Arkhangelsk Oblast

Coordinates: 63°30′N 43°00′E / 63.500°N 43.000°E / 63.500; 43.000
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
This article is about the modern federal subject of Russia. For the administrative division of the Russian Empire, see Arkhangelsk Oblast, Russian Empire.
Arkhangelsk Oblast
Oblast
Архангельская область
The Severodvinsk bridge
The building of design organizations
Svyatoy Ruchey waterfall
The Solovetskiy Islands
Submarine in Severodvinsk
Pevcheskaya estrada cave
Franz Joseph Land
Top-down, left-to-right: The Severodvinsk bridge; The building of design organizations; Svyatoy Ruchey waterfall; the Solovetsky Islands; submarine in Severodvinsk; the Pinega caves; Franz Josef Land
UTC+3 (MSK Edit this on Wikidata[12])
ISO 3166 codeRU-ARK
License plates29
OKTMO ID11000000
Official languagesRussian[13]
Websitehttp://www.dvinaland.ru

Arkhangelsk Oblast (

2010 Census.[15]

The

Antoniev Siysky Monastery and the World Heritage Site of the Solovetsky Islands in the White Sea
.

Plesetsk Cosmodrome is one of three spaceports in Russia (the other two are Kapustin Yar in Astrakhan Oblast and Yasny in Orenburg Oblast).

Geography

Arkhangelsk Oblast, which includes the Nenets Autonomous Okrug, borders Kirov Oblast, Vologda Oblast, the Republic of Karelia, the Komi Republic, and the White, Pechora, Barents and Kara seas. Cape Fligely in Franz Josef Land (the northernmost point of Russia, Europe and Eurasia) and Cape Zhelaniya in Novaya Zemlya (the easternmost point of Europe) are both located within Arkhangelsk Oblast. Mount Kruzenshtern is the highest point of the oblast.

Arkhangelsk Oblast is located on the

Pay-Khoy Ridge.[17] The Arctic islands including Novaya Zemlya and Franz Joseph Land are mountainous with glaciers and eternally snow-covered. This region has a genetically distinct population of polar bears associated with the Barents Sea area.[18]

Landscape of Velsky District in Arkhangelsk Oblast

Almost all of the area of the Oblast belongs to the basin of the

Kema River which belongs to the basin of the Caspian Sea. The area in the Onega River basin containing the biggest lakes in the oblast, such as Lake Lacha, Lake Kenozero, Lake Undozero, and Lake Kozhozero. The tundra of the Nenets Autonomous Okrug also contains a number of bigger lakes. The river basin of the Pinega is characteristic of the karst, with a number of caves in the region.[citation needed
]

The White Sea coast within the Oblast is split into the Onega Bay (where the Onega is the major tributary), the Dvina Bay (the Northern Dvina), and the Mezen Bay (comprising the Mezen and the Kuloy). The Solovetsky Islands, as well as a number of smaller islands, are located in Onega Bay. Onega Bay and the Dvina Bay are separated by the Onega Peninsula. The Mezen Bay is separated from the main body of the White Sea by Morzhovets Island. Other major islands in the oblast include Shogly, Zhizgin, Yagry, Lyasomin, Layda, Nikolskiy, and Mudyugskiy islands.[citation needed]

Almost all of the oblast is covered by

floodplains of the rivers, there are meadows.[citation needed
]

A number of areas in Arkhangelsk Oblast have been designated as protected natural areas.[19] These are subdivided into national parks, nature reserves (zapovedniks), and zakazniks of the federal level. The following protected areas have been designated,

Kenozersky and Vodlozersky National Parks have the status of

Nenetsky Nature Reserve and Nenetsky Zakaznik.[citation needed
]

History

The area of Arkhangelsk Oblast has been settled by

Finno-Ugric peoples since prehistoric times, and most of the toponyms in the region are in fact Finno-Ugric. It was subsequently colonized by the Novgorod Republic. Kargopol was first mentioned in the chronicles in 1146, Shenkursk was mentioned in 1315, and Solvychegodsk
was founded in the 14th century.

By the 13th century the Novgorodian merchants had already reached the

Pomorye
(Поморье) on the White Sea coast.

