transfered [sic] from Brazil to Argentina".
- ^ "Capacidades perdidas: La Armada que no pudo ser". 26 February 2021.
- ^ "Estiman que la llegada del próximo submarino operativo para Argentina demoraría de cinco a seis años". 8 September 2020.
- ^ "A. Rossi (Argentina): "Argentina tiene que tener una Fuerza Aérea con aviones supersónicos" (2) - Noticias Infodefensa América". 23 December 2020.
- ^ "El Ministerio de Defensa de Argentina decide frenar la recuperación de los Super Etendard". Pucará Defensa. 18 May 2023.
- ^ "Los Super Étendard argentinos estarían operativos en dos años - Noticias Infodefensa América". 10 June 2020.
- ^ "Argentine Navy warplanes still grounded due to lack of British-made spare parts".
- ^ Morales, Fernando (24 May 2023). "La Armada Argentina sumará cuatro aeronaves para incrementar el control del mar nacional: los detalles técnicos y cuánto costarán". Infobae.
- ^ "La Armada Argentina prepara la vuelta al servicio de los Super Etendard ante la llegada del portaviones USS George Washington". Zona Militar. 8 April 2024.
- ^ "Operaciones para el mantenimiento de la paz" (in Spanish). Argentina.gob.ar. 14 July 2018. Retrieved 27 July 2019.
- ^ "Nuevo contingente de Cascos Azules parte hacia Chipre" (in Spanish). Gaceta Marinera. 22 February 2019. Retrieved 27 July 2019.
- ^ a b "Grados Militares". fuerzas-armadas.mil.ar (in Spanish). Joint Chiefs of Staff (Argentina). Retrieved 27 May 2021.
Sources
- Ehlers, Hartmut (2004). "The Paraguayan Navy: Past and Present, Part II". Warship International. XLI (2): 173–206. ISSN 0043-0374.
- Keltie, J.S., ed. (1900). The Statesman's Year-Book: Statistical and Historical Annual of the States of the World for the Year 1900. New York: Macmillan.
Further reading
- Guia de los buques de la Armada Argentina 2005–2006. Ignacio Amendolara Bourdette, ISBN 987-43-9400-5, Editor n/a. (Spanish/English text)
External links
- Official website (in Spanish)
- Videos BravoZulu Official news programme
- Fuerzas Navales website
- Organization and equipment on Saorbats.com