Armenian Revolutionary Federation
Armenian Revolutionary Federation Հայ Յեղափոխական Դաշնակցութիւն | |
---|---|
Headquarters | Hanrapetutyun Street 30, Yerevan |
Newspaper | Yerkir (Երկիր, "Country") and Droshak (Դրօշակ, "Banner") |
Student wing | ARF Shant Student Association ARF Armen Karo Student Association |
Youth wing | Armenian Youth Federation |
TV Channel | Yerkir Media (in Armenia) |
Membership (2012) | 6,800 (in Armenia only)[2] |
Ideology |
Political parties ^ a: United Armenia is an irredentist concept referring to areas within the traditional Armenian homeland. The ARF idea of "United Armenia" incorporates claims to Western Armenia (eastern Turkey), Nagorno-Karabakh (Artsakh), the landlocked exclave Nakhichevan of Azerbaijan and the Javakheti (Javakhk) region of Georgia. |
The Armenian Revolutionary Federation (
The ARF has traditionally advocated
The ARF originated as a merger of various Armenian political groups, mainly from the Russian Empire, with the declared goal of achieving "the political and economic freedom of Turkish Armenia" by means of armed rebellion.[47] In the 1890s, the party sought to unify the various small groups in the Ottoman Empire that were advocating reform and defending Armenian villages from the massacres and banditry that were widespread in some of the Armenian-populated areas of the empire. ARF members formed groups of partisans (fedayi) that defended Armenian civilians through armed resistance. The party refrained from revolutionary activity in the Russian Empire until the decision of the Russian authorities to confiscate Armenian Church property in 1903.[48] Initially restricting its demands to the establishment of autonomy and democratic rights for Armenians in the two empires, the party adopted an independent and united Armenia as part of its program in 1919.[49]
In 1918, the party was instrumental in the formation of the
ARF reentered Sargsyan's cabinet in February 2016 in what was defined as a "long-term political cooperation" agreement with the
Following the Velvet Revolution, the party lost support from the general public in Armenia and is now being polled at 1–2%.[timeframe?] The party lost political representation in the 2018 Armenian parliamentary election after receiving only 3.89% of the votes, which is lower than the 5% minimum threshold required for representation in the National Assembly.
During the 2020–2021 Armenian protests, the party confirmed it would participate in the 2021 Armenian parliamentary election as part of a political alliance - the Armenia Alliance - with Reborn Armenia. In the 2021 election, the Armenia Alliance, led by the second President of Armenia, Robert Kocharyan, won 21% of the popular vote and gained 29 seats in the National Assembly.[55][56]
Early history
In the late 19th century, the Russian Empire became the hub of small groups advocating reform in Armenian-populated areas in the Ottoman Empire. In 1890, recognizing the need to unify these groups in order to be more efficient, Christapor Mikaelian, Simon Zavarian and Stepan Zorian created a new political party called the "Federation of Armenian Revolutionaries" (Հայ Յեղափոխականների Դաշնակցութիւն, Hay Heghapokhakanneri Dashnaktsutyun), which would eventually be called the "Armenian Revolutionary Federation" or "Dashnaktsutiun" in 1890.[1]: 103, 106
The Social Democrat Hunchakian Party, an existing Armenian socialist and revolutionary party, initially agreed to join the "Federation of Armenian Revolutionaries." However, the Hunchaks soon withdrew due to disputes over ideological and organizational questions, such as the role of socialism in the party's program. Another faction of non-socialists led by Konstantin Khatisian split from the federation early on. Despite this, the party began to organize itself in the Ottoman Empire and convened its First General Congress in 1892, where a program containing socialist principles was adopted.[47] The original aim of the ARF was to gain autonomy for the Armenian-populated areas in the Ottoman Empire by means of armed rebellion. At the First Congress, the party adopted a decentralized modus operandi according to which the chapters in different countries were allowed to plan and implement policies in tune with their local political atmosphere. The party set its goal of a society based on the democratic principles of freedom of assembly, freedom of speech, freedom of religion and agrarian reform.[40][1][page needed]
Russian Empire
The ARF gradually acquired significant strength and sympathy among
In 1905–06, the
In January 1912, 159 ARF members, being lawyers, bankers, merchants and other intellectuals, were tried before the Russian senate for their participation in the party. They were defended by then-lawyer Alexander Kerensky, who challenged much of the evidence used against them as the "original investigators had been encouraged by the local administration to use any available means" to convict the men.[64] Kerensky succeeded in having the evidence reexamined for one of the defendants. He and several other lawyers "made openly contemptuous declarations" about this discrepancy to the Russian press, which was forbidden to attend the trials, and this in turn greatly embarrassed the senators. The Senate eventually opened an inquiry against the chief magistrate who had brought the charges against the Dashnak members and concluded that he was insane. Ninety-four of the accused were acquitted, while the rest were either imprisoned or exiled for varying periods, the most severe being six years.[65]
Persian Empire
The Dashnaktsutiun held a meeting on 26 April 1907, dubbed the Fourth General Congress, at which ARF leaders such as
From 1907 to 1908, during the time when the Young Turks came to power in the Ottoman Empire, Armenians from the
Ottoman Empire
Abdul Hamid Period (1894–1908)
The ARF became a major political force in Armenian life. It was especially active in the Ottoman Empire, where it organized or participated in many revolutionary activities. The ARF was especially influential due to their ability to educate the population through a system of "educating, explaining,and encouraging". This was a tactic used to disseminate information to gain support in terms of political elections, campaigns, or alliances to strengthen the ARF's social relations. When they weren't educating their youth and preparing the new generation for revolution, they themselves were taking part in revolutionary activities.
During this period, many famous intellectuals joined the Armenian Revolutionary Federation, including Harutiun Shahrigian, Avetik Isahakyan, Hakob Zavriev, Levon Shant, Karekin Khajag, Vartkes Serengülian, Abraham Gyulkhandanyan, Vahan Papazian, Siamanto, Nikol Aghbalian and many others.
The
On 30 March 1904, the ARF played a major role in the
In 1904, during an annual congress bringing together Armenian and Bulgarian representatives, the Armenian Revolutionary Federation decided to assassinate Sultan
Young Turk Revolution (1908–14)
In the 1890s the party used terrorism against the Ottoman Empire and Russia with the goal of gaining an independent nation,[85] more well known attacks occurred against Bedros Kapamajian, the mayor of Van who was assassinated in December 1912, and the assassination of archbishop Leon Tourian in New York City on December 24, 1933.[86]
Together with the
In 1908, Abdul Hamid II was overthrown during the
World War I and the Armenian genocide
In 1915, Dashnak leaders were deported and killed alongside other Armenian intellectuals during a purge by Ottoman officials against the leaders of the empire's Armenian communities.
