Armenians in Lebanon
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Armenians have lived in Lebanon for centuries. According to Minority Rights Group International, there are 156,000[1] Armenians in Lebanon, around 4% of the population. Prior to the Lebanese Civil War, the number was higher, but the community lost a portion of its population to emigration.
Lebanon experienced a significant migration of Armenian refugees primarily between 1918 and 1920, seeking sanctuary from the
Armenians in Lebanon strive to balance their Lebanese identity with ties to their homeland, keeping a distance from sectarian divisions. In areas like Bourj Hammoud and the coastal area northeast of Beirut, they maintain Armenian-language media and political parties. While most adhere to the Armenian Apostolic Church, there are also Armenian Protestants and Catholics.[6]
History
Armenians first established contact with Lebanon when
The Catholic Armenians who fled to Lebanon in the declining years of the 17th century may be credited with establishing the first enduring Armenian community in the land.[9] The Maronites further acted on the Armenians' behalf in 1742, when they interceded with the Vatican to win Papal recognition for the patriarch of the Armenian Catholics. In 1749, the Armenian Catholic Church built a monastery in Bzoummar, where the image of Our Lady of Bzommar is venerated. The monastery is now acknowledged as the oldest extant Armenian monastery in Lebanon. Alongside it was built the patriarchal see for the entire Armenian Catholic Church.[9]
In 1890's the Hamidian massacres had produced a trickle of Armenian refugees into Lebanon.
Armenians in Lebanon (1915–1975)
The Armenian presence in Lebanon during the Ottoman period was minimal; however, there was a large influx of Armenians after the Armenian genocide of 1915. Other Armenians inhabited the area of Karantina (literally "Quarantine", a port-side district in the Lebanese capital of Beirut). Later on, a thriving Armenian community was formed in the neighbouring district of Bourj Hammoud.
In 1939, after the
Prior to 1975, Beirut was a thriving center of Armenian culture with varied media production,[11] which was exported to the Armenian diaspora.
Armenians in Lebanon (1975–present)
During the Lebanese Civil War, Armenians, grouped in Bourj Hammoud and Anjar, have been known for their neutrality in the civil war.[12] And while the insecurity and economic dislocation of the war caused Lebanese Armenians to lose much of their number to emigration, the distinctive features and manifold successes of the community yet remain.[9]
There are three prominent Armenian political parties in Lebanon: the
More than 150,000 Lebanese-Armenians have political representation in 6 seats in the Lebanese Parliament, in addition to one ministerial position.[7]
Lebanon was one of the region’s first nations and the first
On 4 August 2020, during the
Armenian neighborhoods
Armenians live in many parts of Lebanon. Historically most Armenians have lived in Beirut and Matn District and Anjar in the Bekaa Region. From Beirut proper we can mention grander Ashrafieh: Hadjen (Corniche Nahr), Khalil Badawi, Karm el Zeytoun (Հայաշէն), Rmeil, Gemmayze, Mar Mikhael, Sursock, and Geitawi. Armenians have had strong presence also in other Beirut regions such as Khandaq Ghamik, Zuqaq al-Blat, Zarif, Bab Idris, Sanayeh (Kantari), Clemenceau and Hamra, among others. During the civil war many of these Armenians emigrated or fled to safer regions in Lebanon. From the Beirut suburbs, there are big concentrations in Matn District, particularly Bourj Hammoud, Dora-Amanos, Fanar, Rawda, Jdeide, Zalka, Jal El Dib, Antelias, Mezher (Dzaghgatzor), Naccash, Dbayeh, Awkar and in the regions situated from Antelias to Bikfaya. To the north, there are further Armenian populations scattered in Jounieh, Byblos and Tripoli (particularly the Mina area). Anjar is a place where Armenian populations is predominant.[citation needed]
There are Armenian religious centers in Antelias and
In the Bekaa, there are Armenians living in Zahlé and most notably Anjar.
Bourj Hammoud
Bourj Hammoud (
]Mezher (Dzaghgatzor)
Mzher (or Dzaghgatzor in Armenian) is a small town located between Antelias and Bsalim, in Matn district. It is a new town, where most of the population is Armenian, along with other Christians. In Mzher the Armenian community has one of the top Armenian schools, Melankton and Haig Arslanian College (Jemaran) and a socio-cultural sport club, Aghpalian. The headquarters of SAHALCO are also situated nearby. Most of the Armenians of Mzher come from Bourj Hamoud, Ashrafieh, Anjar and the other old Armenian quarters.
