Armenian Apostolic Church
Patriarchate of Constantinople in the Second Council of Dvin (554)[3] | |
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Separations | Armenian Catholic Church Hetanism |
Members | 9,000,000 (self-reported)[4] |
Other name(s) | Armenian Church |
Official website | www |
Part of Oriental Orthodoxy |
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Persecution |
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The Armenian Apostolic Church (
The Armenian Apostolic Church should not be confused with the fully distinct Armenian Catholic Church[12] which is an Eastern Catholic Church in communion with the Holy See in Rome.
History
Origins
The Armenian Apostolic Church believes in
According to
When King Tiridates III made Christianity the state religion of Armenia between 300 and 301, it was not an entirely new religion there. It had penetrated the country from at least the third century, and may have been present even earlier.[20]
Tiridates declared Gregory to be the first
Initially, the Armenian Apostolic Church participated in the larger Christian world and was subordinated to the Bishop of Caesarea.
As Gregory was consecrated by the bishop of Caesarea, he also accepted the Byzantine Rite. However, the Armenian Church, due to the influence of the Church in Edessa, the large presence of Syriacs in Armenia, as well as the number of Syriac priests that arrived in Armenia with Gregory, also cultivated the West Syriac or Antiochian Rite. Since Armenians at the time did not have an alphabet, its clergy learned Greek and Syriac. From this synthesis, the new Armenian Rite came about, which had similarities both with the Byzantine and the Antiochian Syriac rite.[24]
Christianity was strengthened in Armenia in the 5th century by the translation of the
Although unable to attend the
Independence
This subsection needs additional citations for verification. (June 2018) |
At the
Almost a century later (609–610), the
20th century
This section needs to be updated.(January 2024) |
In 1903, the Tsarist government of the Russian Empire moved to confiscate the property of the Armenian Church.[30]
Miaphysitism versus monophysitism
Like all
However, again like other
In recent times, both Chalcedonian and non-Chalcedonian churches have developed a deeper understanding for each other's positions, recognizing their substantial agreement while maintaining their respective positions.[citation needed]
Structure and leadership
According to The Armenian Church by Archdeacon Dowling published in 1910 (before the Great War and the Armenian Genocide), the Armenian Apostolic Church was composed of four patriarchal provinces, comprising at that date seventy-two, six, and two dioceses in Turkey, Russia, and Iran, respectively.[39]
Two Catholicosates
The Armenian Apostolic Church currently has two
The Armenian Catholic Church is completely distinct from the Armenian Apostolic Church and is headed by its own Patriarch-Catholicos.[12]
Two Patriarchates: Constantinople and Jerusalem
The Armenian Apostolic Church has two Patriarchates of high authority, both under the jurisdiction of the Catholicos of All Armenians:
- The Armenian Patriarchate of Jerusalem (Armenian: Առաքելական Աթոռ Սրբոց Յակովբեանց Յերուսաղեմ, literally Apostolic Seat of St. James in Jerusalem), whose seat is in the Armenian Quarter of Jerusalem. It is headed since 2013 by the Patriarch of Jerusalem, Archbishop Nourhan Manougian.
