Argentine air forces in the Falklands War
This article describes the composition and actions of the Argentine air forces in the Falklands War (Spanish: Guerra de las Malvinas), which comprised units of the Air Force, Army, Navy and other services.
For a description of air forces of the United Kingdom, see British air services in the Falklands War.
Background
Despite initiating the war, Argentina had not prepared a plan for the subsequent defence of the islands. The military dictatorship that governed the country at the time regarded the seizure of the Falklands as a political act to obtain a diplomatic bargaining position, and not as an act of war. Consequently they were taken by surprise when the British responded with a large-scale mobilization, and a task force to retake the islands.[1]
The
The option to attack Chile
By the best estimates, Argentina had about 240 planes when the war broke out. About half of those were posted in the interior and along the Chilean border.[8] The long distances from their bases prevented them from using their top speed or they risked running out of fuel.[9][n 1] Although the Argentines had more aeroplanes than the British Task force, a good number of them were Pucara turboprops.[10][n 2] Also, the A-4 Skyhawk force were dependent on the two available KC-130 tankers, limiting the number of aeroplanes which could attack simultaneously.[11]
Argentina's fleet of
The small
Finally, Argentine military aviation had never been involved in an international conflict, indeed the last time the Argentine military had been involved in an international conflict was the War of the Triple Alliance more than a century before.
In spite of these disadvantages, Argentine air units bore the brunt of the battle during the six-week war, and inflicted serious damage and losses to the naval forces of the United Kingdom. Low-flying jets attacking British ships provided some of the most sobering and dramatic images of the war. By the end of the conflict, the British forces had come to admire the FAA's spirited conduct in the face of an effective air defence network.[14][n 3] Admiral Sandy Woodward, the British Task Force commander said: "[t]he Argentine Air Force fought extremely well and we felt a great admiration for what they did."[15]
The British Operational Research Branch Report declassified and released to the public in February 2013 states:
The Argentine air arms conducted a 10 week campaign during which time they carried out air supply of their forces in the Falkland Islands, reconnaissance of UK forces in the South Atlantic, and engaged units of TF317. Though they sustained considerable damage, it is fair to say that their air forces were not beaten and remained as a viable force at the end of hostilities. The 4 air arms (ndlr: FAA, COAN, CAE, PNA ) were, within their own spheres, generally capable and well organised, though limited in AAR and reconnaissance assets. A lack of aircraft spares may also have limited their effectiveness. Of the 3 facets of operations, the Argentine air arms are considered to have been successful in the air supply of their forces, only partially successful in the reconnaissance task, and to have inflicted significant attrition on UK naval forces. No militarily significant success was achieved against UK land forces ashore.[16]
Organisation
The air units involved in the Falklands War were under the following
- Brigadier General (Lieutenant General) Basilio Lami Dozo
- Air Defence Command (Spanish: Comando Aéreo de Defensa) – Brigadier Jorge Hughes was in charge of the radar network, Mirage IIIEA interceptors and anti-aircraft defences on the mainland.
- Strategic Air Command (Spanish: Comando Aéreo Estratégico) - Brigadier Helmuth Weber. Coordinated air assets through all the country. The CAE also had the main role of long range maritime surveillance with Boeing 707s and C-130 Hercules.
- Southern Air Force (Spanish: Fuerza Aérea Sur) – Brigadier Ernesto Crespo. The FAS was the main organisation involved in combat over the conflict zone.
- South Atlantic Military Theatre (Spanish: Teatro Operaciones Atlantico Sur) - Vice Admiral Juan Lombardo. Basically a naval command with the role of coordinating the air, surface and submarine assets in the South Atlantic area. Initially, during the invasion of the islands on 2 April and before hostilities broke out, the islands were supposedly to be under their command and was considered as the only organisation needed to manage the crisis.
