Armed Forces of the Republic of Tajikistan

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Armed Forces of the Republic of Tajikistan
2021 Kyrgyzstan–Tajikistan conflict
  • 2022 Kyrgyzstan–Tajikistan clashes
    • RanksMilitary ranks of Tajikistan

    The Armed Forces of the Republic of Tajikistan (

    national guard, border and internal troops
    .

    History

    Background

    Unlike the other former Soviet states of Central Asia, Tajikistan did not form armed forces based upon former Soviet units on its territory. Instead, the Russian Ministry of Defence took control of the Dushanbe-based 201st Motor Rifle Division. Control simply shifted from the former district headquarters in Tashkent, which was in now-independent Uzbekistan, to Moscow. Also present in Tajikistan was a large contingent of Soviet border guards, which transitioned into a Russian-officered force with Tajik conscripts. For a long period a CIS peacekeeping force, built around the 201st MRD, were in place in the country.

    Establishment and the Civil War

    On 18 December 1992, the Chairman of the Supreme Council of Tajikistan Emomali Rahmon signed the Resolution "On the Establishment of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Tajikistan" on the basis of the Popular Front and the forces supporting the constitutional government.[1] The Popular Front sported paramilitary formations who were armed by former President Rahmon Nabiyev.[2] On 23 February 1993, in the center of Dushanbe, the first military parade of militants of the Popular Front was held, which has since been considered the day the military formed.[3] Due to the presence of Russian forces in the country and the Tajikistani Civil War, Tajikistan only formally legalised the existence of its armed forces in April 1994.[4] During the 1990s, the armed forces were often suffered from a poor commanded structure and poor discipline while their equipment was under-maintained. Draft-dodging and desertion was commonplace. Reflecting the fragmented militia group origin of the army's units, in late 1995 the 1st (led by Mahmud Khudoiberdiyev) and 11th Brigades (led by Faizali Saidov[5]) of the Army exchanged fire several times, and fighting again broke out between the Army Rapid Reaction Brigade (formerly the Mahmud Brigade) and the Presidential Guard in June 1996. Colonel Khudoiberdiev, commander of the Rapid Reaction Brigade was relieved of his command as a result.[6]     

    Post-war to present

    Following a 1997 treaty between the Rahmon government and the United Tajik Opposition,[7] several UTO units became part of the National Army, becoming some of its most experienced units. Popular Front units also were incorporated into the Tajik regular army, although many units, such as the First Brigade, maintained its autonomy.[8] Russian military advisors formed a committee in the Ministry of Defense that year that established a system of operational training throughout the armed forces.[9]

    In 1999, the first military exercises of the Armed Forces were held in the Khatlon Garrison.[10] In 2001, military regulations were introduced.[11] In October 2005, a military doctrine was also introduced.[12]

    In September 2013, the

    Kök-Tash, utilizing heavy artillery.[13] The Kyrgyz Prosecutor General's Office on 30 April accused the Tajik Armed Forces of invading the country and seizing their sovereign territory.[14]

    In July, the Tajik military held its largest training exercise in response to the Taliban offensive coming near their borders.[15]

    It is reported by Russian Ambassador to Tajikistan Igor Lyakin-Frolov that at the end of 2021, large-scale supplies of Russian military hardware, equipment, weapons and munitions were made to Tajikistan.[16]

    Overview

    Chief of Staff Emomali Sobirzoda

    Command

    Main article: Ministry of Defence (Tajikistan)

    The Security Council advises the President of Tajikistan on matters of national security. As Supreme Commander-in-Chief, the President of Tajikistan is entitled to use the Center for the Management of the Armed Forces (opened on National Army Day in 2018), which would serve as the main military command center for the president, similarly to the Russian Armed Forces National Defense Management Center.[17]

    The main body of operational command and control of troops is the General Staff, which is responsible for developing mobilization plans and proposals on the military doctrine of the Republic. The plan for the deployment of troops is also developed by the General Staff in agreement with the Government.[18]

    Personnel

    Military education

    Members of the corps of drums of the military lyceum.