- The Armenian Patriarchate of Constantinople (Armenian: Պատրիարքութիւն Հայոց Կոստանդնուպոլսոյ) and All of Turkey, which has jurisdiction in the modern-day Republic of Turkey. Its seat is in Istanbul, Turkey and is headed since 2019 by the Armenian Patriarch of Constantinople, Archbishop Sahak II Mashalian.[40]
Eparchies (dioceses)
List of eparchies:[41]
Armenia
- Aragatsotn eparchy[41]
- Diocese of Armavir[41]
- Ararat Patriarchal eparchy[41]
- Artik eparchy[41]
- Gegharkunik eparchy[41]
- Gougark eparchy[41]
- Kotayk eparchy[41]
- Shirak eparchy[41]
- Syunik eparchy[41]
- Tavush eparchy[41]
- Vayots Dzor eparchy[41]
- Artsakh eparchy[41]
Dioceses/exarchates of the Diaspora
- Europe
- Diocese of Russia and New Nakhichevan[41]
- Diocese of Southern Russia[41]
- Diocese of Ukraine[41]
- Exarchate of Central Europe[41]
- Exarchate of Western Europe[41]
- Diocese of Georgia[41]
- Diocese of Romania[41]
- Diocese of Bulgaria[41]
- Diocese of Greece[41]
- Diocese of Germany[41]
- Diocese of Switzerland[41]
- Diocese of France[41]
- Diocese of Great Britain and Ireland[41]
- Middle East
- Diocese of Egypt[41]
- New World
- Diocese of Canada[41]
- Western Diocese (USA)[41]
- Eastern Diocese (USA)[41]
- Diocese of Australia and New Zealand[41]
- Diocese of Argentina[41]
- Diocese of Uruguay[41]
Seminaries
The Mother See of Holy Etchmiadzin operates two
Women in the Armenian Church
The Armenian Church does not ordain women to the priesthood.[44] Historically, however, monastic women have been ordained as deacons within a convent environment.[45] Monastic women deacons generally do not minister in traditional parish churches or cathedrals, although the late Mother Hrip'seme did minister and serve during public liturgies, including in the United States.[46]
Women do serve as altar girls and lay readers, especially when a parish is so small that not enough boys or men are regularly available to serve. Women commonly serve the church in the choir and at the organ, on parish councils, as volunteers for church events, fundraisers, and Sunday schools, as supporters through Women's Guilds, and as staff members in church offices. In the case of a married priest (Der Hayr), the wife of the priest generally plays an active role in the parish and is addressed by the title Yeretzgin.[citation needed]
In limited circumstances, the Armenian Church allows for divorce and remarriage.
Armenian genocide victims canonization
On April 23, 2015, the Armenian Apostolic Church canonized all the victims of the Armenian genocide; this service is believed to be the largest canonization service in history.[48][49][50] 1.5 million is the most frequently published number of victims, however, estimates vary from 700,000 to 1,800,000. It was the first canonization by the Armenian Apostolic Church in four hundred years.[51]
Army Chaplaincy Program
External videos | |
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Chaplaincy Program in the Armenian Army (Preparations For the Parade) |
The Army Chaplaincy Program of the Armenian Church is made up of more than 50 clergymen serving as military chaplains to the Armed Forces of Armenia. They organize various religious programs in the military, including delivering lectures and prayers.[52] It is jointly funded and sponsored by the Ministry of Defence of Armenia and the Armenian Apostolic Church. All army chaplains are commissioned officers in the armed forces who hold a military rank. It was established in 1997 on the basis of a joint initiative of Catholicos Karekin I and Defense minister Vazgen Sargsyan. Since 2011, combined clergy company has taken part in the quinquennial Armenian Independence Day Parade on Republic Square in Yerevan.[citation needed]
Current state
In Armenia
The status of the Armenian Apostolic Church within Armenia is defined in the country's constitution. Article 8.1 of the Constitution of Armenia states: "The Republic of Armenia recognizes the exclusive historical mission of the Armenian Apostolic Holy Church as a national church, in the spiritual life, development of the national culture and preservation of the national identity of the people of Armenia." Among others, ethnographer Hranush Kharatyan has questioned the constitutionality of the phrase "national church".[53]
In 2009, further constitutional amendments were drafted that would make it a crime for non-traditional religious groups to proselytize on adherents of the Apostolic Church. Minority groups would also be banned from spreading 'distrust' in other faiths.[54] Hrant Bagratyan, former Prime Minister of Armenia, condemned the close association of the Armenian Apostolic Church with the Armenian government, calling the Church an "untouchable" organisation that is secretive of its income and expenditure.[55]