- Falklands Military Garrison (Spanish: Guarnicion Militar Malvinas) - Brigade General Mario Menéndez (Army)
- Air Component (Spanish: Componente Aéreo) - Brigadier Luis Castellano
- Falklands Military Garrison (Spanish: Guarnicion Militar Malvinas) - Brigade General Mario Menéndez (Army)
Deployment
Air units moved from home bases to southern facilities. Amid fears about British/Chilean air strikes and/or SAS raids, Argentine aircraft were dispersed in the surrounding areas of their southern airfields, e.g., several parts of the national route #3 were used for this purpose.
- Ezeiza International Airport, Buenos Aires
- NAS Almirante Zar, Trelew, Chubut Province
- AFB Comodoro Rivadavia, IX Air Brigade, Chubut Province ( FAS command site ) map
- KC/C-130 Hercules
- Fokker F28
- Escuadron Fenix
- Mirage IIIEA
- FMA IA 58 Pucará
- CICComodoro, air traffic control center
- Airfield Puerto San Julián, Santa Cruz Province
- IAI Dagger - La Marinete Squadron
- A-4C Skyhawk
- Cardion AN/TPS-44 radar w/ GADA 601 Army
- Airfield Puerto Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz Province
- A-4P Skyhawk
- AFB Rio Gallegos, Santa Cruz Province
- Mirage IIIEA
- A-4P Skyhawk
- FMA IA 58 Pucará
- Navy Exploration Squadron after 13 May: S-2E Trackers and 2 leased Brazilian Air Force EMB111 Bandeirantes (2-P-201 & 2-P-202)[18]
- CICGallegos, air traffic control center
- NAS Almirante Quijada, Río Grande, Tierra del Fuego
- IAI Dagger - Las Avutardas Salvajes Squadron
- A-4Q Skyhawk
- Super Étendard
- SP-2H Neptune
- AFB Puerto Argentino, Port Stanley Airport, Falkland Islands
- FMA IA 58 PucaráAir Force
- Aermacchi MB.339A Navy
- T-34 MentorNavy
- Helicopters from all services
- CIC Malvinas, AN/TPS-43 radar and anti-aircraft defencesfrom all services
- AFB Condor, Goose Green grass airfield, Falkland Islands
- FMA IA 58 PucaráAir Force
- Anti-aircraft cannons Air Force
- NAS Calderon, Pebble Island grass airfield, Falkland Islands
- FMA IA 58 PucaráAir Force
- T-34 MentorNavy
- Short SkyvanCoast Guard
- Aircraft carrier ARA Veinticinco de Mayo, April 2 to May 3
- McDonnell Douglas A-4Q Skyhawk
- Grumman S-2E Tracker
- Sikorsky S-61D-4
Units
The numbers in bold are the number of aircraft engaged in combat without counting those in reserve, the numbers in brackets are the number of aircraft lost during the war.
Argentine Air Force
Spanish: Fuerza Aérea Argentina
- 1st Air Brigade -
- Lockheed C-130H Hercules, 7 (1)
- Lockheed KC-130H Hercules Tanker 2
- Boeing 707-320C、 3
- Fokker F-28-1000C、6
- Fokker F-27-400M、 12
- 2nd Air Brigade - English Electric B.62 Canberra、 8 (2)
- Grupo Aérofotográfico - Learjet 35A 2 (1)
- 3rd Air Brigade -
- Falkland Islands - FMA IA 58A Pucará24 (13)
- Comodoro Rivadavia - FMA IA 58A Pucará 1 (1)
- Falkland Islands -
- 4th Air Brigade - McDonnell Douglas A-4C Skyhawk16 (9)
- 5th Air Brigade - McDonnell Douglas A-4B Skyhawk30 (10)
- 6th Air Brigade - Israel Aircraft Industries Dagger 27 (11)
- 7th Air Brigade -
- Lockheed C-130E Hercules, 3
- Boeing CH-47C Chinook2
- Bell 212 2
- 8th Air Brigade
- Dassault Mirage IIIEA 16 (2)
- DHC-6-200 1
Spanish: Comando de Aviación Naval Argentina - COAN (Argentine Naval Aviation)
- 1st Naval Air Attack Squadron - Aermacchi MB.339A 6 (2)