The reverse side of the commemorative 10 ruble coin issued by the Bank of Russia, honoring the federal subjects of the Russian Federation; shown is the 10 ruble coin honoring Arkhangelsk Oblast (2007)

The main waterway was the Northern Dvina, and Novgorod merchants used the

Pechora
.

After the fall of Novgorod in 1478, all these lands became a part of the

Muscovy. The local centers were Veliky Ustyug and Kholmogory; however, during the 17th century, Kholmogory lost its significance, and its role was gradually replaced by Arkhangelsk
.

In 1708, when the governorates were established by Tsar Peter the Great, Arkhangelsk became the seat of one of the seven governorates of the Russian Empire.

At the same time, Arkhangelsk lands were one of the most remote areas in Russia. This fact was attractive for monks fleeing the crowds. In 1436,

great schism in the Russian Orthodox Church in 1653, the area attracted many Old Believers, who were persecuted by the state. Most would later flee to even more remote locations such as Siberia
.

In 1703, with the construction of St. Petersburg, Arkhangelsk, which lacked St. Petersburg's geographical proximity to Europe and the non-freezing harbour of Murmansk, lost its significance as the main trading harbour of the Russian Empire. However, in the early 20th century Arkhangelsk was an important starting point for Russian Arctic expeditions. For instance, in the 1830s Pyotr Pakhtusov sailed twice from Arkhangelsk to investigate and map Novaya Zemlya.

Colonel George E. Stewart, commanding American forces in Northern Russia, passing by convoy through village of Chamovo

In 1918 and 1919, Arkhangelsk Governorate became one of the most active battlegrounds of the

Aleksandr Kolchak's forces would move in the direction of Kotlas, however, the White Army was unable to advance in this direction. In January 1919, after the Battle of Shenkursk, the allied forces were driven out of the Shenkursk area. Battles around the station of Plesetskaya followed. On 20 February 1920 the Red Army
entered Arkhangelsk, by which time all allied troops had already been evacuated.

In the 1930s, the Soviets carried out the same experiments in economics as elsewhere in Soviet Union. The peasants and fishermen were forcibly organized into

Nenets
) was strongly recommended to leave, became the military ground for nuclear bomb testing.

In 1932, the icebreaker

Sibiryakov under the command of Vladimir Voronin, sailing from Arkhangelsk, crossed the Northern Sea Route
in a single navigation.

Arkhangelsk Oblast proper was established in 1937. Before 1991, the high authority in the oblast was shared between three persons: the first secretary of the Arkhangelsk Oblast CPSU Committee (who in reality had the biggest authority), the chairman of the oblast Soviet (legislative power), and the chairman of the oblast Executive Committee (executive power). In 1991 the CPSU lost all power. The head of the Oblast administration, and eventually the governor, came to be elected or appointed.

The

fall of the Soviet Union
, struck Arkhangelsk Oblast very badly. Although there remains a strong demand for timber, the basis of the oblast's economy, the population of Arkhangelsk Oblast has steadily declined, especially in rural areas. Many villages either have been deserted, or are on the verge of disappearing.

Politics

Oblast government seat

During the Soviet period, the high authority in the oblast was shared between three persons: The first secretary of the Arkhangelsk CPSU Committee (who in reality had the highest authority), the chairman of the oblast Soviet (legislative power), and the chairman of the oblast Executive Committee (executive power). Since 1991, CPSU lost all the power, and the head of the Oblast administration, and eventually the governor was appointed/elected alongside elected regional parliament.

The Charter of Arkhangelsk Oblast is the fundamental law of the region. The Legislative Assembly of Arkhangelsk Oblast is the province's standing legislative (representative) body. The Legislative Assembly exercises its authority by passing laws, resolutions, and other legal acts and by supervising the implementation and observance of the laws and other legal acts passed by it. The highest executive body is the Oblast Government, which includes territorial executive bodies such as district administrations, committees, and commissions that facilitate development and run the day to day matters of the province. The Oblast administration supports the activities of the Governor who is the highest official and acts as guarantor of the observance of the oblast Charter in accordance with the Constitution of Russia.