    Russia provided much support toward the creation of the national army, and trained command and engineer personnel. An institute of higher military education was created in Tajikistan. Despite the large budget and the adequate training of personnel, the national army was still far from a professional service. Currently, over 100 Tajik military cadets have undergone training at National Defense Academy and the Indian Military Academy in India.[19] Tajiks also study in Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan, China, Pakistan, and the Czech Republic to study, retrain, and improve their professional skills.[20]

    The following are higher military educational institutions that are part of the Ministry of Defence and/or other militarized institutions:

    Military faculties operate in the armed forces:

    The following is for mid-tier officers:

    • Karatag National Training Center – Established in 2010 with American assistance.
      Tajik National Guard.[25]
    • Border Troops Training Centre
    • Training Center "Poytakht"
    • National Guard Training Center

    Secondary institutions:

    Personnel training and conscription

    Tajik men aged 18–27 are eligible to be drafted in the armed forces, and are expected to serve up to two years. Public servants such as educators have been exempt from the conscription since the early 2000s.[26] The Armed Forces annually has two training sessions.[27]

    Regional areas

    The National Army has five Territorial Defense Zones (Tajik: минтақаи мурофиавии ҳудудии), divided among the Regions of Tajikistan and Dushanbe:

    • Khatlon
      Territorial Defense Zone
    • Territorial Defense Zone for
      Districts of Republican Subordination
    • Sughd Territorial Defense Zone
    • Dushanbe Territorial Defense Zone
    • Gorno-Badakhshan
      Territorial Defense Zone

    They are led by their elected governors.

    Facilities

    • Fakhrabad Training Ground
    • Chorrukh-Dayron Training Center
    • Nurafshon Training Ground[28] (near the city of Isfara and the Sughd suburbs)[29]
    • Mumirak Military Base

    Military Justice

    Military courts are run by the Ministry of Defense and the National Guard. They are established on a territorial basis at the location of garrisons. Their activity is aimed at protecting the rights and freedoms of servicemen, as well as the interests of military units. A military court consists of the chairman, deputy chairman, judges and people's deputies.[30]

    Military awards
    • Medal "10 Years of the Tajik Armed Forces
      Medal "10 Years of the Tajik Armed Forces
    • Medal "15 Years of the Tajik Armed Forces
      Medal "15 Years of the Tajik Armed Forces
    • Medal "5 Years of the Tajik Armed Forces
      Medal "5 Years of the Tajik Armed Forces

    Branches

    Army

    Main article: Tajik Ground Forces
    Tajik National Army members

    During the Tajik civil war (1992–1993), the Russian government had around 22,000 to 25,000 troops stationed in Tajikistan to help the regime as part of a defense agreement, which is why the Tajik government was able to survive the war. The war was often thought to have been started by

    Islamic fundamentalists
    , but more accurately, it was a war between the regional clans and ethnic groups.

    By the mid-1990s, the National Army numbered to around 3,000. The majority of the officer corps were Russian, mostly veterans of the war in

    Russian Army
    , due to the higher pay. Because of military opposition in the country, the regime had the largest military buildup in the Central Asian region. As of 1997, Tajikistan had two motorized rifle brigades (one of them is a training brigade), a special operations brigade and detachment (all primarily intended for the protection of the ruling regime), and a combined aviation squadron. Tajikistan further had a basic set of units and sub-units that provide operational, technical, and logistic support.

    Contingent from the Tajik military during the Moscow Victory Day Parade, 9 May 2015

    The Tajikistan army in 2007 had two motorized rifle brigades, one mountain brigade, one artillery brigade, one airborne assault brigade, one airborne assault detachment, and one surface-to-air missile regiment.

    Air Force

    Main article: Tajik Air Force

    Throughout the 1990s, the military did not have an air force and relied on the Russian Air Force for air defense, however, the government planned on making one aviation squadron. In 2007, the Air Force had 800 troops and 12 helicopters. The organizational structure of the Air Force is unknown. Tajik airspace is patrolled by the Russian Air Force.

    The Tajik Air Force remains small as Dushanbe doesn't expect an attack on Tajikistan from the air, and that Russian Air Force units at Gissar in Tajikistan and other such Russian contingents in Kazakhstan would detect any such assault. Tajikistan is also patrolled by Russian aircraft as part of the Joint CIS Air Defense System. The air force is mostly used for search and rescue missions, transportation, and the occasional attack on militant groups.

    For funding, the government relied upon modest foreign funds. In February 2013, a

    L-39 Albatros
    .

    An accident occurred on 6 October 2010 when a

    Ezgand and Tavildara
    . The helicopter got caught in some power lines while attempting to land. The helicopter caught fire and crashed without survivors. This is the deadliest accident in Tajik aviation since 1997.

    Mobile Forces

    Main article: Tajik Mobile Forces

    The Mobile Forces are the airborne troops of the armed forces. Similar to the

    Russian Airborne Troops, whom they perform training with, the Mobile Forces were created with no increase in military personnel by transferring a unit of the National Army. Although they are called paratroopers, the Mobile Forces often deploy out of helicopters, as the Tajik Air Force has few planes. On 4 August 2007, the Ministry of Defence created a Paratroopers' Day
    to celebrate the Mobile Forces.

