Armed Forces of Belarus

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Map showing main military units of the Belarusian Armed Forces
  Ground Forces
  Air and Air Defence Forces
  Special Forces
  Transport Troops

The Armed Forces of the Republic of Belarus (Belarusian: Узброеныя сілы Рэспублікі Беларусь [УС РБ], romanized: Uzbrojenyja sily Respubliki Bielaruś [US RB]; Russian: Вооруженные силы Республики Беларусь, romanized: Vooruzhennyye sily Respubliki Belarus) are the military forces of Belarus. It consists of the Ground Forces and the Air Force and Air Defence Forces, all under the command of the Ministry of Defence. As a landlocked country, Belarus has no navy, however the Belarusian military does have control over some small Soviet inherited naval vessels in its rivers and lakes.

In 2017,

conscripts serving for a period of 18 months, although there is an alternative service option. The Belarusian military still holds many Soviet military laws and holds high numbers of reserve personnels as a high priority. [5]

Belarus conducted military reforms in the early 2000s which reshaped its armed forces as a relatively effective force for a small state in somewhat difficult economic conditions.[6]

History

Soldiers of the Belarusian Battalion within the Lithuanian Armed Forces 1919

The

armed forces in its brief existence, although attempts to create a military have been documented.[7]

Until 1991, the Soviet

Long Range Aviation
, the Navy, and special forces.

In late 1991 the 5th Guards Tank Army comprised the

19th Guards Tank Division
.

On September 20, 1991, the Supreme Soviet of Belarus passed resolution "On the formation of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Belarus" and on January 11, 1992, resolution "On the Armed Forces deployed in the territory of the Republic of Belarus." On March 18, 1992, the parliament passed resolution "On the Armed Forces of the Republic of Belarus" that bound the government "to start the formation of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Belarus as of March 20, 1992" and "to submit to the Supreme Soviet for approval the suggested structure of the Armed Forces, their size and order of their material and technical supplies".

On May 6, 1992, the

Belorussian Military District was abolished. The Belarusian Ministry of Defence and the Main Staff were formed from its resources.[9] The former first deputy commander and military district Chief of Staff, Lieutenant-General Pavel Kozlovskiy, was appointed Minister of Defence on 22 April 1992, taking over from acting Minister of Defence Colonel-General Petr Chaus. On 8 September 1992, the Minsk Higher Military Engineering School and the Minsk Higher Military Command School (now the unified Military Academy of Belarus) were the first to take the military oath of allegiance to the armed forces, with their induction ceremony being held on Independence Square in the presence of defense minister Kozlovskii.[10][11] This was done to commemorate anniversary of the Lithuanian-Polish victory at the Battle of Orsha, which was considered to be a Day of Belarusian Military Glory.[12]

On August 17, 1992, personnel from the

30th Guards Motor Rifle Division: the 30th Guards Tank Regiment and the 20th independent Reconnaissance Battalion were the three units at the site.[13]

On November 3, 1992, Belarus passed the law "On the Armed Forces of the Republic of Belarus" defining the status, structure and guiding principles of the Armed Forces.[14] After the introduction of presidency the law was amended twice: on September 4, 1996, and on November 9, 1999, but on the whole the law retains its initial contents.

On January 1, 1993, all service personnel on Belarusian soil were required to either take an

oath of loyalty
to Belarus, or leave. This oath however did not alleviate concerns regarding loyalty to Russia in time of crisis, especially since nearly 50% of all military personnel were ethnically Russian in the end of 1992.

In June 1995, President Alexander Lukashenko issued a decree on the Mobile Forces. By June 1996, they comprised a headquarters in Vitebsk, two brigades drawn from the 103rd Guards Airborne Division, the 38th Independent Mobile Brigade (Brest, Belarus), an air transport regiment, and communications, logistics, and engineer units.[15]

Membership in the

Union of Russia and Belarus and the Treaty of the Formation of a Union State in 1999, confirmed a close partnership with Russia. Much of the air defence system was integrated into the Russian air defence network, and in 2006 the two nations signed an agreement on the creation of a unified air defence system.[16]

Structure

Belarus government websites say that the Ministry of Defence of the Republic of Belarus is supported by Central Command Support Elements and the General Staff of the Armed Forces.[17] Combat Support Elements of the Armed Forces included Reconnaissance, Electronic Warfare, Signals, Engineer, NBC Defence, Navigation and Topography, and Maintenance organisations. Logistic Elements of the Armed Forces provided Material Support, Logistic Support, Medical Support, Veterinarian Support, and Military Construction.