First secretaries of the Arkhangelsk Oblast CPSU Committee

In the period when they were the most important authority in the oblast (1937 to 1991), the following first secretaries were appointed[21]

  • 1937 Dmitry Alexeyevich Kontorin, executed during the Great Purge;
  • 1937–1939 Alexander Filippovich Nikanorov, executed during the Great Purge;
  • 1939–1945 Georgy Petrovich Ogorodnikov;
  • 1945–1948 Boris Fyodorovich Nikolayev;
  • 1948–1955 Ivan Sergeyevich Latunov;
  • 1955–1960 Savely Prokhorovich Loginov;
  • 1960–1967 Konstantin Alexandrovich Novikov;
  • 1967–1983 Boris Veniaminovich Popov;
  • 1983–1989 Pyotr Maksimovich Telepnyov;
  • 1989–1990 Yuriy Alexandrovich Guskov;
  • 1990–1991 Anatoly Ivanovich Gromoglasov.

Governors

Since 1991, governors were sometimes appointed and sometimes elected,[21]

Oblast Assembly of Deputies

Main article: Arkhangelsk Oblast Assembly of Deputies

On 8 September 2013, regular elections of deputies to the legislative Arkhangelsk Oblast Assembly of Deputies were held in the region. Election results by party:

The Regional Assembly of Deputies of the sixth convocation began work on 25 September 2013.

Viktor Novozhilov was elected Chairman of the Arkhangelsk Oblast Assembly of Deputies, elected from the Arkhangelsk regional branch of United Russia.

Party factions formed:[22]

  • 45 deputies — United Russia faction, headed by Vitaly Fortygin,
  • 6 deputies — CPRF faction, headed by Alexander Novikov,
  • 4 deputies — LDPR faction, headed by Olga Ositsyna,
  • 3 deputies — A Just Russia faction, headed by Tatyana Sedunova,
  • 2 deputies — Rodina faction, headed by Vladimir Petrov.

Deputies of the State Duma from the oblast

The deputies of the State Duma of Russia, as representatives of the Arkhangelsk Oblast and members of the parties of Russia, in the present convocation are:

Administrative divisions

Main article: Administrative divisions of Arkhangelsk Oblast

The oblast is administratively divided into six

Victoria Island).[23] Another six towns (Kargopol, Mezen, Nyandoma, Shenkursk, Solvychegodsk, and Velsk
) have the status of the towns of district significance.

Nenets Autonomous Okrug, which is administratively subordinated to the oblast, is administratively divided into one district (Zapolyarny District) and one town of okrug significance (Naryan-Mar).

Restricted access

Huge areas within the limits of the oblast are included in the

FSB department is required.[24]

Economy

Industry

Arkhangelsk Oblast is one of the industrial regions of Russia. The region has a developed fishery, forestry, woodworking, cellulose, and paper industry. There are large reserves of natural resources: Lumber, oil, bauxite, titanium, gold, manganese, and basalt. In 2011, the paper production and related industries were responsible for 55% of all industrial production of the Oblast, food production – 11%, timber processing (excluding paper production) and furniture production – 12%.[25]

The principal industrial enterprises in Arkhangelsk Oblast are shipyards in Arkhangelsk and Severodvinsk (including Sevmash), pulp and paper mills in Koryazhma and Novodvinsk, and bauxite extraction plant in Severoonezhsk. Almost any town has some timber works.

Agriculture

Dried fish in Solovetsky Islands.

Fishery traditionally was the main means of subsistence in the

Pomor villages at the White Sea coast. During the Soviet times, the fishermen were organized into collective and state farms (Sovkhoz
's) and the fishery was heavily subsidized. In the 1990s the subsidies were stopped, and the fishery went into a serious crisis, some of the villages were deserted.

In the valleys of the main rivers, there is some

cattle breeding and crop and potato growing, which is, however, difficult due to the cold climate. Ustyansky District is notable for bee-keeping. Two notable breeds originate from Arkhangelsk Oblast. The Kholmogory cattle, from Kholmogory and Arkhangelsk countryside, mostly black and white, was particularly stable against cold climate in Northern Russia and eventually spread well beyond the Arkhangelsk Region.[26] The Mezen horses, bred in the Mezen River valley, are rather small but suitable for difficult work and easily survive cold winters.[27]

Transportation

Plesetskaya railway station in the settlement of Plesetsk

The area of current Arkhangelsk Oblast has always been located on the trading routes connecting central Russia to the White Sea, and, in fact, in the 17th century the White Sea was the main sea export route for Russia. The whole course of the Northern Dvina is navigable, as well as the lower course of some of its tributaries, most notably the Vychegda, the Vaga, and the Pinega. The Mezen is also navigable in the lower course. The Onega is not navigable except for the two relatively short stretches because of the rapids. However, except for the lower course of the Vychegda and some parts of the Northern Dvina, there is currently very little or no regular passenger navigation on these rivers. They are used for cargo traffic though.