    Security Forces

    National Guard

    Main article:
    Presidential National Guard
    A border guard.

    The Tajik National Guard is a special task force under direct command of the President of Tajikistan. Formed on 4 December 1992, it was originally a special forces unit known as the Brigade of Special Mission during the 16th session of the Supreme Council of Tajikistan, under the Tajik Interior Ministry. During its first years, the Guard underwent serious testing, which earned the trust of the President and the people. It was the reason why the President changed it from the Special Mission to the Presidential National Guard.

    Their primary task is ensuring public safety and security. Within two years, four additional units were formed in the towns of

    Chkalovsk, Kalinin, and Obigarm. They had a similar structure to the rest of the military. Worthy of note is the honesty that the National Guard has exhibited. The Rapid Reaction Force, also called the First Brigade, under Colonel Mahmud Khudoiberdiyev, took part in the Tajik civil war, as part of the Guard and the regular Army. The colonel and his men fled into Uzbekistan. On 26 January 2004, the Presidential Guard was transformed into the National Guard.[34]

    Border Troops

    Main article: Tajik Border Troops
    A Tajik army tankist.

    The Border Troops of Tajikistan are responsible for border security and operate often with the

    Afghan Border Police. Development of the border guard is overseen by the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe.[35] A Border Troops Academy is located in Dushanbe, while a Border Troops Training Centre is found to the south in the Rudaki District.[36] In 2011, the Border Troops, along with the National Army and Mobile Forces, took part in a joint war game with Kyrgyzstan on the Kyrgyz-Tajik border. The operation involved eliminating two attacking groups of terrorists.[37]

    Internal Troops

    Main article: Tajik Internal Troops

    The Internal Troops, whose constituting document was passed on 28 December 1993, are tasked with state security, operating under the Interior Ministry. The also act as a reserve for the military, and are similar to the National Guard. They have a similar structure to the military.[38][39]

    Committee of Emergency Situations and Civil Defense

    The

    emergencies and civil defense ministry
    of Tajikistan. The ministry is authorized to make decisions on the protection of the Tajik population/territory from natural disasters and other geological processes.

    National Drug Enforcement Agency

    Main article:
    National Drug Enforcement Agency

    Equipment

    Military equipment of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Tajikistan
    Name Image Origin In service Notes
    Tanks
    T-62M  Soviet Union N/A [40]
    T-62MV N/A [40]
    T-72 "Ural" Early N/A [40]
    T-72 "Ural" Late N/A [40]
    T-72A Early N/A [40]
    T-72A Late N/A [40]
    T-72AV N/A [40]
    T-72B N/A [40]
    Armoured fighting vehicles
    BRDM-2  Soviet Union N/A (Without Turret).[40]
    BRDM-2MS  Russia N/A [40]
    BTR-D  Tajikistan N/A (Some with BRDM-2 Turret and some with ZU-23M1s).[40]
    MT-LB  Soviet Union
     Tajikistan     		N/A (Some with BRDM-2 turret and Kontakt-1 ERA and with ZU-23M1s).[40]
    Infantry fighting vehicles
    BMP-1(P)  Soviet Union N/A [40]
    BMP-2 Obr. 1980 N/A [40]
    BMP-2 Obr. 1984 N/A [40]
    Armoured personnel carriers
    BTR-70M  Russia N/A [40]
    BTR-80  Soviet Union N/A [40]
    Mine-Resistant Ambush Protected vehicles
    VP11  China N/A (Version 1).[40]
    VP11 N/A (Version 2).[40]
    Infantry mobility vehicles
    M1151  United States N/A [40]
    M1152 N/A [40]
    GAZ-3937 Vodnik  Russia N/A [40]
    GAZ Tigr
    		 N/A [40]
    GAZ Tigr-M
    		 N/A [40]
    CS/VN3 Dajiang  China N/A [40]
    ZFB05 N/A [40]
    Tiger N/A [40]
    EQ2063E N/A [40]
    EQ2050F N/A [40]
    Technicals
    UAZ-469  Soviet Union N/A [40]
    Jeep J8 JGMS  United States N/A [40]
    Armoured Recovery Vehicles
    BTS-4  Soviet Union N/A [40]
    Bridgelayers
    MTU-20  Soviet Union N/A [40]
    Mine Clearing Vehicles
    BMR-3M  Russia N/A [40]
    Heavy Engineering Vehicles
    BAT-2  Soviet Union N/A [40]
    Engineer Reconnaissance Vehicles
    IRM 'Zhuk'  Soviet Union N/A [40]
    Trench Diggers
    TMK  Soviet Union N/A [40]
    PZM-2 N/A [40]
    Reloader Vehicles
    TZM-T (reloader vehicle)  Russia N/A (For TOS-1A).[40]
    Towed artillery
    122mm D-30  Soviet Union N/A [40]
    Self-propelled artillery
    82mm CS/SS4 SPM  China N/A [40]
    122mm 2S1 Gvozdika  Soviet Union N/A [40]
    152mm 2S3 Akatsiya N/A [40]
    Multiple rocket launchers
    122mm BM-21 Grad  Tajikistan N/A (On KrAZ-255B).[40]
    122mm 9P138 Grad-1  Soviet Union N/A [40]
    220mm BM-27 Uragan N/A [40]
    220mm TOS-1A  Russia N/A [40]
    Towed anti-aircraft guns
    12.7mm DShK  Soviet Union N/A [40]
    12.7mm Type 77  China N/A [40]
    23mm ZU-23  Soviet Union N/A [40]
    23mm ZU-23M(1)  Russia N/A [40]
    Static surface-to-air missile systems
    S-75  Soviet Union N/A (Likely to have been decommissioned).[40]
    S-125 N/A (One site protecting the capital Dushanbe).[40]
    Self-propelled surface-to-air missile systems
    Pechora-2M  Russia N/A (One site protecting the capital Dushanbe).[40]
    Radars
    P-14 'Tall King'  Soviet Union N/A [40]
    P-35/37 'Bar Lock' N/A [40]
    36D6 'Tin Shield' N/A [40]
    SNR-75 'Fan Song' N/A (For S-75), (Not yet seen).[40]
    SNR-125 'Low Blow' N/A (For S-125).[40]
    SNR-125-2M  Russia N/A (For Pechora-2M), (Not yet seen) .[40]
    Reconnaissance unmanned aerial vehicles
    RQ-11 Raven  United States N/A [40]
    Ababil-2  Iran N/A [40]
    Loitering munitions
    Ababil-2T  Iran N/A [40]