- Dassault Super Étendard4 (sn. 3-A-201 was cannibalized for spare parts)
- 3rd Naval Air Fighter/Attack Squadron - McDonnell Douglas A-4Q Skyhawk8 (3)
- Naval Air Antisubmarine Squadron - Grumman S-2E Tracker6
- Naval Air Training Squadron - Beechcraft T-34C-1 Turbo Mentor4 (4)
- Naval Air Exploration Squadron - Lockheed SP-2H Neptune2 (both retired by end of May due to airframe attrition)
- 1st Naval Air Helicopter Squadron -
- Aérospatiale Alouette AI03 SA361B10 (1)
- Lynx Mk.23 2 (1)
- Britten-Norman BN-2A Islander 1
- 2nd Naval Air Helicopter Squadron - Sikorsky S-61D-45
- Naval Air Transport Squadrons -
- Lockheed L-188PF Electra 3
- Fokker F-28-3000C3
- P-95 Bandeirulha 2
Argentine Army
Spanish: Comando de Aviación del Ejército Argentino ( Argentine Army Aviation )
- 601 Army Aviation Battalion -
- Boeing CH-47C Chinook2 (1)
- Agusta A109A3 (1)
- Bell UH-1H Iroquois9
- Aérospatiale Puma SA330L5 (5).
- South Georgia April 3 - Aérospatiale Puma SA330L1 (1)
Argentine Coast Guard
Spanish: Prefectura Naval Argentina
- Aviation Service -
- Aérospatiale Puma SA330L1
- Short Skyvan 3M-2005 (2)
Argentine auxiliary aircraft
- Escuadrón Fénix — 77 civilian business planes:
- Agusta 109C 1
- Aero Commander 500B2
- Aero Commander 500S/Shrike Commander 1
- Aero Commander 680FL Grand Commander1
- Aero Commander AC690A 2
- Aero Commander AC690B 2
- Aero Commander AC690C 1
- Bell 205A-11
- Bell 206 1
- Bell 212 1
- MBB Bo 105A 4
- Cessna500 Citation I4
- Cessna501 Citation I1
- Cessna550 Citation II 1
- C-47B-15-DK 2
- DC-32
- Gates Learjet241
- Gates Learjet24A2
- Gates Learjet24D1
- Gates Learjet25D3
- Gates Learjet354
- Gates Learjet35A1
- Gates Learjet36A1
- Gates Learjet36C1
- Hawker Siddeley HS.125-700B 1
- IA50G2 Guaraní II 1
- Mitsubishi MU-2B-26A 4
- MD 500C 3
- Piper Aerostar600A 11
- Piper Aerostar TS600 5
- Piper Aerostar TS601A 1
- Piper Aerostar TS601B 1
- Piper Aerostar TS601P 1
- SA226-T Merlin IIIB 1
- Sikorsky S-61N 2
- Sikorsky S-58T2
- Aerolíneas Argentinas and Austral airlines:
- Boeing 737-200 2[19]
- BAC 1-11-515FB 1 (airlift to Patagonia and Port Stanley).
Armament
- Machine guns and autocannons:
- 7.62 mm FM M2-20: Pucaras
- 20 mm Colt Mk.12 Cannon: A-4s
- 20 mm Hispano-Suiza HS.804 Cannon: Pucaras
- 30 mm DEFA cannon: IAI Daggers and Mirage IIIEA
- Unguided rockets:
- ZUNI 127 mm: MB.339s
- 70 mm: MB339s
- 105 mm: Pucaras
- Missiles:
- Air-to-Air:
- AIM-9B Sidewinder short-range IR: only Navy A-4Q Skyhawks up to May 1
- Rafael Shafrir 2 short-range IR: IAI Daggers and A-4C on May 1
- Matra R530short-range semi-active radar and IR: Mirage IIIEA
- Air-to-Surface:
- Aérospatiale AM.39 Exocet Anti-Ship Missile: 5 units on Super Etendards
- AS 30 air-surface missiles. Supplied by the Peruvian Air Force and arriving at the Tandil AFB (home base of the FAA Dagger) at the end of May, the war ended before they could be used.[citation needed]
- Air-to-Air:
- Unguided retarded Gravity bomb: Thirteen bombs[21] hit British ships without detonating as they were dropped from very low altitude and there was insufficient time in the air for them to arm themselves. The problem was solved by June with new fuzes (Kappa) bought in Spain [citation needed].