Anjar
Anjar (عنجر, Այնճար), also known as Haoush Mousa (حوش موسى), is a town of Lebanon located in the
Jbeil
Jbeil-Byblos (جبيل, Ժիպէյլ), is a town of Lebanon located in the Keserwan-Jbeil_Governorate. Armenians in Jbeil count around 200 Armenian family. In Jbeil the Armenian community has the Armenian Community Center (ՃԻՊԷՅԼԻ ՀԱՅ ԿԵԴՐՈՆ) [22] including : A.R.F Hohita Keri Gomide,[23] Armenian Relief Cross Sosse chapter, Lebanese Armenian Youth Federation Ararad chapter, Serop Aghpuir Badanegan Miyoutioun, Birds Nest Orphanage,[24] Sourp gayane Church. an additional 40 Armenian families live in the neighboring city of Batroun.
Politics
According to the traditional Lebanese confessional representation in the Lebanese Parliament, a certain number of seats have been reserved for Armenian candidates according to their confession. Presently the Lebanese-Armenians are represented in the 128-seat Lebanese Parliament with 6 guaranteed seats (5 Armenian Orthodox and 1 Armenian Catholic) as follows:
- 3 Armenian Orthodox and 1 Armenian Catholic seat in the Beirut I electoral district
- 1 Armenian Orthodox seat in the Matn District
- 1 Armenian Orthodox seat in Zahle District
As many Protestants in Lebanon are ethnic Armenians, the sole parliamentary slot for Evangelical (Protestant) community has at times been filled by an Armenian, making for a total of 7 Armenian deputies in the Lebanese Parliament. Lebanese Armenians have been represented in government by at least one government minister in the formations of Lebanese governments. In case of larger governments (with 24 ministers and above) Armenians are traditionally given two government ministry positions. Lebanese-Armenians also have their quota in top-level public positions. [citation needed]
Unlike the
Education
Lebanon is the location of the only Armenian university outside Armenia. Haigazian University was established in Beirut by the Armenian Missionary Association of America and the Union of the Armenian Evangelical Churches in the Near East.[27] Founded in 1955, Haigazian is a liberal arts Armenian institution of higher learning, which uses English as the language of instruction.
Most Armenian schools are run by the three Armenian Christian denominations (Orthodox, Catholic and Evangelical). Others are run by cultural associations like Hamazkayin and Armenian General Benevolent Union (AGBU). [citation needed] Notable schools include:
- Armenian Evangelical College (Beirut)
- Armenian Evangelical Central High School (Ashrafieh, Beirut)
- Armenian Evangelical Shamlian Tatigian Secondary School (Bourj Hamoud)
- Yeghishe Manoukian College (Debbayeh)
- Hamazkayin Melankton & Haig Arslanian Djemaran School (Mezher)
- United Armenian College (Bourj Hammoud)
- Mesrobian College (Bourj Hammoud)
Culture
Music
Anatolian and kef music were a source of controversy due to the shared
Community choirs that formed in Lebanon during the 1930s, led by former students of
Theater
Like other cultural institutions of the Lebanese Armenian community,
Fazlian is considered one of the most important figures in Lebanese theater; his theater projects were covered in Armenian, Arabic and French-language newspapers of the period. Fazlian was born in Istanbul in 1926; after obtaining his education in Turkey and directing several plays, a friendly colleague advised him to seek his fortune outside Turkey, imploring Fazlian to "never leave the theater", but also reminding him that an Armenian was not likely to land a leading role in Turkey. Fazlian left Istanbul in 1951 and settled in Beirut where he founded the Nor Pem (“New Stage”) theater group in 1956, Vahram Papazian in 1959, and Azad Pem (“Free Stage”) in 1971.[29]
Lebanon had only one theater group in Beirut prior to Fazlian's creation of the Vahram Papazian group and that was Hamazkayin's Kasbar Ipegian theater company. Ipegian, who had settled in Beirut in 1930, was one of Hamazkayin's founders. Hamazkayin was the cultural arm of the Armenian Revolutionary Federation (ARF) or Dashnak party. The Hamazkayin Theater Association, which Ipegian founded in 1941, performed plays created by Armenian writers like Levon Shant and Papken Papazian. Their self-stated mission was to "reestablish and spread the art of theater in the diaspora". This included enhancing "Armenian theater’s educational role in the preservation of national identity".[30][29]
Fazlian himself was a
Women
In 1932 Siran Seza, a Lebanese-Armenian writer, began publishing the first
The Armenian community in Lebanon developed educational institutions and organizations to address issues like poverty, which were exacerbated by the violent conflict and crisis in Lebanon. The focus of these institutions was on women's role as mothers, which is not uncommon in times of war or violent conflict. They sought to kept Armenian children connected to the community by offering cultural activities like traditional Armenian dance and music. The three main Armenian churches ran private Armenian schools for the children; even the poorest Armenian families tried to enroll their children in private Armenian schools and they often needed NGO assistance to pay for the schoolbooks.[34]
Life in the Armenian community of Bourj Hammoud was largely effected by
Economy
In the years after
Media
"Pyunik" (Armenian: Փիւնիկ) was the first Armenian newspaper in Lebanon renamed Nor Pyunik (Armenian: Նոռ Փիւնիկ). In 1924, the newspaper Lipanan (Armenian: Լիբանան) was published. In 1927, Aztag replaced Nor Punik.