About 185,000 Armenians lived in
At the end of World War I, members of the Young Turks movement, considered executors of the Armenian genocide by the Armenian Revolutionary Federation, were assassinated during Operation Nemesis.[93][94]
Republic of Armenia (1918–1920)
As a result of the collapse of the Russian Empire in 1917, the Armenian, Georgian, and Azerbaijani leaders of the Caucasus united to create the
With the collapse of the Transcaucasian Federation, the Armenians were left to fend for themselves as the Turkish army approached the capital of
The ARF, led by
The Armenian Revolutionary Federation had a strong presence in the DRA government. Most of the important government posts, such as prime minister, defence minister and interior minister were controlled by its members.
The DRA wanted to recover the country's economy, and create new rules and regulations, but the situation required it to focus on overcoming widespread hunger in the country. The situation was complicated externally, provoked by
Exile
After the communists took over the short-lived First Republic of Armenia and ARF leaders were exiled, the Dashnaks moved their base of operations to where the Armenian diaspora had settled. With the large influx of Armenian refugees in the Levant, the ARF established a strong political structure in Lebanon and to a lesser extent, Syria. From 1921 to 1990, the Dashnaktsutiun established political structures in more than 200 states, including the USA, where a large number of Armenians had settled.[46]
With political and geographic division came religious division. One part of the Armenian Church claimed it wanted to be separate from the head, whose seat was in
During
During the 1950s, tensions arose between the ARF and the Armenian SSR. The death of
Religious conflict was part of a greater conflict that raged between the two "camps" of the Armenian diaspora. The ARF still resented the fact that they were ousted from Armenia after the
Lebanon
Year | Mandates | ||
---|---|---|---|
1943 | 1 / 55
| ||
1947 | 2 / 55
| ||
1951 | 2 / 77
| ||
1953 | 1 / 44
| ||
1957 | 2 / 66
| ||
1960 | 4 / 99
| ||
1964 | 4 / 99
| ||
1968 | 4 / 99
| ||
1972 | 1 / 99
| ||
1992 | 1 / 128
| ||
1996 | 1 / 128
| ||
2000 | 2 / 128
| ||
2005 | 2 / 128
| ||
2009 | 3 / 128
| ||
2018 | 3 / 128
| ||
2022 | 3 / 128
|
From 1923 to 1958, conflicts erupted among Armenian political parties struggling to dominate and organize the diaspora. The ARF and Hunchakian parties struggled in 1926 for control of the newly established shanty-town of
Prior to the
The ARF Lebanon branch is headquartered in Bourj Hammoud in the Shaghzoian Centre, along with the ARF Lebanon Central Committee's Aztag Daily newspaper and "Voice Of Van" 24-hour radio station.[107]
Syria
During the French Mandate and under the parliamentary régime in Syria, there were reserved seats for the various religious communities, like in Lebanon, including for Armenians. This system is unofficially still living. Even when they didn't take part as such in elections, Armenian parties such as Dashnak exerted an influence on them.[108][109][110][111]
Independent Armenia
The ARF has always maintained its ideological commitment to "a Free, Independent, and United Armenia".[112] The term United Armenia refers to the borders of Armenia recognized by U.S. President Woodrow Wilson and outlined in the Treaty of Sèvres.[113] After Armenia fell under Soviet control in 1920, the ARF within the Armenian diaspora opposed Soviet rule over Armenia and rallied in support of Armenian independence. It contributed to organizing a social and cultural framework aimed at preserving the Armenian identity.[114] However, because of tight communist control, the ARF could not operate in the Armenian SSR and the political party remained banned until 1991.
In the leadup to the reestablishment of independent Armenia, the ARF was opposed to Armenia's immediate independence from the Soviet Union, considering the threat of neighboring Turkey to be too great.[17][115]
When independence was achieved in 1991, the ARF soon became one of the major and most active political parties, rivaled mainly by the Pan-Armenian National Movement. Subsequently, on 28 December 1994, President Levon Ter-Petrosyan in a famous television speech banned the ARF, which was the nation's leading opposition party, along with Yerkir, the country's largest daily newspaper. The party's leader, Hrayr Maroukhian, was expelled from Armenia.[116][117] Ter-Petrosyan introduced evidence that supposedly detailed a plot hatched by the ARF to engage in terrorism against his administration, endanger Armenia's national security and overthrow the government. Throughout the evening, government security forces arrested leading ARF figures, and police seized computers, fax machines, files and printing equipment from ARF offices. In addition to Yerkir, government forces also closed several literary, women's, cultural, and youth publications.[117] A group of eleven ARF members were arrested and accused of being members of a purported secret terrorist cell within the ARF known as the "Dro Group" (named after the Dro Committee, the group that was allegedly behind the plot), which was allegedly led by ARF member Hrant Markarian.[118] Another group of thirty-one ARF members, including ARF Bureau member Vahan Hovhannisyan, were also arrested and charged with attempting to stage an armed coup, among other crimes.[118]
Gerard Libaridian, an historian and close adviser of Ter-Petrosyan, collected and presented the evidence against the defendants. He later stated in an interview that he was unsure if the evidence was true, inviting the notion that the party was banned because of its increasing chances of winning seats in the July 1995 parliamentary elections.[119][verification needed] The trials were marked by accusations of misconduct, including forced confessions, and were regarded as politically motivated by the opposition and human rights groups.[120][118] Several months after the elections, most of the men were found not guilty with the exception of several defendants charged for engaging in corrupt business practices.[citation needed] Three men from the "Dro Group" case (Arsen Artsruni, Armenak Mnjoyan, Armen Grigoryan) and one man from the group of 31 (Tigran Avetisyan) were sentenced to death for murder.[121][122][123] Their sentences were commuted to life imprisonment in 2003.[121][123] Mnjoyan died while in prison in early 2019, while Artsruni and Avetisyan continue to serve their sentences.[121][123]
The ban on the party was lifted less than a week after Ter-Petrosyan fell from power in February 1998 and was replaced by Robert Kocharyan, who was backed by the Dashnaks.[50] Most of the ARF members convicted in relation to the "Dro Group" and "Group of 31" cases were released after the relegalization of the party.
In 2007, the ARF was not part of but had a cooperation agreement in place with the governing coalition, which consisted of two parties in the government
In addition to its parliamentary seats, the following governmental ministries were also headed by ARF members: Ministry of Agriculture, Davit Lokian;[124] Ministry of Education and Science, Levon Mkrtchian;[125] Ministry of Labor and Social Affairs, Aghvan Vardanian;[126] Ministry of Healthcare, Norair Davidian.[127] On 13 July 2007, the ARF History Museum was inaugurated in Yerevan, displaying the history of the party and of its notable members.