In 1765, a road was built between Saint-Petersburg and Arkhangelsk, mainly for postal service.[28] The road still exists and passes Kargopol and Plesetsk, and it was paved in 2011.[29] One of the principal highways in Russia, M8, connects Moscow and Arkhangelsk, and passes Velsk. This highway is paved and heavily used. In general, the road network is grossly underdeveloped. Only several all-season highways, in addition to M8, cross the oblast boundaries: the one (partially unpaved) connecting Kotlas with Syktyvkar; the one (paved) connecting Kotlas to Veliky Ustyug and eventually with Vologda and Nikolsk, the one (paved) from Konosha southwards, and two (unpaved) from Kargopol to Pudozh and to Solza and Belozersk. Most of the local roads are unpaved. Until 2008, there were no all-season roads connecting the main road network with the north-east of the oblast, including the town of Mezen and the selo of Leshukonskoye, and there are still no roads into the Nenets Autonomous Okrug, on the left bank of the Onega downstream from Severoonezhsk, and very few roads on the right bank of the Northern Dvina. Many rivers can be crossed only by ferry boats, which means they cannot be crossed during the ice melting period. There is regular bus service on the main roads.

Kudemskaya narrow-gauge railway (2011)
Udimskaya narrow gauge railway

The principal railway line in the oblast is the railroad connecting Moscow and Arkhangelsk. The piece between

narrow gauge railways
were built in the 1950s and 1960s to facilitate the transport of timber, but since then most of these became unprofitable and have been destroyed.

In the 1970s and 1980s the aviation was active, with all district centers connected to Arkhangelsk with regular flights, Kotlas being the second important hub. Currently, it has almost disappeared. There are two airports in Arkhangelsk, but regular local flights are only carried out to the destinations which do not have rail or road connections, such as Novaya Zemlya, Solovetsky Islands, the Nenets Autonomous Okrug, the Onega Peninsula, and the north of the oblast. The exceptions with functioning airports are Mezen, Leshukonskoye, and Onega.

The oil transport system, Baltic Pipeline System, runs through the oblast, with two oil-pumping station located at Urdoma and Privodino.

The Kudemskaya narrow-gauge railway in 2010 has appeared in Forbes ranking, of 10 most beautiful railway routes of the world.

Demographics

The Northern Land (Apollinary Vasnetsov, 1899)

Population: 978,873 (

1989 Census).[33]

Historical population
YearPop.±%
1897346,536—    
1926429,184+23.8%
19391,199,200+179.4%
19591,267,186+5.7%
19701,401,289+10.6%
19791,467,069+4.7%
19891,570,256+7.0%
20021,336,539−14.9%
20101,227,626−8.1%
2021978,873−20.3%
Source: Census data
Ethnic Groups Population in 2021[34]
Russians 806,583 (82.4%)
Ukrainians 4,829 (0.5%)
Belarusians 1,702 (0.2%)
Pomors 1,297 (0.1%)
Azerbaijanis 1,290 (0.1%)
Tatars 1,089 (0.1%)
Others 11,018 (1.1%)
Ethnicity not stated 151,065 (15.4%)

Vital statistics for 2022:[35][36]

  • Births: 7,716 (7.2 per 1,000)
  • Deaths: 15,249 (14.3 per 1,000)

Total fertility rate (2022):[37]
1.49 children per woman

Life expectancy (2021):[38]
Total — 69.60 years (male — 64.33, female — 75.08)

Fertility rates of the region 2000–2018[39]

Total fertility rates Urban fertility Rural fertility
2000 1.21 1.10 1.65
2001 1.30 1.20 1.73
2002 1.38 1.27 1.89
2003 1.40 1.30 1.88
2004 1.41 1.30 1.90
2005 1.36 1.26 1.75
2006 1.37 1.24 1.89
2007 1.50 1.34 2.14
2008 1.53 1.36 2.22
2009 1.59 1.41 2.34
2010 1.63 1.45 2.45
2011 1.63 1.42 2.83
2012 1.76 1.51 3.47
2013 1.80 1.55 3.81
2014 1.84 1.54 4.26
2015 1.85 1.64 3.96
2016 1.83 1.60 4.47
2017 1.68 1.44 4.39
2018 1.58 1.36 4.68

A notable subgroup of Russian population are the

Novgorod
population who colonized the Russian North in 12th–13th centuries. In 2002 Census, approximately 6,500 residents of Arkhangelsk Oblast indicated their ethnicity as Pomors.