In 1995 the Military Academy of Belarus was set up on the basis of two military educational institutions – the Minsk Air Defence and Rocket School of the Soviet Air Defence Forces and the Minsk Higher Military Command School. Its 10 departments train officers of 38 specialties for practically all arms of service. Also in 1995 it was given the status of a government institution of secondary special military education for young men.

Branches

Ground Forces

11th Mech Bde
120th Mech Bde
103rd Mobile Bde
38th Mobile Bde
5th Spetsnaz Bde
class=notpageimage|
Combat brigades of Belarus
Source [1]

A

Osipovichi,[19] three mechanized divisions, one airborne brigade, three surface-to-surface missile brigades,[20] two antitank brigades, one special duties brigade, and seven anti-aircraft missile brigades. Equipment included 3,108 main battle tanks (seventy-nine T-54, 639 T-55, 291 T-62, 299 T-64, eight T-80, and 1,800 T-72), 419 medium-range launchers, sixty surface to-surface missiles, and 350 surface-to-air missiles.[citation needed
]

In 1993 the 7th Tank Army was reorganised as the 7th Army Corps. In 1994 the 7th Army Corps was redesignated as the 65th Army Corps, still located at Borisov.

By January 1, 1995, the composition of the Belarusian ground forces had changed.

65th Army Corps (Minsk and Vitebsk Regions), composed of headquarters at Borisov
, three armament and equipment bases, and corps units; and the 5th Guards Army Corps (Minsk and Mahilyow regions) made up of headquarters at Babruysk, the 30th Separate Motor Rifle Brigade, two Armament and Equipment bases, and corps units.

Actually, the 103rd Guards Airborne Division had been reorganized as Headquarters, Mobile Forces, in 1993. On 1 August 1996 the 51st Guards Artillery Division was reorganised as the 51st Guards Central Group of Artillery, still located at

Osipovichi.[21]

On 21 December 2001, a major reorganisation of the Ground Forces produced two operational-territorial commands, formed from two former corps headquarters.

North Western Operational Command, the former 65th Army Corps, at Barysaw
(Borisov).

Since about 2001, territorial defence forces, which as of 2002 number around 150,000, have been forming, organised into battalions, companies, and platoons spread across Belarus.[6]

In 2007, the Land Forces consisted of 29,600 soldiers (

Marina Gorka
.

In 2012 it was reported that there were six mechanised brigades in the Ground Forces: three full-strength, the 6th (Grodno), 11th (Slonim), and 120th Guards Mechanised Brigade at Minsk. The others were at reduced strength, where there was one battalion, the 19th (Zaslonova), 37th, and 50th (Baranovichi).[25] By 2017, the number of mechanised brigades had been further reduced to four, with two at full strength and two at reduced strength.[5]

Air Force and Air Defence Forces

The 28th Fighter Aviation Regiment,

Mogilev Oblast, and disbanded in 1993.[26]

In 2007 the Air Force and Air Defence Force of Belarus (AF & ADF) consisted of 18,170 personnel (two fighter/interceptor bases, four FGA/reconnaissance squadrons, one transport air base, training aircraft, and attack and support helicopters, SAM units). Air Force equipment included in 2004 260 fighter-ground attack/training aircraft and 80 attack helicopters. According to Belarus government websites, the Air Forces now have two commands, the Western Operational-Tactical Command and the North-Western Operational-Tactical Command.

The 61st and 927th Air Bases have now merged into the 61st (fighter) Air Base at

Su-25s
.

Independent forces

Special Forces

Troops of the Special Forces during the 2015 Moscow Victory Day Parade

The

Libyan Civil War (2011).[28]

Transport Troops

The Belarusian Transport Troops is responsible for the movement of personnel and material by truck, rail, and air. It is also designed to carry the tasks of the transport support of the military formations from other service branches. General leadership is exercised by the Minister of Defense, while direct control is carried out by the Head of the Transport Support Department, a position that reports directly to the President.