Air campaign
- Battle of San Carlos (1982)
- Bluff Cove Air Attacks
Missions
- Attack Missions:
System | Obs |
---|---|
A-4 Skyhawk
|
133 sorties by the A-4B and 86 by the A-4C. They flew with unreliable ejection seats due to the US embargo placed from 1977. Naval A-4Q performed 12 sorties. They were highly dependent on the two available KC-130 tankers, limiting the number of aeroplanes that could attack simultaneously. |
Canberra | 46 bombing sorties against ground targets, operating from Trelew, to avoid more congestion on the closer southern airfields. |
Dagger | 153 sorties against naval/ground targets by the two squadrons. Their lack of chaff dispenser consisting of aluminium strips inside their airbrakes.
|
Total Sorties: | The above figures shown a total of 430 attack sorties from the mainland of which 18 aircraft were intercepted by the Sea Harriers and another 14 were shot down by anti aircraft defences. |
- Other Missions:
System | Obs |
---|---|
Mirage III EA
|
Argentine sources indicate that a number were withdrawn from operations over the islands to protect the mainland against Vulcan strikes,[2][n 6][23]
[n 7][24][n 8] however, they made 58 sorties providing decoys for the strike units with particular success on the June 8 attacks against the British landings ships.[25] Their lesser internal fuel capacity, compared to the Daggers, prevented them from being used in their escort role. |
Boeing 707 | The unarmed airliner made 54 cargo flights and other 61 for reconnaissance and surveillance duties Sea Harrier attempted to intercept the 707 on May 22 causing it to retreat. Another 707 managed to evade 4 Sea Dart missiles launched against it but the risk of further sorties was too great and from that point on the 707's made no further attempt to find the Task Force.[27] On another occasion they made a casual encounter with a British Nimrod both unarmed aircraft looked each other over and continued their missions.
|
Embraer P-95 Bandeirulha | Two aircraft were incorporated into the naval aviation on May 21. They flew 39 maritime patrol sorties from Rio Gallegos airbase. They were returned to the Brazilian air force on June 24[28] |
IA 58 Pucará
|
They performed reconnaissance and ground attack missions from the Falklands airfields and surveillance of the Patagonian coast from bases in Southern Argentina. Most of the island-based Pucarás were destroyed on the ground, due to special forces actions. They shot down a Royal Marines Westland Scout during the battle of Goose Green. |
Fenix Squadron
|
126 decoying plus 52 reconnaissance sorties. They were also extensively used as communications relay and pathfinder flights to guide the combat jets with the Learjets' superior navigation systems. |
C-130 Hercules
|
33 night flights to BAM Puerto Argentino in May/June (Blockade runner). Among the cargo transported in those flight were the 602 Army Commandos Coy, 155 mm CITEFA cannons, an SP-2H Neptune available. On one of these daylight missions, a Hercules was intercepted and shot down by a Sea Harrier. (Not officially recognized by the FAA)
29 May, the British tanker British Wye was hit by bombs dropped by a Hercules, north of South Georgia[29] |
KC-130 Hercules | Refueling sorties for A-4s and Super Étendards, also for battle damaged fighters. |
Fokker F-28 Navy
|