Settlements

Religion

Religion in Arkhangelsk Oblast as of 2012 (Sreda Arena Atlas)[40][41]
Russian Orthodoxy
 
 29.1%
Other Orthodox
 
 0.7%
Old Believers
 
 0.5%
Other Christians
 
 6.1%
Rodnovery
and other native faiths
 
 0.7%
Spiritual but not religious
 
 32.5%
Atheism and irreligion
 
 16.4%
Other and undeclared
 
 14%

According to a 2012 survey

Slavic native faith (Rodnovery). In addition, 32% of the population declared to be "spiritual but not religious", 16% is atheist, and 17.9% follows other religions or did not give an answer to the question.[40]

Arts and culture

Architecture

The triple church ensemble in the selo of Lyadiny, Kargopolsky District. In 2013, the bell tower and the Intercession Church (right) burned to the ground.

Arkhangelsk Oblast is famous for its wooden buildings which include churches, chapels, peasant houses and farms, and city houses. The choice of wood as the construction material is natural for a region almost exclusively covered by taiga and still being one of the biggest timber producers. Some of these buildings date from the 17th century. Churches and chapels are considered particularly fine, and almost all of these constructed prior to 1920s have been declared the cultural heritage at the federal or local levels. More than 600 buildings (both of timber and stone) are protected on the federal level.[42] An open-air ethnographic museum was open in the village of Malye Korely close to Arkhangelsk, with the purpose of preserving this heritage.

Presentation Church in Solvychegodsk

The most notable wooden churches are triple church ensembles, which consist of two churches (a bigger, not heated, church used in the summer, and a smaller, heated church used in the winter) and a bell-tower. Not more than a dozen of these triple wooden ensembles survived, the best known being the one located in the

World Heritage. Most of these ensembles are located in the Arkhangelsk Oblast, in particular, in the villages of Varzogory and Abramovskaya (Onezhsky District). Other notable wooden churches are located in Kargopolsky (Oshevenskoye, Krasnaya Lyaga, Saunino and others), Verkhnetoyemsky (Soyezerskaya Pustyn), Onezhsky, Primorsky, and Plesetsky (Porzhensky Pogost
) districts. Despite being listed as cultural heritage, most of these buildings are neglected and regularly burn down. As a matter of fact, the majority of the churches considered as masterpieces has been lost.[43] For instance, Verkhnemudyugsky Pogost in Onezhsky District, a triple church ensemble, burned down in 1997.[44] A church and the bell-tower of the triple ensemble in Lyadiny (Kargopolsky District) burned down on 6 May 2013.[45]

The oblast preserves some of the best stone architectural ensembles in Russia. The ensemble of the

Stroganov baroque churches
.

Two of the towns in the oblast – Kargopol and Solvychegodsk – are classified as historical towns by the Ministry of Culture of Russian Federation, which implies certain restrictions on construction in their historical centers.[46]

Arts

A spinning distaff board from the Nizhnyaya Toyma area featuring traditional tripartite layout

The monasteries facilitated the development of

Stroganovs and generated the Stroganov icon painting school, which in the end of the 17th century was principally active in Moscow.[47]

The icon-painting techniques were transferred to the traditional wood painting known since the 17th century in the valleys of the Northern Dvina (Nizhnyaya Toyma, Borok, Puchuga, Permogorye), the Pinega, and the Mezen. It was used to decorate various wooden surfaces such as, for example, spinning distaffs or chests, and employed geometrical figures as well as images of plants, animals, and humans. The Arkhangelsk traditional wooden painting is special since the surface was prepared in a particular way before the painting started, similar to icons.[48]

Despite the fact that several notable Russian artists including Vasily Vereshchagin traveled into the region in the 19th century, professional (non-icon) painting did not develop in Arkhangelsk until the 1890s. Aleksandr Borisov, Stepan Pisakhov, and Tyko Vylka, all of them landscape painters interested in Northern and Arctic landscapes, are considered as the founders of Arkhangelsk painting.[49]

Various handicrafts were developed in the area. The most notable ones are the Kholmogory bone carving, existing since the 17th century,[50] and Kargopol toys, moulded painted clay figures of people and animals.