In 2007, the ARF announced that it would nominate its own candidate to run for
Due to the signature of the so-called Zurich Protocols the ARF left the coalition and became an opposition party once again in 2009, but relations with other factions in the Armenian opposition remained frosty.[130] In 2012 parliamentary election the ARF won 5 seats losing 11 parliamentary seats from 2007.
ARF then reentered Sargsyan's cabinet in February 2016, obtaining three ministerial posts: Ministry of Economy, Local Government and Education; also, as a result of what was defined as a "long-term political cooperation" agreement with the Republican Party, ARF also got to appoint the regional governors of
After the 2016 Nagorno-Karabakh clashes, the ARF helped the
Following the 2017 elections, the party won 7 seats in the National Assembly with 6,58% of the votes.
Following the start of the
Since its loss in the 2018 election, the ARF has become the main extra parliamentary opposition party to the Pashinyan government.
The ARF also gained popularity by intensifying its social aid programs to those in need in Armenia, especially in the rural areas. The party has provided aid to locals during the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic, mainly thanks to various donation made by members of the Armenian diaspora.
During the
The ARF formed the Armenia Alliance electoral alliance with ex-president Robert Kocharyan and the Reborn Armenia party to participate in the 2021 snap parliamentary election. The alliance won 29 seats out of 107, 10 of which were taken by candidates put forward by the ARF.[55]
Electoral record
In the 2000s, the party usually garnered some 10 to 15 percent of the vote in national elections.[
Electoral history
Ottoman Empire
Year | Total seats | +/– |
---|---|---|
1908 | 4 / 275
|
4 |
1912 | 10 / 288
|
6 |
1914 | 4 / 275
|
6 |
Russian Republic
Year | Total seats | +/– |
---|---|---|
1917 | 10 / 767
|
10 |
Republic of Armenia
Parliamentary elections
Year | Votes | % | Seats | +/– | Outcome |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1919 | 230,772 | 89.0% | 72 / 80
|
1st Majority government | |
1995 | –
|
1 / 190
|
71 | 14th In opposition | |
1999 | 84,232 | 7.79% | 5 / 131
|
4 | 4th government support |
2003 | 136,270 | 11.36% | 11 / 131
|
6 | 4th Coalition government |
2007 | 177,907 | 13.16% | 16 / 131
|
5 | 3rd Coalition government until 2009 |
3rd In opposition | |||||
2012 | 85,550 | 5.68% | 5 / 131
|
11 | 4th In opposition |
4th Coalition government since 2016 | |||||
2017 | 103,173 | 6.58% | 7 / 105
|
2 | 4th Coalition government until October 2018 |
2018 | 48,811 | 3.89% | 0 / 132
|
7 | 5th In opposition |
2021[a] | 269,481 | 21.11% | 10 / 107
|
10 | 2nd Main opposition |
a.^ Run within Armenia Alliance.
Presidential elections by popular vote
Year | Candidate | Votes | % | # |
---|---|---|---|---|
1991 | Sos Sargsyan | –
|
4.3% | 3rd |
1996 | banned, endorsed Vazgen Manukyan[137] | |||
1998 | endorsed Robert Kocharyan[138] | |||
2003 | ||||
2008 | Vahan Hovhannisyan | 100,966 | 6.2% | 4nd |
2013 | did not participate |
Presidential elections by parliament vote
Year | Candidate | Votes | % | # |
---|---|---|---|---|
2018 | endorsed Armen Sarkissian[139] | |||
2022 | boycott[140] |
Republic of Artsakh
Parliamentary elections
Year | Votes | % | Seats | +/– | Outcome |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
2000 | –
|
–
|
9 / 33
|
9 | 2nd Main opposition |
2005[b] | 10.573 | 17.36% | 3 / 22
|
6 | 3rd In opposition |
2010 | 12,725 | 20.18% | 4 / 22
|
1 | 3rd In opposition |
2015 | 12,965 | 18.81% | 7 / 22
|
3 | 3rd In opposition |
2020 | 4,758 | 6.47% | 3 / 33
|
4 | 4th In opposition |
b. ^ Run within Movement 88.
Artsakh
After the
Ideology and goals
The principal founders of the Armenian Revolutionary Federation were nationalist,
Despite subsequent modifications, the above-mentioned principles and tendencies continue to characterize the ideological world of the Dashnaktsutiun, and its approach toward issues has remained unchanged. In recent decades, the Armenian Revolutionary Federation reasserted itself ideologically and reformulated the section of its program called "General Theory", adapting it to current concepts of socialism, democracy and rights of self-determination.[148] The party has long supported a parliamentary republican political system and campaigned for a "yes" vote in the 2015 constitutional referendum.[150][151]
Its primary goals are:
- Creation of a free, independent, and united Armenia. The borders of United Armenia shall include all territories designated as Armenia by the Treaty of Sèvres as well as the regions of Artsakh, Javakhk, and Nakhichevan (See map).[51]
- International condemnation of the genocide committed by the Ottoman Empire against the Armenians, return of the lands which are occupied, and just reparations to the Armenian nation[51]
- The gathering of worldwide expatriate Armenians on the lands of United Armenia.[51]
- Strengthening Armenia's statehood, institutionalization of democracy and the rule of law, securing the people's economic well-being, and establishment of social justice, and a democratic and socialistic independent republic in Armenia[51]
In 1907, the Dashnaktsutiun joined the Second International until its dissolution during World War I.[152] It later joined the reformed Socialist International and remained a full member until 1960, when it decided to pull out of the organization.[153] In 1996, it was re-accepted as an observer member, and in 1999 the Dashnaks earned full membership in the international organization.[153] The party was also a member of the Labour and Socialist International between 1923 and 1940.[154]
A member of the ARF is called Dashnaktsakan (in Eastern Armenian) or Tashnagtsagan (in Western Armenian), or Dashnak/Tashnag for short. Other than calling each other by name, members formally address one another as Comrade (Ընկեր or Unger for boys and men, Ընկերուհի or Ungerouhi for girls and women).[155]
The party has supported some
Affiliate organizations
The ARF is considered the foremost organization in the Armenian diaspora, having established numerous Armenian schools, community centers, Scouting and athletic groups, relief societies, youth groups, camps, and other organs throughout the world.[46]
The ARF also works as an umbrella organ for the Armenian Relief Society, the Homenetmen Armenian General Athletic Union, the Hamazkayin Cultural Foundation, and many other community organizations.[46] It operates the Armenian Youth Federation, which encourages the youth of the diaspora to join the political cause of the ARF and the Armenian people.