15 night flights to BAM Puerto Argentino in May/June (Blockade runner) |
Army Aviation | 796 helicopter flights on the islands |
1st Air Brigade Construction Group Air Force | In charge of maintaining Port Stanley airbase operable. Throughout the conflict, the airport installations were attacked with 237 bombs, 1,200 shells from the Royal Navy gunline and 16 missiles, however, it was never out of action entirely. Many sources claim that the runway was covered with piles of dirt during the day causing British intelligence to surmise that repairs were still in progress.[2] Craters were in fact heaps of earth placed there to make it look as though the runway was damaged.[30] In fact, the British were well aware that the runway was still in use by C-130[31] and attempted to interdict these flights leading to the loss of a C-130 on June 1.[32] |
Successes
Description | Notes |
---|---|
Ships Sunk | Atlantic Conveyor plus a Landing Craft Utility ("Foxtrot Four" from Fearless )
|
Ships Damaged[33] | RFA Stromness
|
Casualties and aircraft losses
- Human losses
- 6 Army aviation
- 4 Naval aviation
- 55 Argentine Air Force members[34]
- 29 pilots
- 12 air crew (6 on C-130H shot down June 1, 4 on Learjet LJ-35A shot down June 7, and 2 Canberra navigators)
- 14 Ground crew
- Aircraft losses
- Aircraft lost in the air in combat
Argentine strike aircraft did not carry air-to-air missiles, with the exception of 8th Air Brigade Mirage IIIEA fighters and 6th Air Brigade Daggers on May 1. All retained a secondary armament of either 20 mm or 30 mm cannon.
11 | IAI Dagger A | 9 by Sea Harrier,[n 9] 1 Sea Wolf HMS Broadsword,[n 10] 1 SAM Rapier[n 11] | |
10 | A-4B Skyhawk
|
3 friendly fire | |
7 | A-4C Skyhawk
|
2 | |
3 | FMA IA 58 Pucará
|
1[n 22] by Sea Harrier, 1 SAM Stinger, 1 small arms fire 2 PARA | |
3 | A-4Q Skyhawk Navy
|
3[n 23] by Sea Harrier. | |
2 | Mirage IIIEA | 1[n 24] by Sea Harrier, 1[n 25] friendly fire | |
2 | B.Mk62 Canberra | 1[n 26] by Sea Harrier, 1[n 27] Sea Dart | |
1 | C-130E Hercules
|
1[n 28] by Sea Harrier | |
1 | Aermacchi MB.339A Navy | 1[n 29] by Blowpipe | |
1 | Learjet 35A
|
1[n 30] by SAM Sea Dart | |
4 | Puma SA330L Army
|
1 gun fire, 1 by SAM Sea Dart,[n 31][35] 1 FIM-92 Stinger,[36] 1 by Royal Marines gun fire in South Georgia on April 3 |
Total destroyed in the air: 45 (Sea Harrier 21, Sea Dart 7, Sea Wolf 4, Stinger 2, Sea Cat 1, Rapier 1, Blowpipe 1, Combination/Gunfire 6, Friendly fire 2)
- Aircraft lost by other causes
- Destroyed on the ground
- 9 FMA IA 58 Pucará
- 1 Agusta A109 Army
- 1 Boeing Ch-47C Chinook Army
- 2 Aérospatiale Puma SA330L Army
- 4 Beechcraft T-34 Mentor Navy
- 2 Skyvan 3-M Coast Guard
- 2 Bell UH-1H Iroquois Army[37]
- Captured after the war
- 11 FMA IA 58 Pucará
- 2 Agusta A109 Army
- 7 Bell UH-1H IroquoisArmy
- 1 Boeing CH-47C Chinook Army
- 1 Aérospatiale Puma SA330L Coast Guard
- 3 Aermacchi MB.339A Navy
- 2 Bell 212
- Lost with ARA General Belgrano
- 1 Aérospatiale Alouette AI03 Navy
- Flying accident in the war zone
- 1[n 32] Westland Lynx HAS.Mk.23 Navy — 2 May, hit ARA Santísima Trinidad
- 2 FMA IA 58 Pucará — 28 May,[38] hit ground, recovered in 1986, 24 May.[39][n 33]
- 1 Aermacchi MB.339A Navy — 3 May, bad weather crash
- 2[n 34] McDonnell Douglas A-4C Skyhawk — 9 May, South Jason Island
Total lost by other causes: 55.
