Argentines of European descent
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Other Europeans |
European Argentines or White Argentines belong to several communities which trace their origins to various migrations from
Distribution
European Argentinians may live in any part of the country, though their proportion varies according to region. Due to the fact that the main entry point for European immigrants was the
Estimates
Neither official census data nor statistically significant studies exist on the precise amount or percentage of Argentines of European descent today. The Argentine government recognizes the different communities, but Argentina's National Institute of Statistics and Censuses (
Genetic research
It is estimated that more than 25 million Argentines (about 63%) have at least one Italian forefather.[14] Another study of the Amerindian ancestry of Argentines was headed by Argentine geneticist Daniel Corach of the University of Buenos Aires. The results of this study in which
A separate genetic study on genic admixture was conducted by Argentine and French scientists from multiple academic and scientific institutions (CONICET, UBA, Centre d'anthropologie de Toulouse). This study showed that the average contribution to Argentine ancestry was 79.9%
A team led by Daniel Corach conducted a new study in 2009, analyzing 246 samples from eight provinces and three different regions of the country. The results were as follows: the analysis of
- According to M. Caputo et al, 2021, X-DIPs studies show that the European genetic contribution is 52%, indigenous 39.6% and African 7.5%.[21]
- Homburguer et al., 2015, PLOS One Genetics: 67% European, 28% Amerindian, 4% African and 1,4% Asian.[22]
- Avena et al., 2012, PLOS One Genetics: 65% European, 31% Amerindian, and 4% African.[23]
- Buenos Aires Province: 76% European and 24% others.
- South Zone (Chubut Province): 54% European and 46% others.
- Northeast Zone (Misiones, Corrientes, Chaco & Formosa provinces): 54% European and 46% others.
- Northwest Zone (Salta Province): 33% European and 67% others.
- According to the study by María Laura Catelli et al, 2011. The Native American component observed in the urban populations was 66%, 41%, and 70% in South, Central, and North Argentina, respectively[24]
- In the work of Corach et al the authors say that "Argentineans carried a large fraction of European genetic heritage in their Y-chromosomal (94.1%) and autosomal (78.5%) DNA, but their mitochondrial gene pool is mostly of Native American ancestry (53.7%); instead, African heritage was small in all three genetic systems (<4%)".[25]
- Oliveira, 2008, on Universidade de Brasília: 60% European, 31% Amerindian and 9% African.[26]
- National Geographic: 52% European, 27% Amerindian ancestry, 9% African and 9% others.[27]
- According to Norma Pérez Martín, 2007, at least 56% of Argentines would have indigenous ancestry.[28]
History
Colonial and post-independence period
The presence of
It was not until the creation of the
According to data from the Argentine government in 1810, about 6,000 Spanish lived in the territory of the United Provinces of Río de la Plata Spanish, of a total population of around 700,000 inhabitants.[30] This small number indicates that the presence of people with European ancestors was very small, and a large number of Criollos were mixed with indigenous and African mothers, although the fact was often hidden; in this regard, for example, according to researcher José Ignacio García Hamilton the Liberator, José de San Martín, would be mestizo.