Literature

Like other areas of

Northern Russia, Arkhangelsk Oblast is notable for its folklore. Until the mid-20th century, fairy tales and bylinas were still performed on a daily basis by professional performers, some of whom, like Mariya Krivopolenova, achieved prominence in Moscow and St. Petersburg. One of the first Arkhangelsk folklore collectors was Alexander Hilferding, who actually died in Kargopol during his journey. Starting from the 1890s, folkloric expeditions were organized to the White Sea area, and later to other areas of the Arkhangelsk Governorate, in order to write down the tales and the bylinas, in particular, in Pomor dialects. In the 1920s, mostly due to the efforts of Anna Astakhova, these expeditions became systematic. The results have been published. By the 1960s, the performing art was basically extinct. However, these folkloric motives and fairy tales inspired the literary works of Stepan Pisakhov and Boris Shergin
, who were both natives of Arkhangelsk.

Protopope

Pustozyorsk, currently in Nenets Autonomous Okrug, for 14 years before being burned alive. Avvakum is an author of about sixty literary works, including the Life of Avvakum, most of which were written in Pustozyorsk and are considered among the most notable Russian literary pieces of the 17th century.[51]

Mikhail Lomonosov, a polymath and poet who created the basis of the modern Russian literary language, was born in 1711 in the village of Denisovka, close to Kholmogory, though he left the area to pursue his studies at the age of 18 and spent most of his career in Moscow and Saint-Petersburg. Denisovka was later renamed into Lomonosovo in his honour.

Aleksey Chapygin, a historical novelist, was born in what is now Kargopol District. His first novels describe the peasant life of the Arkhangelsk Governorate.

In the 20th century, two of the authors of the

Aleksander Yashin lived in Arkhangelsk for some time. In their literary works, as well as in the works of Yury Kazakov, a short story writer who traveled extensively in the Russian North, the life of Arkhangelsk peasants features prominently. The name of one of the Kazakov's books of short stories is Poedemte v Lopshengu — Let us go to Lopshenga; Lopshenga
is a selo on the White Sea coast.

Some of the

Naryan Mar.[52]

Sports

Arkhangelsk Oblast Junior Bandy Championships

One sport in which the oblast achieved prominence is bandy. The Vodnik Bandy Club from Arkhangelsk has become the Russian champion nine times (1996–2000 and 2002–2005) and won the Bandy World Cup in 2003 and 2004.[53] Arkhangelsk hosted the 1999 Bandy World Championship and the same in 2003.

Emergency handling

In 1998, the Arkhangelsk Regional Rescue Service was established by the governor. The responsibility of the Rescue Service is to handle emergency situations, such as forest fires.

Arkhangelsk regional authorities declared a state of emergency.[54][55]