- Total aircraft losses
75 fixed-wing aircraft and 25 helicopters.
See also
- Argentine ground forces in the Falklands War
- Argentine naval forces in the Falklands War
- British air services in the Falklands War
- Pablo Carballo
- Raid on Pebble Island
- Roberto Curilovic
Footnotes
- ^ "the Mach 2 Mirage and Dagger which in low-level attack are extremely subsonic. ..while low-level attacks by the Argentine aircraft..there would not be a lot of fuel to spare, especially if afterburner was used." From Aviation Fact File - Harrier (1984), page 42.
- ISBN 978-0-00-218046-7.
- ISBN 0-7181-2228-3
- ^ According to Aeroespacio, Issue 520: "hacia el 15 Abr se producía la recepción de los misiles Matra 550 Magic adquiridos tiempo antes" ("towards April 15th the Matra 550 Magic missiles bought time ago were received")
- ISBN 0-571-14116-1
- ^ According to Globalsecurity.org (DWF):"As a result of these heavy losses...it was decided to pull the Mirage III's back to the mainland to stand alert for a possible Vulcan attack."
- ^ According to Globalsecurity.org (HJA):"Finally, the bombing raids caused the Argentines to fear an air attack on the mainland, causing them to retain some Mirage aircraft and Roland missiles for defense."
- ^ As per article "La familia Mirage" in Aeroespacio (Issue 520): "Los M III debían defender el territorio continental argentino de posibles ataques de los bombarderos Vulcan de la RAF, brindar escolta a los cazabombarderos de la FAA, e impedir los ataques de aviones de la Royal Navy y de la RAF sobre las Malvinas." ("The M III would defend the Argentine mainland against possible attacks by Vulcan bombers from the RAF, providing escort of fighter bombers to the FAA, and to prevent attacks by aircraft of the Royal Navy and RAF on the Falklands.")
- ^ SN:
C-403, May21, Sea Harrier ZA190/"009", pilot Capt. Donadille ejected,
C-404, May21, Sea Harrier ZA190/"009", pilot Maj. Piuma ejected,
C-407, May21, Sea Harrier ZA175/"004", pilot Lt. Senn ejected,
C-409, May21, Sea Harrier XZ455/"12", pilot Lt. Luna ejected,
C-410, May24, Sea Harrier ZA193/"93", pilot Lt. Castillo killed,
C-419, May24, Sea Harrier XZ457/"14". pilot Maj. Puga ejected,
C-430, May24, Sea Harrier XZ457/"14". pilot Capt. Diaz ejected,
C-433, May1, Sea Harrier XZ455/"12". pilot Lt. Ardiles killed,
C-437, May23, Sea Harrier ZA194. pilot Lt. Volponi killed - ^ SN: C-428, May21, pilot Lt. Bean killed
- ^ SN: C-436, May29, pilot Lt. Bernhardt killed
- ^ SN: C-204, C-226 and C-228
- ^ SN: C-206, C-208 and C-246
- ^ SN: C-244
- ^ SN: C-215
- ^ SN: C-242
- ^ SN: C-248
- ^ SN: C-309 and C-325
- ^ SN: C-301, C-304 and C-310
- ^ SN: C-319
- ^ SN: C-305
- ^ SN: A-511
- ^ SN: 3-A-307, 3-A-312 and 3-A-314. One was damaged by 30 mm cannon fire, attempted to land at Port Stanley but the undercarriage was inoperative and the pilot elected to eject.
- ^ SN: I-015
- ^ SN: I-019
- ^ SN: B-110
- ^ SN: B-108
- ^ SN: TC-63
- ^ SN: 4-A-1??
- ^ SN: T-2?
- ^ SN: AE-505, May 9, when searching for Narwal trawler; killed: 1st Lt. Fiorito, 1st Lt. Buschiazzo, Sarg Dimotta.