The ARF Shant Student Association and the ARF Armen Karo Student Association are organizations of college and university students on various campuses and are the only ARF organizations whose membership is exclusively from this group.
The Justice Commandos of the Armenian Genocide (JCAG) was the militant arm of the ARF.[158][159] It was active in from 1975 to 1987.[160] They were responsible for a number of assassinations of Turkish diplomats with the goal of bringing attention to the Armenian genocide.[161]
US and Canada
Western US Committee controversy
In December 2020, the ARF's highest body, the Bureau, appointed a new Central Committee in the Western United States, citing the limitations created by the COVID-19 pandemic as reason for the appointment without the calling of a convention.[164] After this, a group of ARF members refused to accept the decision, convened an assembly and elected a body which claimed to be the legitimate Central Committee of the ARF in the Western United States.[165][166] This group took control of the bank account and various movable and immovable properties of the ARF Western Region of the US, including the official organ Asbarez.[164][165] The members of this group were expelled from the party by decision of the Bureau in March 2021.[165][166] The expelled group then initiated lawsuits, including Federal RICO litigation.[167] On July 18, 2021, at the ARF Western United States 55th Regional Convention, sanctioned and attended by the ARF Bureau, a new Central Committee of the ARF Western United States Region was elected for a two-year term.[168] On March 8, 2022, the Armenian Revolutionary Federation's World Congress, its highest authority, issued a public statement re-affirming that "the only ARF entity operating in the Western United States region is the ARF Central Committee elected for a term of two years on July 18, 2021 at the ARF Western United States 55th Regional Convention. This entity is the only one authorized to incorporate the use of the ARF's name and use its flag, insignia and anthem."[169] The newspaper Oragark was established as the new official publication of the organization in the Western United States in April 2022.[170]
Other countries
Branches of the Armenian National Committee in Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Cyprus, Egypt, England, France, Georgia, Greece, Iran, Israel, Lebanon, Russia, Switzerland, Syria, the Netherlands and Uruguay subsequently have played a significant role in the campaign for the recognition of the Armenian genocide in their respective countries.[171]
Media
ARF and its affiliate organizations worldwide publish 12 newspapers: 4 daily and 8 weeklies. Also, there are two TV channels, including one online. Two radio stations are aired every day, including one online.
- Periodicals
Name (in Armenian) | Type | Date est. | Location | Language(s) | Website |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yerkir (Երկիր) | weekly | 1991 | Yerevan, Armenia | Eastern Armenian | www |
Aparaj (Ապառաժ) | weekly | Stepanakert, Artsakh | Eastern Armenian | aparaj | |
Alik (Ալիք) | daily | 1931 | Tehran, Iran | Eastern Armenian | alikonline |
Housaper (Յուսաբեր) | daily | 1913 | Cairo, Egypt | Western Armenian | |
Aztag (Ազդակ)
|
daily | 1927 | Beirut, Lebanon | Western Armenian | www |
Hairenik (Հայրենիք) | weekly | 1899 | Watertown, Massachusetts, U.S. | Western Armenian | hairenikweekly |
Armenian Weekly | weekly | 1934 | Watertown, Massachusetts, U.S. | English | armenianweekly |
Haytoug (Հայդուկ) | youth magazine (AYF) | 1978 | Los Angeles, California, U.S. | Western Armenian, English | www |
Horizon (Հորիզոն) | weekly | 1979 | Montreal, Canada | Western Armenian, English, French | horizonweekly |
Ardziv (Արծիւ) | youth magazine (AYF) | 1991 | Toronto, Canada | Western Armenian, English, French | ardziv |
Artsakank (Արձագանգ) | weekly | Nicosia, Cyprus | Western Armenian, English | www | |
Azat Or (Ազատ Օր) | weekly | 1945 | Athens, Greece | Western Armenian, Greek | azator |
Kantsasar (Գանձասար) | weekly | 1978 | Aleppo, Syria | Western Armenian | www |
Armenia (Արմենիա) | weekly | 1931 | Buenos Aires, Argentina | Western Armenian, Spanish | diarioarmenia |
ARFWest.org | online | 2020 | Los Angeles, California, U.S. | Eastern and Western Armenian, English | ARFWest.org |
Oragark | online | 2022 | Burbank, California, U.S. | English, Eastern and Western Armenian | Oragark.com |
- Television
Name | Date established | Location | Language(s) | Website |
---|---|---|---|---|
Yerkir Media (Երկիր Մեդիա) | 2003 | Yerevan, Armenia | Armenian | www |
Nor Hai Horizon TV | 1993 | Toronto, Canada | Armenian, English | www |
- Radio
Name | In Armenian | Type | Date established | Location | Language(s) | Circulation | Website |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Voice of Van | Վանայ Ձայն | radio station | 1927 | Beirut, Lebanon | Armenian | — | www |
Azat Alik | Ազատ Ալիք | online radio station | Greece | Armenian | — | web | |
Radio Yeraz | Ռատիո Երազ | online radio station | 2011 | Aleppo, Syria | Armenian | first Armenian online radio station in Syria | www www |
See also
- Armenian national movement
- Armenian fedayees
- Armenian Revolutionary Federation in Lebanon
- ARF History Museum
References
- Notes
- ^ Reformed spelling: Հայ Յեղափոխական Դաշնակցություն; Eastern Armenian pronunciation: Hay Heghapokhagan Dashnaktsutyun; Western Armenian pronunciation: Hay Heghapokhagan Tashnagtsutiun. The abbreviation in both cases is written as ՀՅԴ which is pronounced as Ho-Yi-Da in Eastern and Ho-Hi-Ta in Western Armenian.
- ^ Collectively referred to as Dashnaks for short
- ^ Eastern Armenian: Դաշնակցություն, Dashnaktsutyun; Western Armenian: Դաշնակցութիւն, Tashnagtsoutioun
- Sources
- ^ ISBN 978-0-7658-0205-7.
- ^ "Յուրաքանչյուր երկրորդ չափահաս հայաստանցին կուսակցակա՞ն [Every second Armenian a party member?]". Tert.am (in Armenian). Yerevan. 15 May 2012. Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 7 September 2014.
- ^ "Armenian Nationalist Party Threatens President Over Turkey Protocols". Yerevan. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 14 January 2010. Archived from the original on 8 September 2014. Retrieved 7 September 2014.
- ^ Cornell 2011, p. 11.
- Open Society Institute. Archivedfrom the original on 8 September 2014. Retrieved 7 September 2014.
- ^ [3][4][5]
- ^ "Armenia: Internal Instability Ahead" (PDF). Yerevan/Brussels: International Crisis Group. 18 October 2004. p. 8. Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 11 June 2014.