In Artsakh
This section needs to be updated.(October 2023) |
After the
After a while the Armenian Apostolic Church resumed its activities. There were weddings, baptisms, and every Sunday
Armenian diaspora
Outside of West Asia, today there are notable Armenian Apostolic congregations in various countries in Europe, North America, South America, and South Asia.[citation needed]
Lebanon, home to a large and influential Armenian diaspora community with its own political parties, has more than 17 recognized Armenian Apostolic churches.[citation needed]
The
The United Kingdom has three Armenian churches:
Ethiopia has had an Armenian church since the 1920s, when groups of Armenians were invited there after the Armenian genocide by Turkey.[citation needed]
Historical role and public image
The Armenian Apostolic Church is "seen by many as the custodian of Armenian national identity."[59] "Beyond its role as a religious institution, the Apostolic Church has traditionally been seen as the foundational core in the development of the Armenian national identity as God's uniquely chosen people."[60] According to a 2018 survey by the Pew Research Center, in Armenia 82% of respondents say it is very or somewhat important to be a Christian to be truly Armenian.[61]
According to a 2015 survey 79% of people in Armenia trust it, while 12% neither trust it nor distrust it, and 8% distrust the church.[62]
As both Eastern and Western Armenia came under Persian and Ottoman rule, the Armenian Apostolic Church was the centre of many Armenian liberation activities.[63]
Controversies and criticisms
Medieval era
Early medieval opponents of the Armenian Church in Armenia included the Paulicians (7th-9th centuries) and the Tondrakians (9th-11th centuries).
The power relationship between catholicoi and secular rulers was sometimes a source of conflict. In 1037 king Hovhannes-Smbat of Ani deposed and imprisoned Catholicos Petros, who he suspected of holding pro-Byzantine views, and appointed a replacement catholicos. This persecution was highly criticized by the Armenian clergy, forcing Hovhannes-Smbat to release Petros and reinstall him to his former position. In 1038 a major ecclesiastical council was held in Ani, which denied the king the right to elect or remove a catholicos.[64]
Architecture historian Samvel Karapetyan (1961-2016) has criticized many aspects of the Armenian Apostolic Church, especially its role in Armenian history. Karapetyan particularly denounced what he called the Armenian Church's loyal service to foreign invaders: "The Armenian Apostolic Church is a conscientious tax structure, which every conqueror needs."[65]
Modern era
Date | Favorable | Unfavorable | No opinion |
---|---|---|---|
2006[66] | 76% | 22% | 2% |
2007[67] | 81% | 17% | 2% |
2018[68] | 67% | 26% | 6% |
2019[69] | 71% | 23% | 6% |
2021[70] | 92% | 2% | 6% |
Gerard Libaridian argued that because Armenians consider the church a national institution, it "must be respected and guarded at all times. Therefore the critical attitude regarding Armenian historical institutions is rarely applied to the Armenian Church, as it is seen as a venerable institution that unites all Armenians."[71] Stepan Danielyan, a scholar on religion, argued in 2013 that "When Armenia became independent with the collapse of the Soviet Union, a great deal was expected of the church, but those expectations have not been fulfilled. The church continues to ignore the things most people are worried about – vitally important social, economic and political problems and endless corruption scandals."[72]
In independent Armenia, the Armenian Apostolic Church has often been criticized for its perceived support of the governments of Robert Kocharyan and Serzh Sargsyan despite the formal separation of church and state in Armenia.[73][74][75][76][77] According to former Prime Minister Hrant Bagratyan religion and state management "have completely gotten mixed up". He called the church an "untouchable" organization that is secretive of its income and expenditure.[78] Large-scale construction of new churches in the independence period[79] and the negligence of endangered historic churches by the Apostolic church (and the government) have also been criticized.[80]
In recent years, a few high-profile leaders of the church have been involved in controversies.