Nevertheless, these censuses were generally restricted to the cities and the surrounding rural areas, so little is known about the racial composition of large areas of the Viceroyalty, though it is supposed that Spaniards and Criollos were always a minority, with the other castas comprising the majority.[4] It is worth noting that, since a person who was classified as Peninsular or Criollo had access to more privileges in the colonial society, many Castizos (resulting from the union of a Spanish and a mestizo) purchased their limpieza de sangre ("purity of blood").[29]
Although being a minority in demographics terms, the Criollo people played a leading role in the
The Minister of Government of Buenos Aires Province, Bernardino Rivadavia, established the Immigration Commission in 1824. He appointed Ventura Arzac to conduct a new Census in the city, and it showed these results: the city had 55,416 inhabitants, of which 40,000 were of European descent (about 72.2%); of this total of Whites, a 90% were Criollos, a 5% were Spaniards, and the other 5% were from other European nations.[32]
After the wars for independence, a long period of
The administration of Governor
The first post-independence census conducted in Buenos Aires took place in 1855; it showed that there were 26,149 European inhabitants in the city. Among the nationals there is no distinction of race, but it does distinguish literates from illiterates; at that time formal education was a privilege almost exclusive for the upper sectors of society, who were predominantly of European descent. Including European residents and the 21,253 Argentine literates, around 47,402 people of mainly European descent resided in Buenos Aires in 1855; they would have comprised about 51.6% of a total population of 91,895 inhabitants.[34]
Great wave of immigration from Europe (1857–1940)
In February 1856, the municipal government of
Smaller but significant numbers of immigrants include those from France,
- This migratory influx had mainly two effects on Argentina's demography
1) The exponential growth of the country's population. In the first National Census of 1869 the Argentine population was just 1,877,490 inhabitants, in 1895 it had doubled to 4,044,911, in 1914 it had reached 7,903,662, and by 1947 it had doubled again to 15,893,811. It is estimated that by 1920, more than 50% of the residents in Buenos Aires had been born abroad. According to Zulma Recchini de Lattes' estimate, if this great immigratory wave from Europe and the Middle East had not happened, Argentina's population by 1960 would have been less than 8 million, while the national census carried out that year revealed a population of 20,013,793 inhabitants.[38] Argentina received a total of 6,611,000 European and Middle-Eastern immigrants during the period 1857–1940; 2,970,000 were Italians (44.9%), 2,080,000 were Spaniards (31.5%), and the remaining 23.6% was composed of French, Poles, Russians, Germans, Austro-Hungarians, British, Portuguese, Swiss, Belgians, Danes, Dutch, Swedes, etc.[36]
2) A radical change in its ethnic composition; the 1914 National Census revealed that around 80% of the national population were either European immigrants, their children or grandchildren.[39] Among the remaining 20% (those descended from the population residing locally before this immigrant wave took shape), around a fifth were of mainly European descent. Put down to numbers, this means that about 84%, or 6,300,000 people (out of a total population of 7,903,662), residing in Argentina were of European descent.[4] European immigration continued to account for over half the nation's population growth during the 1920s, and was again significant (albeit in a smaller wave) following World War II.[39]
The distribution of these European/Middle Eastern immigrants was not uniform across the country. Most newcomers settled in the coastal cities and the farmlands of
Origin of the immigrants between 1857 and 1920
Net Immigration by Nationality (1857–1920)[41] | ||
---|---|---|
Subjecthood or Citizenship | Total numbers of immigrants | Percentage of total |
Italy | 2,341,126 | 44.72% |
Spain | 1,602,752 | 30.61% |
France | 221,074 | 4.22% |
Russian Empire (1) | 163,862 | 3.13% |
Ottoman Empire | 141,622 | 2.71% |
Austria-Hungary (2) | 87,266 | 1.67% |
German Empire | 69,896 | 1.34% |
United Kingdom (3) | 60,477 | 1.16% |
Switzerland | 34,525 | 0.66% |
Portugal | 30,729 | 0.59% |
Belgium | 23,549 | 0.45% |
Denmark | 10,644 | 0.20% |
Netherlands | 8,111 | 0.15% |
United States | 8,067 | 0.15% |
Sweden | 2,223 | 0.04% |
Luxembourg[42](4) | 1,000 | 0.02% |
Others | 428,471 | 8.18% |
Total | 5,235,394[43] |
Notes:
- (1) This figure includes Russians, Ukrainians, Volga Germans, Belarusians, Poles, Lithuanians, etc. that entered Argentina with passport of the Russian Empire.
- (2) This figure includes all the peoples that lived within the boundaries of the Croatians, Bosniaks, Ruthenians and people from the regions of Vojvodina in Serbia, Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol and Trieste in Italy, Transylvania in Romania, and Galiciain Poland.
- (3) The United Kingdom included Ireland until 1922; that is why most of the British immigrants -nicknamed "ingleses"- were in fact Irish, Welsh and Scottish.
- (4) Around 0.5% of Luxembourg's total population emigrated to Argentina during the 1880s.
Source: Dirección Nacional de Migraciones: Infografías., that information was modified – figures there are by nationality, not by country.