Press: Dailies
There are three Armenian daily newspapers published in Beirut all mouthpieces of the traditional Armenian political parties (Tashnag, Hunchag and Ramgavar).
- Aztag (Armenian: Ազդակ), a daily newspaper that speaks on behalf of the Armenian Revolutionary Federation– Tashnag and was established in 1927. It also published an online English version and an online Arabic supplement.
- Ararad (Armenian: Արարատ), a daily newspaper published by the Social Democrat Hunchakian Party – Hunchag Party
- Armenian Democratic Liberal Party– Ramgavar and was established in 1937.
From the defunct Armenian political newspapers besides Pyunik in the 1920s, one should mention the independent non-partisan newspaper
Special mention should also be made for the Armenian leftist daily newspaper Joghovourti Tsayn (Armenian: Ժողովուրդի Ձայն meaning Voice of the People) which had a short span of publication but remained influential during its span of publication. [citation needed]
Press: Weekly publications and periodicals
Lebanon has a history of periodicals and weekly newspapers in the Armenian language. Notable long-running publications include:
- Hask (Հասկ), official publication of the Catholicosate of the Great House of Cilicia (Armenian Apostolic)
- Avedik (Աւետիք), official publication of the Armenian Catholic Church
- Yeridasart Hayouhi (Երիտասարդ Հայուհի, literary periodical dedicated to women) which was later turned into an independent political biweekly called Yeridasart Hay (Երիտասարդ Հայ).
- Nor Gyank (Նոր Կեանք, meaning New Life) the lifestyle newspaper/magazine
- Gantch (Կանչ), the Armenian Communist weekly (part of Arabic language communist "An Nidaa")
- Khosnag (Խօսնակ), the Armenian General Benevolent Union (AGBU) official publication
- Pakine (Բագին) literary cultural publication
- Shirak (Շիրակ) literary cultural publication
- Spurk (Սփիւռք meaning diaspora) literary and cultural publication
- Nayiri(Նայիրի) literary and cultural publication
- Massis (Մասիս), Armenian Catholic publication
- Badanegan Artsakank (Պատանեկան Արձագանք) Armenian Evangelical / Youth publication
Academic publications
- Hasg Hayakidagan Hantes, an annual Armenological publication by the Holy See of Cilicia
- Haigazian Armenological Review, an annual Armenological publication of Haigazian University
Radio
The Lebanese state radio established very early on daily radio broadcasts in Armenian through its second channel consecrated to broadcasting in languages (mainly French and English). That programming goes on to date on Radio Liban. During the civil war, the Lebanese Armenians established a great number of unlicensed radio stations (some non-stop for 24 hours a day). The pioneer was the popular radio station "Radio Paradise" and later on "Vana Tsayn" (Voice of Van). However, with the Lebanese Parliament enacting laws organizing the airwaves, all the unlicensed stations (alongside the other Lebanese stations) had to close. They were replaced by two operating and fully licensed radio stations operating in Armenian in Lebanon in accordance with the new broadcast laws – "Voice of Van" and "Radio Sevan". [citation needed]
Television
Lebanese private stations and state-owned
Religion
Officially, there are three Armenian denominations recognized by the government. The Armenians have Armenian Orthodox, Armenian Catholic, or Armenian Evangelical mentioned in their identity cards, in the denomination field. Sometimes, however, there are variations particularly in case of the Armenian Evangelicals, sometimes registered as just Evangelicals or Protestants without mention of Armenian. There are also some Armenian Catholics who are registered under the denomination Latin, sometimes Armenian Latin. [citation needed]
Apostolic (Orthodox) Armenians
The
The Armenian Apostolic churches in Lebanon include:
- The Saint Gregory the Illuminator Mother Cathedral (Sourp Krikor Lousavoritch Mayr Dajar) which serves as the church for the Holy See of Cilicia (Catholicossate of the Great House of Cilicia – In Armenian "Gatoghigosaran Medzi Danen Guiligio" (Antelias, Lebanon). The big complex also contains a memorial chapel dedicated to the victims of the Armenian genocide, an Armenian library, printing presses, Armenian museum and "Veharan", residence of the catholicos of Cilicia and premises for the clergy.
- Holy Sign (Saint Nshan) Armenian Orthodox Church (Downtown Beirut) which serves as the church for the Armenian Apostolic Archbishopric of Lebanon and head office of the Armenian Primate of Lebanon.