In October 2013 Father Asoghik Karapetyan, the director of the Museum of the Mother See of Holy Etchmiadzin, stated on television that a non-Apostolic Armenian is not a "true Armenian". A spokesperson for the Armenian Apostolic Church stated that it is his personal view.[83] The statement received considerable criticism,[84] though Asoghik did not retract his statement.[85] In an editorial in the liberal Aravot daily Aram Abrahamyan suggested that religious identity should not be equated with national (ethnic) identity and it is up to every individual to decide whether they are Armenian or not, regardless of religion.[86]
See also
- Religion in Armenia
- Armenian Catholic Church
- Armenian church architecture
- Armenian Patriarchate of Constantinople
- Armenian Patriarchate of Jerusalem
- Holy See of Cilicia
- Saint Narek chapel
Lists
- List of Catholicoi of Armenia
- List of Armenian Catholicoi of Cilicia
- List of Armenian Patriarchs of Constantinople
- List of Armenian Patriarchs of Jerusalem
Notes
References
- ^ Armenian Apostolic Church (Mother See of Holy Etchmiadzin) and Armenian Apostolic Church (Holy See of Cilicia) in the World Council of Churches
- )
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The Armenian Apostolic Church formally became autocephalous - i.e. independent of external authority - in 554 by severing its links with the patriarchate of Constantinople.
- ^ "Catholicos of All Armenians". armenianchurch.org. Mother See of Holy Etchmiadzin.
- ^ ""ՀԱՅԱՍՏԱՆՅԱՅՑ ԱՌԱՔԵԼԱԿԱՆ ՍՈՒՐԲ ԵԿԵՂԵՑԻ" ԿԿ - HAYASTANYAYC ARAQELAKAN SURB YEKEGHECI RO". e-register.am. Electronic Register. Government of the Republic of Armenia.
- ^ Augusti, Johann Christian Wilhelm; Rheinwald, Georg Friedrich Heinrich; Siegel, Carl Christian Friedrich. The Antiquities of the Christian Church. p. 466.
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- ^ Grousset, René (1984) [1947]. Histoire de l'Arménie (in French). Payot. p. 122.. Estimated dates vary from 284 to 314. Garsoïan (op.cit. p. 82), following the research of Ananian, favours the latter.
- ^ "HISTORY". ՀԱՅ ԱՌԱՔԵԼԱԿԱՆ ԵԿԵՂԵՑՈՒ Արևմտյան Եվրոպայի Հայրապետական Պատվիրակություն. Retrieved 2023-01-30.
- ^ "History of the Armenian Church". Armenian Prelacy. Retrieved 2023-01-30.
- ^ "Armenian Apostolic Church (Holy See of Cilicia)". World Council of Churches. January 1962. Retrieved 2023-01-30.
- ^ a b "Armenian Synod elects new Catholicos-Patriarch of Cilicia". Vatican News. 23 September 2021. Retrieved 6 January 2022.
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- ^ ISBN 9781136109782. Retrieved 5 March 2015.
- ^ a b Jacob, P. H. (1895). A Brief Historical Sketch of the Holy Apostolic Church of Armenia. H. Liddell. Retrieved 5 March 2015.
- ^ a b Issaverdenz, Jacques (1877). The Armenian Church. Retrieved 5 March 2015.
- ^ Ehrman: Forgery and Counterforgery, pp455-458
- ^ a b "The Aršakuni Dynasty (A.D. 12-[180?]-428)" by Nina Garsoïan, in Armenian People from Ancient to Modern Times, ed. R.G. Hovannisian, Palgrave Macmillan, 1997, Volume 1, p. 81.
- ISBN 0415239028p. 84.
- ^ van Lint, Theo Maarten (2009). "The Formation of Armenian Identity in the First Millenium". Church History and Religious Culture. 89 (1/3): 269.
- ^ See Drasxanakertci, History of Armenia, 78ff; Atiya, History of Eastern Christianity, 316ff; Narbey, A Catechism of Christian Instruction According to the Doctrine of the Armenian Church, 88ff.
- ^ Dočkal 1940b, p. 186.
- ^ Drasxanakertci, History of Armenia, 86–87.
- ^ Dočkal 1940b, pp. 186–187.
- ^ Atiya, History of Eastern Christianity, 424-26.