- ^ "Ծրագիր Հայ Յեղափոխական Դաշնակցության (1998)". Armenian Revolutionary Federation Website. "ՀՅ Դաշնակցությունը նպատակադրում է. Ա. Ազատ, Անկախ եւ Միացյալ Հայաստանի կերտում: Միացյալ Հայաստանի սահմանների մեջ պիտի մտնեն Սեւրի դաշնագրով նախատեսված հայկական հողերը, ինչպես նաեւ` Արցախի, Ջավախքի եւ Նախիջեւանի երկրամասերը:"
- ^ Harutyunyan 2009, p. 89.
- ^ [7][8][9]
- ^ "The first numbers of the lists of eleven political forces presented their visions of the fight against corruption and economic development" Տասնմեկ քաղաքական ուժերի ցուցակների առաջին համարները ներկայացրին կոռուպցիայի դեմ պայքարի ու տնտեսության զարգացման իրենց տեսլականները (in Armenian). Armenpress. 5 December 2018. Archived from the original on 9 November 2019. Retrieved 10 December 2018.
- ^ "It is necessary to get rid of the phrase 'there are no means, there can be no reforms.' Armen Rustamyan" Պետք է ձերբազատվել «չկան միջոցներ, չեն կարող լինել բարեփոխումներ» ձևակերպումից. Արմեն Ռուստամյան. Yerkir (in Armenian). 16 September 2017. Archived from the original on 9 November 2019. Retrieved 10 December 2018.
- ^ [11][12]
- ^ ""Dashnaktsutyun" wants to disrupt peacekeeping initiatives". 25 January 2022.
- ^ "Dashnaktsutyun MP Finds 'Terrible Things' in 2012 Budget | Epress.am". 18 November 2011.
- RFE/RL. Archived from the originalon 24 August 2020.
- ^ a b Danielyan, Emil (16 December 1995). "ARMENIA: Banned Opposition Party Has Deep Roots". Azg. Transitions Online. Archived from the original on 4 July 2020.
- RFE/RL. Archived from the originalon 24 August 2020.
- RFE/RL. Archived from the originalon 24 August 2020.
- ^ [16][17][18][19]
- ^ "Դաշնակցության սոցիալիզմի մոդելը [The Socialist Model of Dashnaktsutyun]". parliamentarf.am (in Armenian). Armenian Revolutionary Federation faction in the National Assembly of the Republic of Armenia. 9 July 2011. Archived from the original on 31 January 2018. Retrieved 28 September 2015.
- ^ "Evaluation Report on Armenia on Transparency of party funding" (PDF). Strasbourg: Council of Europe. 3 December 2010. p. 5. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 29 September 2014.
- ^ "Where is the Armenian LEFT, the true alternative?". Yerevan: Institute for Democracy and Human Rights (IDHR). 10 December 2007. Archived from the original on 7 September 2014.
- ^ [21][22][23]
- ^ Hovannisian 1971, p. 40.
- ^ Danielyan, Emil (16 December 1995). "ARMENIA: Banned Opposition Party Has Deep Roots". Azg. Transitions Online. Archived from the original on 4 July 2020.
- ^ Goltz 2015, p. 314.
- ^ a b Verluise 1995, p. 38.
- ^ Panossian 2006, p. 365.
- ^ [26][27][28][29]
- ^ "Armenia".
- ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 September 2020. Retrieved 10 December 2019.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ ռ/կ, Ազատություն (23 May 2019). "Dashnaktsutyun Holds Rally, Again Slams Government". «Ազատ Եվրոպա/Ազատություն» Ռադիոկայան. RFE/RL. Archived from the original on 11 July 2021. Retrieved 11 July 2021.
- ^ "ARF Joins Party of European Socialists as Observer Member". Armenian Weekly. 16 June 2015. Archived from the original on 17 June 2015. Retrieved 23 June 2015.
- ^ a b "ARF news 'Yerkir', Hrant Markarian Speech". Archived from the original on 10 June 2007. Retrieved 25 December 2006.
- ^ "National Assembly of the Republic of Armenia | Official Web Site | parliament.am". parliament.am. Archived from the original on 22 January 2013. Retrieved 3 August 2021.
- ^ "Report on Armenia's Parliamentary Election May 30, 1999". Washington, D.C.: Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe. 1 September 1999. p. 7. Archived from the original on 5 September 2015.
- S2CID 144094304.
- ^ "Armenian Revolutionary Federation". Portal on Central Eastern and Balkan Europe. Bologna, Italy: University of Bologna. Archived from the original on 7 September 2014.
- ^ a b "Armenian Revolutionary Federation Founded, Armenian history timeline". Archived from the original on 9 July 2018. Retrieved 25 December 2006.
- ^ Sanjian, Ara (2011). "The ARF's First 120 Years". The Armenian Review. 52 (3–4): 1–16. Archived from the original on 9 July 2021. Retrieved 22 January 2021.
- ^ "Tachnaq party holds 2 seats in Lebanese National Assembly" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 June 2007. Retrieved 30 December 2006.
- ^ "ARF among parties running in NKR elections". Archived from the original on 3 October 2006. Retrieved 3 January 2007.
- ^ Armenian Revolutionary Federation Program (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 October 2017. Retrieved 10 August 2015.
- ^ "ARFD". ARFD. Archived from the original on 9 December 2018. Retrieved 10 December 2018.
- ^ a b c d e "U.S. Embassy releases study on Armenian-Americans". Archived from the original on 11 October 2007. Retrieved 27 December 2006.
- ^ ISBN 0-520-00914-2.
- ^ a b Libaridian, Gerard J. (1996). "Revolution and Liberation in the 1892 and 1907 Programs of the Dashnaktsutiun". In Suny, Ronald Grigor (ed.). Transcaucasia, Nationalism, and Social Change. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press. pp. 187–198.
- ISBN 9788885822115.
- ^ a b c d "ARF.am Home". Archived from the original on 12 October 2006. Retrieved 27 December 2006.
- ^ a b c d e f "Goals of the Armenian Revolutionary Federation". Archived from the original on 2 February 2007. Retrieved 29 December 2006.
- ^ a b "RA Prime Minister Tigran Sargsyan's Speech at General Meeting of ARF 'Dashnaktsutyun'". Government of Armenia. 21 May 2008. Archived from the original on 25 June 2011. Retrieved 19 June 2011.
- ^ a b "ARF Signs 'Political Cooperation' Agreement with Government". 24 February 2016. Archived from the original on 13 August 2018. Retrieved 10 December 2018.
- ^ "ARF's Supreme Council Approves Nomination of Serzh Sargsyan for Prime Minister". Hetq. 23 April 2018. Archived from the original on 24 April 2018. Retrieved 24 April 2018.