- ^ SN: 3-H-42
- ^ According to www.naval-history.net/F64argaircraftlost.htm a Pucará was lost over the Atlantic on a reconnaissance mission from Comodoro Rivadavia
- ^ SN: C-303 and C-313
References
Notes
- ^ a b "Argentine Airpower in the Falklands War: An Operational View". Archived from the original on 2 January 2014. Retrieved 27 December 2014.
- ^ a b c John Pike. "Offensive Air Operations Of The Falklands War". Retrieved 27 December 2014.
- ^ Argentine newspaper Perfil Después de Malvinas, iban a atacar a Chile Archived 2009-11-25 at the Wayback Machine on 22 November 2009, retrieved 22 November 2009:
- "Para colmo, Galtieri dijo en un discurso: „Que saquen el ejemplo de lo que estamos haciendo ahora porque después les toca a ellos“".
- ^ Lt. Col. Hezsely, Csaba (May 1988), "Argentine Air Power in the Falklands War" (PDF), Air War College, Research Report: 39, AD-A202 551, archived (PDF) from the original on March 4, 2016 Lt. Col. Hezsely's report notes 16 F-86F deployed at Mendoza
- ^ "PDF book: Historia de la Aviacion Naval Argentina". www.trackerenmalvinas.com.ar (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 2007-05-17. Retrieved 2010-01-21.
- ^ "Dagger Technician memories". Archived from the original on 2010-05-18. Retrieved 2010-03-23.
- ^ "Dagger Technician memories". Archived from the original on 2009-12-14. Retrieved 2010-03-23.
- ^ Los Angeles times, May 27 1982[permanent dead link]
- ^ Aviation Fact File - Harrier, page 42.
- ^ Sea Combat off the Falklands (1982), page 33.
- ^ "Two A-4B Skyhawks warplanes of the Grupo 5 link up...after topping up their tanks from a KC-130H tanker." page 62 in Air War in the Falklands 1982, 2001
- ^ ISBN 987-96007-3-8
- ISBN 950-9294-07-1
- ^ Hastings, Max: The Battle for the Falklands
- ^ clarin newspaper Clarin newspaper Woodward Interview
La fuerza aérea peleó extremadamente bien y nosotros sentimos una gran admiración por lo que hicieron - ^ Lee Richards. "Examination of Argentine Air Effort - Arcre". Archived from the original on 1 January 2015. Retrieved 27 December 2014.
- ^ "Argentine Airpower in the Falklands War: An Operational View". Archived from the original on 2014-01-02. Retrieved 2007-01-10.
- ^ "PDF book: Historia de la Aviacion Naval Argentina". www.trackerenmalvinas.com.ar (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 2007-05-17. Retrieved 2009-04-07.
- ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2006-11-03. Retrieved 2006-10-31.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ Aeroespacio, Issue 520 (Official FAA magazine) Archived 2011-05-31 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Battle Atlas of the Falklands War 1982 — British ships lost & damaged.
- ^ Signals of War, The Falklands Conflict of 1982 (1990), Lawrence Freedman.
- ^ John Pike. "The Falkland Islands Conflict, 1982: Air Defense Of The Fleet". Retrieved 27 December 2014.
- ^ "La familia Mirage". Archived from the original on 2011-05-31. Retrieved 2008-06-13. La familia Mirage, Aeroespacio, Fuerza Aerea Argentina, ISSN 0001-9127
- ^ Official FAA Magazine (in Spanish) Archived 2011-05-31 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Exploración y reconocimiento en el Atlántico Sur". Archived from the original on 2007-10-24. Retrieved 2010-01-24.
- ^ "Boeing 707". Spyflight.co.uk. Archived from the original on 2017-11-04. Retrieved 2013-08-09.
- ^ Avioned Brasileros en el conflicto del Atlantico Sur
- ISBN 0-7146-5207-5
- "British Wye, carrying fuel for the Task Force, came under attack by a modified C-130 Hercules...eight bombs were released, one of which struck the tanker without exploding.