- ^ Narbey, A Catechism of Christian Instruction According to the Doctrine of the Armenian Church, 86–87.
- ^ Dočkal 1940a, p. 114.
- ^ "Armenian Apostolic Church". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 5 March 2015.
- ^ "Armenian Church Councils". Archived from the original on 2011-04-25. Retrieved 2010-02-11.
The 3rd Council of Dvin was convened during the reign of Catholicos Abraham I of Aghbatank and Prince Smbat Bagratooni, with clergymen and laymen participating. The Georgian Church was split from the Armenian Church and the Catholicos had repeatedly tried to turn to Catholicos Kurion of the Georgian Church. The council was convened to clarify the relationship of the Armenian Church towards the Georgian Church. After the Council, Catholicos Abraham wrote an encyclical letter addressed to the people where he blamed Kurion and his adherents for the split. The Council never set up canons; it only deprived Georgians from taking communion in the Armenian Church.
- ISBN 9780816074754. Retrieved 8 July 2023.
1903 [...] Property of Armenian Church confiscated.
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- ^ Brock 2016, p. 45–52.
- ^ Harper, Douglas. "mono-". Online Etymology Dictionary.
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- ^ μία in Liddell and Scott.
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- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag List of eparchies. Armenian Apostolic Church (Russia and New Nakhichevan eparchy).
- ^ "St Nersess Armenian Seminary - Preparing Leaders For Service In The Armenian Church Since 1961". Retrieved 2023-01-16.
- ^ "St. Nersess Armenian Seminary". Retrieved 5 March 2015.
- ^ "Ambitious International Women's Association". Archived from the original on 22 February 2012. Retrieved 5 March 2015.
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Zagano, Phyllis (2008). "Catholic women's ordination: the ecumenical implications of women deacons in the Armenian Apostolic Church, the Orthodox Church of Greece, and the Union of Utrecht Old Catholic Churches". Journal of Ecumenical Studies. 43 (1): 124–137. ISSN 0022-0558.
- ^ Archdiocese of Thyateira & Great Britain website
- ^ Davlashyan, Naira. "Armenian Church makes saints of 1.5 million genocide victims - Yahoo News". News.yahoo.com. Retrieved 2015-04-23.
- ^ "Armenian Genocide victims canonized in Holy Etchmiadzin". Panarmenian.Net. Retrieved 2015-04-23.
- ^ "Canonized: Armenian Church proclaims collective martyrdom of Genocide victims - Genocide". ArmeniaNow.com. Archived from the original on 2020-07-29. Retrieved 2015-04-23.
- ^ "After 400 years, new saints for the Armenian Church". Risu.org.ua. Retrieved 2015-04-23.
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- ^ Archived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Machine: "Կրոն և աղանդ. Հովհաննես Հովհաննիսյան, Հրանուշ Խառատյան" (in Armenian). Boon TV on YouTube. 7 February 2015.
- ^ Tigran Avetisian, "U.S. Again Highlights `Restrictions' On Religious Freedom In Armenia" RFE/RL Armenia Report – 11/19/2010
- ^ "No Separation of Church and State in Armenia?"[permanent dead link] epress.am article, 23-12-2010.
- ^ Naira Hairumyan, "Karabakh: Will the new law on religion curb the number of sects in Karabakh? Archived 2020-02-15 at the Wayback Machine", ArmeniaNow, 24 April 2009.
- ^ Golnaz Esfandiari (2004-12-23). "A Look At Iran's Christian Minority". Payvand. Retrieved 2012-03-21.
- ^ "Global Christianity - A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Christian Population" (PDF). Pew Research Center.
- ^ "Armenian Apostolic Church". Encyclopædia Britannica. 21 January 2024.
- ISBN 978-1-920382-37-7.
- ^ "Eastern and Western Europeans Differ on Importance of Religion, Views of Minorities, and Key Social Issues". Pew Research Center. 29 October 2018.