- ^ a b ռ/կ, Ազատություն (6 May 2021). ""Վերածնվող Հայաստան"-ը հայտարարում է ընտրություններին ՀՅԴ-ի հետ դաշինքով մասնակցելու մասին՝ Քոչարյանի գլխավորությամբ". «Ազատ Եվրոպա/Ազատություն» ռադիոկայան. Archived from the original on 6 May 2021. Retrieved 8 May 2021.
- ^ "Սերժ Սարգսյանը կզոհաբերի՞ իր հավատարիմ զինվորներին". hayeli.am. Archived from the original on 29 October 2021. Retrieved 29 October 2021.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-691-02549-0.
- ^ Vratsian, Simon (2000). Tempest-Born DRO. Armenian Prelacy, New York, translated by Tamar Der-Ohannesian. pp. 13–22.
- ^ ""A Critical Survey of Bolshevism" – Stalin". Archived from the original on 2 January 2008. Retrieved 5 August 2007.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-521-52245-8.
- ISBN 978-0-691-02549-0.
- ^ (in Russian)«Всеподданейшая записка по управлению кавказским краем генерала адьютанта графа Воронцова-Дашкова», СПб.: Государственная Тип., 1907, с.12
- ISBN 978-0-472-06617-9.
- ISBN 978-0-231-06109-4.
- ^ Abraham. Alexander Kerensky, p. 54
- ^ ISBN 978-0-8133-3817-0.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-8133-3817-0.
- ^ Mandelian, Garo (4 January 2022). "The ARF Oath and its Revolutionary Tactics, Methods, and Operations". armeniaweekly.com. Archived from the original on 7 March 2023. Retrieved 7 March 2023.
- ^ a b c d e Kurdoghlian, Mihran (1996). Hayots Badmoutioun (Armenian History) (in Armenian). Hradaragutiun Azkayin Oosoomnagan Khorhoortee, Athens Greece. pp. 42–48.
- ^ Ministère des affaires étrangères, op. cit., no. 212. M. P. Cambon, Ambassadeur de la Republique française à Constantinople, ŕ M. Hanotaux, Ministre des affaires étrangères, p. 239; et no. 215 p. 240.
- ISBN 978-0-312-10168-8.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-312-10168-8.
- ^ "Khanasor Expedition, Armenian history timeline". Archived from the original on 16 October 2006. Retrieved 26 December 2006.
- ISBN 978-0-595-30662-6.
- ISBN 978-0-9535191-1-8.
- ^ a b Maarten Van Ginderachter, "Edward Joris: Caught between Continents and Ideologies?" in To Kill a Sultan: A Transnational History of the Attempt on Abdülhamid II (1905), edited by Houssine Alloul, Edhem Eldem and Henk de Smaele (Palgrave Macmillan, 2018), p. 67-98.
- ^ "Les Temps nouveaux". Gallica. 9 December 1905. Retrieved 17 November 2023.
- ^ Gaïdz Minassian, "The Armenian Revolutionary Federation and Operation 'Nejuik'", in To Kill a Sultan: A Transnational History of the Attempt on Abdülhamid II (1905), edited by Houssine Alloul, Edhem Eldem and Henk de Smaele (Palgrave Macmillan, 2018), p. 53.
- ^ Maarten Van Ginderachter, "Edward Joris: Caught between Continents and Ideologies?" in To Kill a Sultan: A Transnational History of the Attempt on Abdülhamid II (1905), edited by Houssine Alloul, Edhem Eldem and Henk de Smaele (Palgrave Macmillan, 2018), pp. 67-98.
- ^ "Pro Armenia / rédacteur en chef : Pierre Quillard ; comité de rédaction : G. Clemenceau, Anatole France, Jean Jaurès, Francis de Pressensé, E. de Roberty". Gallica. 5 January 1908. Retrieved 17 November 2023.
- ^ "Pro Armenia / rédacteur en chef : Pierre Quillard ; comité de rédaction : G. Clemenceau, Anatole France, Jean Jaurès, Francis de Pressensé, E. de Roberty". Gallica. 15 August 1905. Retrieved 17 November 2023.
- ^ "Pro Armenia / rédacteur en chef : Pierre Quillard ; comité de rédaction : G. Clemenceau, Anatole France, Jean Jaurès, Francis de Pressensé, E. de Roberty". Gallica. 1 September 1905. Retrieved 17 November 2023.
- ^ "Les Temps nouveaux". Gallica. 22 June 1907. Retrieved 17 November 2023.
- ^ Pasdermadjian, Garegin (1918). Why Armenia Should be Free: Armenia's Rôle in the Present War (PDF). Hairenik Pub. Co.[permanent dead link]
- ISBN 978-1-4381-0721-9. Archivedfrom the original on 20 September 2023. Retrieved 22 April 2022.
- ^ Türkkaya Ataöv, "Procurement of Arms for Armenian Terrorists: Realities Based on Ottoman Documents", Heath W. Lowry, "Nineteenth and Twentieth Century Armenian Terrorism: 'Threads of Continuity'" and Paul B. Henze, "The Roots of Armenian Violence", in International Terrorism and the Drug Connection, Ankara University Press, 1984, pp. 71-84 and 169-202; Michael M. Gunter, pp. 29-30 and 55; Houshamatyan of the Armenian Revolutionary Federation. Album-Atlas, volume I, Heroic Battles. 1890-1914, Los Angeles-Glendale: Next Day Color Printing, 2006, p. 7; Gaïdz Minassian, pp. 2 and 30-32; Louise Nalbandian, The Armenian Revolutionary Movement, Berkeley-Los Angeles-London: University of California Press, 1963, chapter VII; Kapriel Serope Papazian, Patriotism Perverted, Boston: Baikar Press, 1934, pp. 13-18 and 68-70; Rapport présenté au congrès socialiste international de Copenhague par le parti arménien "Dachnaktzoutioun", Genève, 1910, pp. 9 and 15-17; Jeremy Salt, The Unmaking of the Middle East, Berkeley-Los Angeles-London: University of California Press, 2008, p. 59; Yves Ternon, pp. 124-125.
- ^ ISBN 978-90-04-10283-5.
- ^ a b Kurdoghlian, Mihran (1996). Hayots Badmoutioun (Armenian History) (in Armenian). Hradaragutiun Azkayin Oosoomnagan Khorhoortee, Athens Greece. pp. 52–53.
- ISBN 978-0-85773-020-6.
- ^ "Eyewitness account of the start of the Armenian genocide". Archived from the original on 7 July 2011. Retrieved 3 January 2007.
- ^ a b Kurdoghlian, Mihran (1996). Hayots Badmoutioun (Armenian History) (in Armenian). Hradaragutiun Azkayin Oosoomnagan Khorhoortee, Athens Greece. pp. 92–93.