Origin of the immigrants between 1857 and 1940
Immigration by Nationality (1857–1940) | ||
---|---|---|
Subjecthood or Citizenship | Total numbers of immigrants | Percentage of total |
Italy | 2,970,000 | 36.7% |
Spain | 2,080,000 | 25.7% |
France | 239,000 | 2.9% |
Poland[44] | 180,000 | 2.2% |
Russia[45] | 177,000 | 2.2% |
Ottoman Empire[46] | 174,000 | 2.1% |
Austro-Hungarian[47]
|
111,000 | 1.4% |
United Kingdom[48] | 75,000 | 1.0% |
Germany[49] | 72,000 | 0.9% |
Portugal[50] | 65,000 | 0.8% |
Yugoslavia[51] | 48,000 | 0.6% |
Switzerland | 44,000 | 0.6% |
Belgium | 26,000 | 0.3% |
Denmark | 18,000 | 0.2% |
United States | 12,000 | 0.2% |
Netherlands | 10,000 | 0.2% |
Sweden | 7,000 | 0.1% |
Others | 223,000 | 2.8% |
Total[Note 1] | 6,611,000 | 100.0% |
Source: National Migration, 1970.[citation needed]
- ^ About 52% of immigrants in the period 1857–1939 were definitively settled.
Second wave of immigration
During and after the Second World War, many Europeans fled to Argentina, escaping the hunger and poverty of the post-war period. According to the National Bureau of Migrations, during the period 1941–1950 at least 392,603 Europeans entered the country: 252,045 Italians, 110,899 Spaniards, 16,784 Poles, 7,373 Russians and 5,538 French.
Argentina also received thousands of
The flow of European immigration continued during the 1950s and afterward; but compared to the previous decade, it diminished considerably.[39] The Marshall Plan implemented by the United States to help Europe recover from the consequences of World War II was working, and emigration lessened. During the period 1951–1960, only 242,889 Europeans entered Argentina: 142,829 were Italians, 98,801 were Spaniards, 934 were French, and 325 were Poles. The next decade (1961–1970), the total number of European immigrants barely reached 13,363 (9,514 Spaniards, 1,845 Poles, 1,266 French and 738 Russians).[53]
European immigration was nearly non-existent during the 1970s and the 1980s. Instability from 1970 to 1976 in the form of escalating violence between
Recent trends
The principal source of immigration into Argentina after 1960 was no longer from Europe, but rather from bordering South American countries. During the period in between the Censuses of 1895 and 1914, immigrants from Europe comprised 88.4% of the total, and Latin American immigrants represented only 7.5%. By the 1960s, however, this trend had been completely reversed: the Latin American immigrants were 76.1%, and the Europeans merely 18.7% of the total.[65]
Given that the main sources of South American immigrants since the 1960s have been Bolivia,
Latin American immigrants of European origin
Latin Americans of predominantly European descent have arrived from countries where there is a relevant proportion of white population
The official censuses show a slow growth in the Uruguayan-born community: 51,100 in 1970, 114,108 in 1980, and 135,406 in 1991, with a decline to 117,564 in 2001.[79] Around 218,000 Uruguayans emigrated to Argentina between 1960 and 1980, however.[80]
Third immigratory wave from Eastern Europe (1994–2000)
Following the fall of the Communist regimes of the
Around 85% of the newcomers were under age 45, and 51% had a university education, so most integrated quite rapidly into Argentine society, albeit with some initial difficulties finding gainful employment.
European immigration in Argentina has not stopped since this wave from Eastern Europe. According to the National Bureau of Migrations, some 14,964 Europeans have settled in Argentina (3,599 Spaniards, 1,407 Italians and 9,958 from other countries) during the period 1999–2004. To this figure, many of the 8,285 Americans and 4,453 Uruguayans may be added,[original research?] since these countries have European-descended majorities of 75%[84] and 87%[85] in their populations.[5]
Influences on Argentine culture
The
Tango
Argentine tango is a hybrid genre, result of the fusion of different ethnic and cultural elements, so well intermingled that it is difficult to identify them separately. According to some experts, tango has combined elements from three main sources:
1) The music played by the
2) The milonga campera, a popular genre among the gauchos that lived in the Buenos Aires countryside, and later moved to the city looking for better jobs.