- ^ "Trust – Religious institutions respondent belongs to by Which religion or denomination, if any, do you consider yourself belong to? (%)". caucasusbarometer.org. Caucasus Barometer 2015 Armenia dataset.
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- ^ Edda Vartanyan (ed.), Horomos Monastery, Art and History, 2015, p. 241.
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- ^ "Armenia National Voter Study: November 2006" (PDF). iri.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 January 2020. Alt URL
- ^ "Armenia National Study October 27 - November 3, 2007" (PDF). iri.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 January 2020. Alt URL
- ^ "Public Opinion Survey: Residents of Armenia: July 23–August 15, 2018" (PDF). iri.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 October 2019.
- ^ "Public Opinion Survey: Residents of Armenia: May 6-31, 2019" (PDF). iri.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 July 2019.
- ^ "Public Opinion Survey: Residents of Armenia" (PDF). iri.org. February 2021. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 March 2021.
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- ^ Karapetyan, Armen (7 October 2013). "Turbulent Times for Armenia's Ancient Church". Institute for War and Peace Reporting.
- RFE/RL. 15 March 2013.
- ^ "Եկեղեցին պետք է մտածի, քանի դեռ ուշ չէ. "Ժամանակ"". Aravot (in Armenian). 10 February 2015.
Իսկ հանրային կարծիքն այն է, որ ինչպես բիզնեսն ու իշխանությունները, այնպես էլ եկեղեցին և բիզնեսը սերտաճած են, և այս առումով եկեղեցական ղեկավարության բարքերը չեն տարբերվում հանրապետության ղեկավարության բարքերից:
- ^ "Հայ առաքելական եկեղեցին դարձրել է իշխանությունների հաճոյակատարը և նրանց շեփորահարը.Սամվել Հովասափյան". Noyan Tapan (in Armenian). 5 January 2015.
- ^ Jaloyan, Vardan (3 January 2015). "Եկեղեցին ընդդեմ հայոց պետականության". religions.am (in Armenian). Archived from the original on 27 February 2015.
- RFE/RL.
- ^ "No Separation of Church and State in Armenia? Opinion". epress.am. 23 December 2010.
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- ^ a b Mekhitarian, V.; Kojayan, M.; Abrahamian, D. (13 August 2013). "Catholicos Karekin II Stands Accused". keghart.com. Archived from the original on 29 March 2020. Retrieved 10 February 2015.
- ^ Baghdasaryan, Edik; Aghalaryan, Kristine (31 January 2014). "Armenia: Church and State Deny Money Laundering". Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project.
- ^ Khatchatourian, Ara (6 April 2011). "The Borgias of Etchmiadzin". Asbarez.
- ^ "Աթեիստ հայը հայ չէ՞. Մայր Աթոռը չի ցանկանում մեկնաբանել Տեր Ասողիկի խոսքերը". news.am (in Armenian). 14 October 2013.
- ^ Hunanyan, Samvel (1 November 2013). "Ցանկացած մարդ, ով իրեն հայ է համարում, նա հայ է, վերջացավ". Asparez (in Armenian).
- ^ Hakobyan, Gohar (19 May 2014). "Տեր Ասողիկը հետ չի կանգնում իր խոսքերից. "Աթեիստ հայը լիարժեք հայ չէ"". Aravot (in Armenian).
- ^ Abrahamyan, Aram (15 October 2013). "Բոլորը հայ են, ովքեր իրենց հայ են համարում". Aravot (in Armenian).
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Armenian religious relations with the Roman Catholic Church
- Pope Benedict XIV, Allatae Sunt (On the observance of Oriental Rites), Encyclical, 1755
- Common Declaration of Pope John Paul II and Catholicos Karekin I, 1996
- Common Declaration of John Paul II and Aram I Keshishian, 1997
- John Paul II to Karekin I, 1999
- Joint Declaration signed by John Paul II and Karekin II, 2000
- Greeting by Pope Benedict XVI to Catholicos Aram I, 2008
- Dialogue and Joint Declarations with the Roman Catholic Church