Territorial Forces

The Territorial Forces (Belarusian: Тэрытарыяльныя войскі, Russian: Территориальные войска) are a homeland defence organization in the armed forces. It is managed by the Department of the Territorial Forces, being a support department of the Ministry of Defence of Belarus and is operated by the General Staff. It is currently located on Kommunisticheskaya Street in Minsk. The current head of the department of territorial forces is Colonel Andrei Paseko. The Territorial Defence system was established in the early 2000s. Over 120,000 troops constitute the size of the Territorial Forces, which is twice as much as it serves in the regular duty military.[29] During an address by President Alexander Lukashenko on 18 February 2016, he announced the allocation of arms and to the territorial forces and the minimum and maximum amount of district troops ranging from one company and a battalion. Personnel of these units are recruited from residents of their respective administrative-territorial regions.[30][31][32][33][34]

Specialized forces

Special troops are designed to support the combat activities of the Ground Forces and solve their inherent tasks. They include formations and military units of intelligence, communications, engineering, radiation, chemical and biological defense, electronic warfare, navigation and topographic.[35]

  • Electronic Warfare Troops
  • Signal Corps
  • Engineer troops
  • NBC Protection Troops
  • Topographic Navigation Service

Security forces

Internal Troops

The Special Purpose Unit of the Internal Troops.

The

Internal Troops
after the collapse of the Soviet Union. They consist of three independent brigades and seven independent battalions (consecutively numbered).

Border Guard Service

The Border Guard Service is the paramilitary force of the State Border Committee of the Republic of Belarus. It covers the borders with Russia, Ukraine, Poland, Lithuania and Latvia.[36][37]

Manpower

Belarusian jets during a flyby in Minsk, July 2019.

The Government Directive of 20 March 1992 'On the Establishment of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Belarus' founded the Belarusian army. The Soviet troops of the BMD were smoothly converted into Belarusian military units. Yet one of the first tasks of the Belarusian government was a reduction in its numbers. 240,000 soldiers and officers were serving in the Belarusian Military District. By early 2013 the numbers of military personnel had been scaled down nearly fourfold since 1991. In February 2014, Belorusskaya Voyennaya Gazeta, the official publication of the Ministry of Defense revealed that the Belarusian Armed Forces contains about 59,500 personnel, including 46,000 soldiers and 13,000 civilians.[38]

Personnel

Military commandants

The military commandants of the Armed Forces of Belarus are regional administrations tasked with overseeing Belarusian regiments in the commandant's territory. Units are assigned to a specific commandant based on their location. There are 6 military commandants in the Belarusian Armed Forces.[39]

Commandant Name Commander Region
Belarus Supreme Commander Supreme Commander Alexander Lukashenko All Regions
Baranavichy Military Commandant Lieutenant Colonel Vladimir Pivovar Brest Region
Babruysk Military Commandant Lieutenant Colonel Vladimir Gritsuk Mogilev Region
Barysaw Military Commandant Lieutenant Colonel Ivan Kislyi Minsk Region
Brest Military Commandant Lieutenant Colonel Yuri Ivanyuk Brest Region
Grodno Military Commandant[40] Lieutenant Colonel Alexander Lupyrev Grodno Region
Minsk Military Commandant Colonel Nikolai Kurash Minsk Region

Units under the command of commandants include military police, honour guards and military bands.[41]

Military education

Equipment

BTR-D
Main article: List of equipment of the Armed Forces of Belarus

The military forces of Belarus are almost exclusively armed with Soviet-era equipment inherited from the Soviet Union. Although large in numbers, some Western experts consider some of it outdated.

"The Belarusian armed forces receive around 100 brand-new and upgraded systems a year", said in late July 2018, Belarusian Deputy Minister of Defence for Armament and Chief of Armament Major General Sergei Simonenko.

T-55, the APCs and IFVs are of Russian type MT-LB, BMP-2, BMP-1, and the BMD-1, and Russian type trucks are the GAZ-66
and the KAMAZ-6560. While the IISS Military Balance 2016 listed 69 T-80s in service,[45] by 2018 the listing had been removed, and the only MBTs listed were 527 T-72 as well as 5 T-72B3.