3) The music brought by the European immigrants: the Andalucian tanguillo, the polka, the waltz and the tarantella.[94] They heavily influenced its melody and its sound by adding instruments such as piano, violin and -especially-
In spite of this tripartite origin, tango mainly developed as urban music, and was assimilated and embraced by European immigrants and their descendants; most icons of the genre were either European or had largely European ancestry.[95]
Argentine Folk music
When the Spaniards arrived in what is now Argentina, the Amerindian inhabitants already had their own musical culture: instruments, dances, rhythms and styles. Much of that culture was lost during and after the conquest; only the music played by the Andean peoples survived in the shape of chants such as vidalas and huaynos, and in dances like the carnavalito. The peoples of Gran Chaco and Patagonia -areas that the Spaniards did not effectively occupied- kept their cultures almost untouched until the late 19th century.[39]
The major Spanish contribution to music in the Río de la Plata area during the colonial period was the introduction of three instruments: the vihuela or
European immigration brought important changes to Argentina's popular music, especially in the
Other genres -like chacarera and zamba- developed as an integral fusion of Amerindian and European influences. While traditionally played on guitars, charangos and bombos, they also began to be played with other European instruments, such as piano; one notable example is Sixto Palavecino's use of the violin to play the chacarera. Regardless of the origin of the different rhythms and styles, later European immigrants and their descendants rapidly assimilated the local music and contributed to those genres creating new songs.
Sports
This section needs additional citations for verification. (March 2011) |
Many sports that nowadays are very popular in Argentina were introduced by European immigrants -particularly by the British- in the late 18th and early 19th centuries.
continued the tradition playing during the amateur age of Argentine football.Tennis was also imported by the British immigrants; in April 1892 they founded the Buenos Aires Lawn Tennis Club. Among the founding members, we find all British surnames: Arthur Herbert, W. Watson, Adrian Penard, C. Thursby, H. Mills and F. Wallace. Soon their example was followed by British immigrants who resided in Rosario; F. Still, T. Knox, W. Birschoyle, M. Leywe and J. Boyles founded the Rosario Lawn Tennis.[101]
The first Argentine tennis player of European descent to achieve some international success was Mary Terán de Weiss in the 1940s and 1950s; the sport, however, was considered an elite men's sport and her efforts to popularize this activity among women did not prosper at the time.[103] Guillermo Vilas, who is of Spanish descent,[104] won the French Open and the US Open both in 1977, and two Australian Open in 1978 and 1979, and popularized the sport in Argentina.
Another sport in which Argentines with European ancestry have stood out is car racing. The greatest exponent was
Golf was brought to Argentina by
Hockey was another sport imported by the British immigrants in the early 20th century. It was initially played in the clubs founded by the British citizens until 1908, when the first official matches between Belgrano Athletic, San Isidro Club y Pacific Railways (today San Martín) took place. That same year the Asociación Argentina de Hockey was founded, and its first president was Thomas Bell. In 1909 this Association allowed the formation of female teams. One of the first feminine teams was Belgrano Ladies; they played their first match on 25 August 1909, against St. Catherine's College, winning by 1 to 0.[111]
Cycling was introduced by Italian immigrants in Argentina in 1898, when they founded the Club Ciclista Italiano. One of the first South American champions in this sport was an Argentine of Italian descent, Clodomiro Cortoni.[112]
See also
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References
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- ^ "F1 Fanatics: Juan Manuel Fangio". F1fanatics.wordpress.com. 31 January 2011. Retrieved 30 April 2014.
- ^ a b Occhiuzzi, Javier M. (13 December 2014). "Historia del Boxeo - Nicolino Locche: vida y obra del intocable" [History of Boxing - Nicolino Locche: Life and Work of the Untouchable] (in Spanish). Laizquierdadiario.com. Retrieved 12 July 2017.
- ^ Larra, Raúl (1975). Jorge Newbery, Buenos Aires: Schapire, page 48.
- ^ Magazine "Historia de Junín", by Roberto Dimarco. Year 1, Nº 6, May 1969. According to this source, Luis Firpo's father, Agustín Firpo, arrived in Junín in 1887 from Italy, and married a Spaniard woman, Ángela Larroza in 1888. The couple had four children, Luis Firpo being the second child.
- ^ Locche. El último amague. Diario Clarín, 8 September 2005.
- ^ "Welsocme Argentina: Golf". Welcomeargentina.com. Retrieved 30 April 2014.
- ^ (in Spanish) History of the Argentine Hockey Confederation, Web.archive.org
- ^ Falleció Clodomiro Cortoni La Nación (in Spanish)