- ^ Ussher, Clarence D (1917). An American Physician in Turkey. Boston. p. 244.
- ^ "Punishment of the Executors of the Armenian genocide". Archived from the original on 11 December 2006. Retrieved 3 January 2007.
- ISBN 978-0-943247-06-9.
- ^ "Transcaucasian Federation". Archived from the original on 25 June 2019. Retrieved 3 January 2007.
- ^ a b "The First Republic". Archived from the original on 19 December 2012. Retrieved 3 January 2007.
- ^ "Genocide survivors recall victory at Sardarapat". Archived from the original on 29 September 2007. Retrieved 30 December 2006.
- ^ a b "Pre-Soviet history of Karabakh". Archived from the original on 18 December 2006. Retrieved 30 December 2006.
- ^ "Soviet background separates two Armenian churches in US". Archived from the original on 30 June 2007. Retrieved 28 June 2007.
- ^ "Slain in 187th St. Church; Assassins Swarm About Armenian Prelate and Stab Him. He Falls with Crucifix Two Men Seized and Beaten by Enraged Congregation". New York Times. 25 December 1933.
- ISBN 978-0-415-33260-6.
- ISBN 0-333-61974-9.
While the ARF was legally exonerated from any direct complicity in the assassination, the organization and its members were ostracized by the opposition parties. Two consequences of the Tourian episode were the split in the Armenian Church in the United States and a concomitant weakening of the ARF, although the party was able to reinvigorate itself after World War II, by its forthright opposition to Communist rule.
- ^ Auron Yuri, The Banality of Denial, p. 238
- ISBN 978-0-7146-3491-3.
- ^ ISBN 978-1-4191-2943-8.
- ISBN 978-0-8143-2527-8, archivedfrom the original on 25 April 2021, retrieved 27 September 2020
- ^ "Tashnag says offers of compromise were snubbed". Archived from the original on 29 September 2007. Retrieved 8 August 2007.
- ISBN 978-1-885942-47-0. p. 261
- ISBN 0-404-16402-1
- ISBN 2-86262-002-5
- ISBN 1-86064-024-9
- ^ "ARF Shant Student Association". Archived from the original on 2 February 2007. Retrieved 7 January 2007.
- ^ "Treaty of Sèvres". Archived from the original on 6 January 2007. Retrieved 7 January 2007.
- ^ "Armenian Revolutionary Federation – Dashnaktsutiun". Archived from the original on 14 March 2007. Retrieved 3 February 2007.
- ^ Hakobyan, Tatul (21 September 2021). "Անկախության ճանապարհին. ՀՅԴ-ի, ՍԴՀԿ-ի, ՌԱԿ-ի վերապահումներն ու մտահոգությունները" [On the path to independence: the ARF's, SDHP's, and DLP's reservations and concerns]. ANI Armenian Research Center (in Armenian). Archived from the original on 31 January 2022. Retrieved 31 January 2022.
- ^ https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/obituary-hrair-maroukhian-1194159.html
- ^ a b "ARF newspaper banned". Archived from the original on 6 December 2006. Retrieved 27 December 2006.
- ^ a b c Danielyan, Emil (5 December 1997). "THE RE-LEGALIZATION OF ARMENIA'S DASHNAK PARTY ON THE CARDS". Jamestown. Archived from the original on 27 October 2021. Retrieved 27 October 2021.
- ^ Interview in 2001 by Aram Abrahamyan on Horizon Armenian Programming.
- ^ "Refworld | Amnesty International Report 1997 – Armenia". Refworld. Archived from the original on 29 October 2021. Retrieved 27 October 2021.
- ^ a b c "Վճիռ ցմահ դատապարտյալ Արսեն Արծրունու գործով. պատիժը մնաց անփոփոխ". Human Rights Armenia. Archived from the original on 10 December 2018. Retrieved 10 December 2018.
- ^ "Արմեն Մնջոյանին մերժել են: Ցմահ ազատազրկվածները դիմում են դատարաններ". Archived from the original on 11 December 2018. Retrieved 10 December 2018.
- ^ a b c ""31"-ի գործի մեծ մասը պետությունը ոչնչացրել է". Hetq.am (in Armenian). 24 February 2014. Archived from the original on 27 October 2021. Retrieved 27 October 2021.
- ^ "Davit Lokyan profile at Armenian Government website". Archived from the original on 8 December 2006. Retrieved 29 December 2006.
- ^ "Levon Mkrtchian profile at Armenian Government website". Archived from the original on 16 October 2006. Retrieved 29 December 2006.
- ^ "Aghvan Vardanian profile at Armenian Government website". Archived from the original on 16 October 2006. Retrieved 29 December 2006.
- ^ "Norair Davidian profile at Armenian Government website". Archived from the original on 16 October 2006. Retrieved 29 December 2006.
- ^ "ARFD Nominates Vahan Hovhannissian" Archived 2 February 2008 at the Wayback Machine. A1+. 30 November 2007. 18 December 2007.
- ^ "Ra Cec Declared Serge Sargsian Armenia's President" Archived 29 October 2021 at the Wayback Machine, defacto.am, 25 February 2008.
- ^ "Dashnaks Skeptical About Sarkisian's Dialogue With Ter-Petrosian". Azatutyun. 28 April 2011. Archived from the original on 19 July 2011. Retrieved 29 April 2011.
- ^ "ՀՅԴ-ն կազմավորում է կամավորականների պահեստային գումարտակ | AraratNews". Archived from the original on 28 November 2016. Retrieved 26 May 2020.
- ^ "More ARF Volunteers Head to Frontlines". Asbarez. 28 October 2020. Archived from the original on 31 January 2021. Retrieved 23 January 2021.
- ^ "As Ultimatum Expires, Protests Continue". EVN Report. 8 December 2020. Archived from the original on 29 January 2021. Retrieved 23 January 2021.
- ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 November 2018. Retrieved 25 November 2018.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ (in Armenian) «Gallap international association»-ը հրապարակեց 17.04–23.04 ժամանակահատվածում անցկացված սոցիոլոգիական հարցումների արդյունքները Archived 30 April 2012 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Pashinyan's Yelk would get 75% of votes if snap elections were held next Sunday, poll says". ARKA News Agency. 11 May 2018. Archived from the original on 28 November 2018. Retrieved 10 December 2018.
- RFE/RL. Archivedfrom the original on 17 June 2021. Retrieved 17 June 2021.
- ^ Khachatrian, Ruzanna (25 November 2002). "Dashnaks Endorse Kocharian's Reelection Bid". azatutyun.am. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 17 December 2015.