    Small arms

    Light equipment
    Name Origin Photo Type Notes
    Makarov PM  Soviet Union Pistol
    TT-33  Soviet Union Pistol
    AK-47  Soviet Union Assault rifle
    AK-74  Soviet Union Assault rifle
    AKM  Soviet Union Assault rifle
    Type 56  China Assault rifle
    Type 81  China Assault rifle
    RPK  Soviet Union Light machine gun
    PKM  Soviet Union Light machine gun
    UK vz. 59[41]  Czechoslovakia General-purpose machine gun Seen in training exercise images.[citation needed]
    NSV  Soviet Union Heavy machine gun
    Dragunov SVD  Soviet Union Sniper rifle
    PSL[41]  Romania Sniper rifle Seen in training exercise images.[citation needed]
    RPG-7  Soviet Union Rocket propelled grenade
    RPG-18  Soviet Union Rocket propelled grenade
    SPG-9  Soviet Union Recoilless rifle
    LR2 12.7 mm[42]  China Anti‐materiel rifle

    Foreign forces

    Outside the Tajik military, there are also significant foreign forces in the country, principally the

    French Air Force. It was designed to provide support to the French contingent in Afghanistan. The base was operated since 2002. In 2005, two French military transport aircraft and about 150 technicians/soldiers were deployed at the Dushanbe International Airport.[44] France used the space free of charge as a result of a bilateral cooperation agreement signed by Presidents Rahmon and Nicolas Sarkozy.[45] The contingent began to pull out in April 2013.[46]

    In 2010,

    Afghan National Army has ties to the Taliban and is not stable.[50]

    Tajik-Pakistan military cooperation began in 2009.[51]

    Relations between Iran and Tajikistan have made great progress since 2020.On May 17, 2022, Iran inaugurated a drone factory in neighboring Tajikistan.[52]

    See also

    References and links

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    51. ^ "САФАРИ РАСМИИ ВАЗИРИ МУДОФИА ҶУМҲУРИИ МАРДУМИИ ЧИН — Вазорати Мудофияи Ҷумуҳурии Тоҷикистон". Mort.tj. 28 July 2021. Archived from the original on 22 August 2021. Retrieved 21 September 2022.
    52. ^ "Iran's drone factory in Tajikistan".
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    Public Domain This article incorporates public domain material from The World Factbook (2024 ed.).

    CIA. (Archived 2007 edition.)


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