References

Notes

  1. ^ Президент Российской Федерации. Указ №849 от 13 мая 2000 г. «О полномочном представителе Президента Российской Федерации в федеральном округе». Вступил в силу 13 мая 2000 г. Опубликован: "Собрание законодательства РФ", No. 20, ст. 2112, 15 мая 2000 г. (President of the Russian Federation. Decree #849 of May 13, 2000 On the Plenipotentiary Representative of the President of the Russian Federation in a Federal District. Effective as of May 13, 2000.).
  2. ^ Госстандарт Российской Федерации. №ОК 024-95 27 декабря 1995 г. «Общероссийский классификатор экономических регионов. 2. Экономические районы», в ред. Изменения №5/2001 ОКЭР. (Gosstandart of the Russian Federation. #OK 024-95 December 27, 1995 Russian Classification of Economic Regions. 2. Economic Regions, as amended by the Amendment #5/2001 OKER. ).
  3. ^ Law #413-21-OZ
  4. ^ a b Charter, Article 5
  5. ^ Charter, Chapter IV
  6. ^ Official website of Arkhangelsk Oblast. Igor Orlov Archived December 28, 2016, at the Wayback Machine, Governor of Arkhangelsk Oblast (in Russian)
  7. ^ Charter, Chapter V
  8. Federal Service for State Registration, Cadastre and Cartography. Archived from the original
    on February 9, 2022. Retrieved August 29, 2023.
  9. ^ "Оценка численности постоянного населения по субъектам Российской Федерации". Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved September 1, 2022.
  10. ^ both the total population and the percentages are given without the Nenets Autonomous Okrug
  11. ^ "26. Численность постоянного населения Российской Федерации по муниципальным образованиям на 1 января 2018 года". Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved January 23, 2019.
  12. ^ "Об исчислении времени". Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации (in Russian). June 3, 2011. Retrieved January 19, 2019.
  13. ^ Official throughout the Russian Federation according to Article 68.1 of the Constitution of Russia.
  14. ^ "Административно-территориальное деление Архангельской губернии в XVIII-XX вв" (in Russian). Архивы России. 2000. Archived from the original on July 24, 2011. Retrieved March 14, 2017.
  15. ^
    Federal State Statistics Service
    .
  16. ^ "Оценка численности постоянного населения по субъектам Российской Федерации". Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved September 1, 2022.
  17. ^ Архангельская область. Great Soviet Encyclopedia.
  18. ^ C. Michael Hogan (2008) Polar Bear: Ursus maritimus, Globaltwitcher.com, ed. Nicklas Stromberg Archived December 24, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
  19. ^ ООПТ Северо-Западного округа (in Russian). Особо охраняемые природные территории России. Retrieved June 7, 2011.
  20. ^ Плечко, Л.А. (1985). Старинные водные пути (in Russian). Moscow: Физкультура и спорт. Archived from the original on September 25, 2011. Retrieved August 29, 2011.
  21. ^ a b Архангельская область (in Russian). Государственные деятели. Retrieved December 28, 2011.
  22. ^ "Архангельское областное Собрание депутатов" [Arkhangelsk Oblast Assembly of Deputies]. Archived from the original on October 11, 2013. Retrieved October 15, 2013.
  23. ^ Государственный комитет Российской Федерации по статистике. Комитет Российской Федерации по стандартизации, метрологии и сертификации. №ОК 019-95 1 января 1997 г. «Общероссийский классификатор объектов административно-территориального деления. Код 11», в ред. изменения №278/2015 от 1 января 2016 г.. (State Statistics Committee of the Russian Federation. Committee of the Russian Federation on Standardization, Metrology, and Certification. #OK 019-95 January 1, 1997 Russian Classification of Objects of Administrative Division (OKATO). Code 11, as amended by the Amendment #278/2015 of January 1, 2016. ).
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Sources

  • Архангельское областное Собрание депутатов. Областной закон №413-21-ОЗ от 31 октября 2007 г. «О гимне Архангельской области», в ред. Областного закона №567-38-ОЗ от 7 ноября 2017 г «О внесении изменений в отдельные областные законы в сфере использования официальных символов Архангельской области». Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования (16 ноября 2007 г.). Опубликован: "Волна", No.89, 16 ноября 2007 г. (Arkhangelsk Oblast Assembly of Deputies. Oblast Law #413-21-OZ of October 31, 2007 On the Anthem of Arkhangelsk Oblast, as amended by the Oblast Law #567-38-OZ of November 7, 2017 On Amending Several Oblast Laws Dealing with the Usage of the Official Symbols of Arkhangelsk Oblast. Effective as of the day of official publication (November 16, 2007).).
  • Архангельское областное Собрание депутатов. Решение №36 от 23 мая 1995 г. «Устав Архангельской области», в ред. Областного закона №500-31-ОЗ от 23 декабря 2016 г. «О поправке к уставу Архангельской области». Вступил в силу со дня принятия (23 мая 1995 г.). Опубликован: "Волна", №21, 2 июня 1995 г. (Arkhangelsk Oblast Assembly of Deputies. Decision #36 of May 23, 1995 Charter of Arkhangelsk Oblast, as amended by the Oblast Law #500-31-OZ of December 23, 2016 On Amending the Charter of Arkhangelsk Oblast. Effective as of the day of adoption (May 23, 1995).).

External links

Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Arkhangelsk Oblast.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Arkhangelsk Oblast.

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