- ^ "Armen Sarkissian Elected Fourth President of Armenia". civilnet.am. 2 March 2018. Archived from the original on 18 June 2018. Retrieved 16 March 2018.
- ^ "Opposition will not nominate candidates for President of Armenia". Public Radio of Armenia. Archived from the original on 23 January 2023. Retrieved 6 February 2022.
- ^ "The World Factbook – Armenia". CIA. Archived from the original on 4 January 2021. Retrieved 27 January 2007.
- ^ (in Armenian) Լեռնային Ղարաբաղի Ինքնավար Մարզ (ԼՂԻՄ) (Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast) Armenian Soviet Encyclopedia, Vol. 4, Yerevan 1978 p. 576
- ISBN 978-0-8147-1945-9.
- ^ a b "Electioral history of Karabakh". Archived from the original on 9 January 2009. Retrieved 4 February 2007.
- ISBN 978-1-4191-0751-1.
- ^ "The principal founders of the Armenian Revolutionary Federation were nationalist, The ARF's involvement in each of these revolutions was largely a result of the organization's pragmatic world-view arising from the close linkage between national liberation and socialism underpinning its ideology". Archived from the original on 6 January 2006. Retrieved 9 January 2013.
- ^ "ARF history". Archived from the original on 2 January 2006. Retrieved 29 January 2006.
- ^ a b "ARF history (2)". Archived from the original on 6 January 2006. Retrieved 29 January 2006.
- ^ "ARF Program". Armenian Revolutionary Federation. 2 February 2007. Archived from the original on 27 January 2022. Retrieved 29 March 2022.
- ^ Aslanian, Karlen; Movsisian, Hovannes (24 August 2015). "Constitutional Reform 'Victory For Dashnaktsutyun'". azatutyun.am. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 29 March 2016.
- ^ Hayrumyan, Naira (8 November 2012). "Vote 2013: PAP for "technical" president to carry out constitutional reform". ArmeniaNow. Archived from the original on 6 October 2015. Retrieved 29 March 2016.
- ISBN 978-0-7190-2927-1.
- ^ a b "La F.R.A. Dachnaktsoutioun rejoint l'Internationale Socialiste" (in French). Archived from the original on 4 December 2006. Retrieved 11 March 2006.
- ^ Kowalski, Werner (1985). Geschichte der sozialistischen arbeiter-internationale: 1923 – 19. Dt. Verl. d. Wissenschaften, 1985. p. 335.
- ^ "Spotlight: ANC of Rhode Island". Archived from the original on 14 October 2006. Retrieved 14 March 2007.
- ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 September 2020. Retrieved 10 December 2019.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ "S&D Group strengthens links with Armenian Revolutionary Federation". 6 July 2016. Archived from the original on 27 May 2019. Retrieved 5 April 2022.
- ISBN 978-0-429-71477-1. Archivedfrom the original on 20 September 2023. Retrieved 30 March 2022.
- from the original on 19 March 2022. Retrieved 30 March 2022.
- ISBN 978-0-8139-2267-6.
- ISBN 978-1-4128-3592-3. Archivedfrom the original on 20 September 2023. Retrieved 14 April 2022.
- ISBN 978-0-595-30662-6.
- ^ "Armenian National Committee of Canada". Archived from the original on 24 May 2013. Retrieved 10 June 2013.
- ^ a b "Յայտարարութիւն Հ.Յ.Դ. Բիւրոյի". www.arfd.am (in Armenian). Archived from the original on 14 August 2021. Retrieved 15 July 2021.
- ^ a b c "Armenian Revolutionary Federation expels four U.S. members". PanARMENIAN.Net. Archived from the original on 18 March 2021. Retrieved 15 July 2021.
- ^ a b Karapetyan, Mkrtich (20 March 2021). "Կոնֆլիկտ ՀՅԴ Բյուրոյի և ՀՅԴ Արևմտյան Ամերիկայի կենտրոնական կոմիտեի միջև". www.1lurer.am (in Armenian). Archived from the original on 27 April 2022. Retrieved 21 July 2023.
- ^ "Docket for ARF Dashnaktsutyun, Western U.S.A. v. Armenian Revolutionary Federation WUSA, Inc., 2:21-cv-05594 - CourtListener.com". CourtListener. Archived from the original on 14 August 2021. Retrieved 15 July 2021.
- ^ "ARF Western United States 55th Regional Convention Announcement". ARF Western U.S.A. Archived from the original on 7 October 2022. Retrieved 24 March 2022.
- ^ "ARF 34th World Congress Public Announcement". The Armenian Weekly. 24 March 2022. Archived from the original on 24 March 2022. Retrieved 24 March 2022.
- ^ "ARF Western United States of America celebrates organization's 131st anniversary". www.arfd.am. Archived from the original on 5 April 2022. Retrieved 14 April 2022.
- ^ "ANC Chapters". Bay Area Armenian National Committee. Archived from the original on 19 October 2004. Retrieved 10 June 2013.
Sources
- Kaligian, Dikran (2017). Armenian Organization and Ideology Under Ottoman Rule: 1908–1914. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-351-53118-4.
- Harutyunyan, Arus (2009). Contesting National Identities in an Ethnically Homogeneous State: The Case of Armenian Democratization. Kalamazoo, MI: Western Michigan University. p. 89. ISBN 978-1-109-12012-7.
- ISBN 9780765602442.
- Verluise, Pierre (1995). Armenia in Crisis: The 1988 Earthquake. Wayne State University Press. p. 38. ISBN 9780814325278.
- ISBN 9780231139267.
- JSTOR 41044266.
- Papazian, Kapriel Serope (1934). Patriotism perverted: A discussion of the deeds and the misdeeds of the Armenian Revolutionary Federation, the so-called Dashnagtzoutune. Boston: Ramgavarauthor]
- Tololyan, Minas (1962). The crusade against the Armenian Revolutionary Federation. Armenian Research Center collection. Boston: Hairenik Association. [a publication by the ARF]
- ISBN 9780765630049.
- Кhudinian, Gevorg (1990). "Հ. Հ. Դաշնակցության գաղափարական ակունքները" [Ideological sources of the A. R. Federation]. Lraber Hasarakakan Gitutyunneri (in Armenian). 6 (6): 3–12. Archived from the original on 15 December 2014. Retrieved 15 December 2014.
External links
- Official web site – Armenian Revolutionary Federation
- Official English language site – Armenian Revolutionary Federation – Dashnaktsutyun (Armenian Socialist Party)
- Armenian Revolutionary Federation Shant Student Association
- Armenian Revolutionary Federation Archives Institute Archived 7 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine
- Altintas, Toygun: Armenian Revolutionary Federation (ARF), in: 1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War.