- ^ The Avro Vulcan and the Black Buck raids Archived 2007-05-28 at the Wayback Machine
- ISBN 978-0-7538-2199-2
- ISBN 978-0-304-35542-6
- ISBN 0-7146-5207-5
- ^ Fuerza Aérea Argentina Archived 2010-04-06 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Día de los Caídos de Aviación en la Guerra de Malvinas" (in Spanish). Ejercito Argentino, sitio oficial. 9 May 2016. Retrieved 9 October 2016.
- ^ "Argentine Puma shot down by American "Stinger" missile. — MercoPress". MercoPress. Retrieved 27 December 2014.
- ^ "Official Army Aviation Site - AE-410 by air attack at Moody Brook, AE-418 by naval gunfire at Stanley". Archived from the original on 2009-05-31. Retrieved 2009-05-25.
- ^ "Fuerza Aérea Argentina". Archived from the original on 2007-04-12. Retrieved 2007-05-03.
- ^ "Fuerza Aérea Argentina". Archived from the original on 2007-04-12. Retrieved 2007-05-03.
Bibliography
- FAA Commodore Ruben Oscar Moro La Guerra Inaudita, 2000 ISBN 987-96007-3-8
- (in Spanish) Dagger & Finger en Argentina ISBN 987-43-8536-7 book link
- (in French) Frédéric Marsaly: Super Étendard au Combat: la saga d'un guerrier, Aviation Française Magazine, Jan/Feb 2007, ISSN 1951-9583.
Online sources
Further reading
Online material
Rangugni, Andres; Brea, Esteban (May 7, 2012). "Treinta años". Gaceta Aeronautica (in Spanish). Retrieved November 30, 2018.
Printed material
- Chant, C.: Air War in the Falklands 1982, 2001, Osprey Publishing, ISBN 1-84176-293-8
- Gunston, B.: Aviation Fact File (Modern Fighting Aircraft) - Harrier, 1984, Salamander Books Ltd., ISBN 0-86101-128-7
- Castro Fox, Capitán de Navío (R) Rodolfo A. (May 2007). "La Tercera Escuadrilla Aeronaval de Caza y Ataque a 25 años del conflicto del Atlántico Sur. Una aproximación a la verdad histórica" (PDF). Boletin del Centro Naval (in Spanish) (817). Centro Naval, Armada Argentina. Retrieved 20 May 2014.
- Martini, Hector A (1992). Historia de la Aviación Naval Argentina - Tomo III. Serie Historia Naval Argentina (in Spanish). Vol. Nº. Buenos Aires: Departamento de Estudios Históricos Navales. ISBN 9789879945902. Retrieved 2016-07-13.
- Rivas, Santiago (2012). Wings of the Malvinas - The Argentine Air War over the Falklands. Manchester: Hikoki Publications. ISBN 978-1-902-1092-2-0.
- Dildy, Douglas; Calcaterra, Pablo (2017). Sea Harrier FRS 1 vs Mirage III/Dagger - South Atlantic 1982. Duel. Vol. 81. Oxford, Great Britain: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4728-1889-8. Retrieved 2018-12-16.
- Shields, J.: Air Power in the Falklands Conflict - An Operational Level Insight into Air Warfare in the South Atlantic, 2021, Pen & Sword, Great Britain, ISBN 9781399007528
External links
Foreign Studies
- Argentine Airpower in the Falklands War - Analysis and Conclusions
- Argentina's Tactical Aircraft Employment in the Falklands Islands War - Air Command and Staff College, Air University, USAF
Official Sites
- (in Spanish) Argentine Air Force (FAA) official site about the Malvinas/Falklands Air War
- (in Spanish) Argentine Coast Guard (PNA) official site about the Malvinas/Falklands War
Other sites
- YouTube video Argentine Air Force on the Falklands War
- (in Spanish) "Historia de la Aviación Naval Argentina Tomo III (Conflicto del Atlántico Sur)" Full book content at "Radar Malvinas" website (accessed 2016-07-14)