The Air Force is equipped with

S-400 air defense systems and 9K720 Iskander tactical ballistic missiles were delivered in 2022.[49] It was also reported that almost every company was equipped with quadcopters.[50]
In July of 2023, the Russian defense ministry released a video with an short article, describing the future defense operations with Belarus, the video included images of Su35, Mig 29, and Su34 fighter jets, T80 and T72 main battle tanks, drones, S400 anti-air systems and more. Which is leading experts to believe that these are some weapons that Belarus has shown heavy interests in buying.

Military cooperation

Further information (in Belarusian): International military cooperation of the Republic of Belarus [be]

CSTO

Further information (in Russian): CSTO operation in Kazakhstan [ru]

The armed forces took part in a joint

CSTO military intervention in Kazakhstan during the 2022 Kazakh unrest.[51][52]

Military advisors

Further information (in Belarusian): Military specialists of Belarus [be]
See also:
Group of belarusian military specialists in Venezuela

The armed forces have sent their military specialists to countries such as Côte d'Ivoire, Venezuela, Libya, Yemen and the Democratic Republic of the Congo, acting both officially and secretly. In Belarus, they have previously trained military personnel from the Nigerian Army. In 2014 and 2015, the special forces of the Nigerian Army were trained on the territory of Belarus, with the Belarusians training the Nigerians in counterterrorism.[53][54]

In 2007, an agreement was signed in Caracas with Venezuela, according to which Belarusian military specialists for the

Sana'a, a Belarusian was killed and another was wounded.[57] In February 2020, a dozen Belarusian military instructors arrived in Abidjan (Côte d'Ivoire), where they were stationed at the Agban military base, which is occupied by one of the country's national gendarmerie units.[58]

Institutions and special units of the armed forces

Museum of Military History of Belarus

The Museum of Military History of Belarus (Russian: Музей военной истории Беларуси) is located in the Pyershamayski District of Minsk.[59] It was established as the Museum of the History of the Belarusian Military District, opened in Minsk on February 21, 1978. In July 1993, it was converted into a museum on the military history of Belarus. The exhibits are the same as before the collapse of the USSR, with a small section on the medieval history of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania having since been added.[60] Its collection numbers over 18 thousand exhibits. The most ancient of them date back to the 6th century.[61]

Drama Theatre of the Belarusian Army

Belarusian Union of Officers

The Public Association "Belarusian Union of Officers" (hereinafter referred to as BSO) is a public association of officers and warrant officers who are on active duty and in retirement. It was established on 20 September 1992 at its founding congress. On September 18, 1993, Deputy of the Supreme Soviet Alexander Lukashenko took part in the 2nd Congress. From October 2005 to January 2015, the Republican Council of the BSO was headed by retired Lieutenant General E. Mikulchik, and until November 2017 was led by retired Major General V. Bamburov.[62]

Other

Military holidays

See also: Public holidays in Belarus

Combat Banners and military marches

See also: Culture of Belarus

The Battle Banner of a military unit is a symbol of the unit, retained throughout its lineage. Changes in the name and numbering of a military unit are entered in the Certificate of the President of the Republic of Belarus, issued upon presentation of the Battle Banner. The Battle Banner is awarded to formations, brigades/regiments, battalions, divisions, air squadrons, training units, and military educational institutions. Guards units are awarded with a black-and-orange guards ribbon attached to its shaft. Upon presentation of the Battle Banner to a military unit, a Diploma of the President of the Republic of Belarus is issued. In the event of the loss of the Battle Banner, the commander of a military unit and its servicemen are subject to legal consequences and the military unit is disbanded.[66]

The following is a list of notable Belarusian military pieces:[67][68]

  • Motherland My Dear (Радзіма мая дарагая)
  • Victory March (Марш Перамогi)
  • Anthem of the Military Academy (Гимн Военной академии)
  • Grenadier March (Марш Грэнадыі)
  • Our Fatherland's Flag (Айчыны нашай сцяг)[69]
  • Song from 45 (Письмо из 45-го)

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External links