- Saint Hagop Armenian Apostolic Church (Jetawi, Achrafieh, Beirut)
- Saint George (Sourp Kevork) Armenian Apostolic Church (Hadjin, Mar Mikhael, Beirut)
- Armenian Apostolic Church of the Assumption (Khalil Badaoui, Beirut)
- Armenian Apostolic Church of the Assumption (Jounieh, Kesrouan, Lebanon)
- Forty Martyrs (Karasoun Manoug) Armenian Apostolic Church (Marash, Bourj Hammoud)
- Holy Mother of God (Sourp Asdvadzadzin) Armenian Apostolic Church (Adana, Bourj Hammoud)
- Saint Vartan Armenian Apostolic Church (Tiro, Bourj Hammoud)
- Saint Sarkis Armenian Apostolic Church (Sis, Bourj Hammoud)
- Saint Paul (Sourp Boghos) Armenian Apostolic Church (Anjar, Beqaa, Lebanon)
- Holy Pentecost Armenian Apostolic Church (Tripoli, North Lebanon)
- Holy Mother of God (Sourp Asdvadzadzin) Armenian Apostolic Church – a complex that also includes the Zarehian Tebrevank (both in Bickfaya, Metn) and the commemorative statue of the Armenian genocide
Catholic Armenians
Armenian Catholic Church, has its patriarchate in the Lebanese capital Beirut, and represents Armenian Catholics around the world. Armenian Catholic Church also has its summer residence and its convent in Bzoummar, Lebanon.
Armenian Catholic churches include:
- St. Elie-St. Gregory the Illuminator (Sourp Yeghia – Sourp Krikor Lousavoritch Armenian Catholic Cathedral, (Debbas Square, Downtown Beirut)
- Armenian Catholic Church of the Annunciation (Achrafieh, Jetawi, Beirut) – also serving as church for the Armenian Catholic Patriarchal Eparchy.
- Armenian Catholic Church and the Convent of Bzoummar (Bzommar, Lebanon)
- St. Saviour (Sourp Pergitch) Armenian Catholic Church (Bourj Hammoud)
- Holy Cross (Sourp Khatch) Armenian Catholic Church (Zalka)
- Our Lady of Fatima Armenian Catholic Church (Hoch el Zaraani, Zahle, Beqaa)
- Our Lady of the Rosary Armenian Catholic Church (Anjar, Beqaa)
Evangelical Armenians
Major Armenian Evangelical Churches:
- First Armenian Evangelical Church (Kantari, Beirut)
- Armenian Evangelical Church (Achrafieh, Beirut)
- Armenian Evangelical Church (Nor Marash, Bourj Hammoud)
- Armenian Evangelical Emmanuel Church (Nor Amanos, Baouchriye)
- Armenian Evangelical Church (Anjar, Beqaa)
The Armenian Evangelical Church has 5 active youth groups called "Chanits" which is a part of the World's Christian Endeavor Union.[36] Children's, teenagers', and Chanits camps; women's conferences, church retreats, and educational programs take place at "KCHAG" which is located just outside Beirut in Mansouriyeh, Matn District. There are also a number of "Brethren" churches of Evangelical orientation ("Yeghpayroutyoun" in Armenian). [citation needed]
Monuments
Armenian Genocide Monument
Bikfaya is home to a commemorative plaque and monumental sculpture, honoring the victims of the 1915 Armenian genocide. Designed by Zaven Khedeshian and renovated by Hovsep Khacherian in 1993, the outdoor, freestanding sculpture rests on top of a hill that is located on the grounds of the summer retreat of the Catholicate of Cilicia.
The sculpture is a bronze abstract figure of a woman standing with hands open toward the sky. A plaque with Arabic and Armenian inscriptions reads:
This monument, commemorating the 50th anniversary of the Armenian genocide, was erected with the cooperation of the whole Armenian Community in Lebanon, to celebrate the rebirth of the Armenian nation and to express gratitude to our country, Lebanon – April 24, 1969
Members of the Armenian community of Lebanon visit the monument on April 24 every other year. The pilgrimages are alternated with the memorial chapel at the
Sports and Scouts Movements
There are three predominantly Armenian sports clubs in Lebanon with a strong tradition in sports as well as Scouting. They are
- Homenetmen Beirutalso known as HMEM—full name Hay Marmnagertagan Enthanour Miyutioun (Armenian General Union of Physical Culture)
- Homenmen Beirut also known as HMM—full name Hay Marzagan Miyutioun (Armenian Sports Union)
- Antranik Sports Club(of the Armenian Youth Association (AYA) of the Armenian General Benevolent Union AGBU)
All of them have various branches distributed in many Lebanese cities throughout the country where there are Lebanese Armenian communities. [citation needed]
Football
The Armenian clubs Homenetmen and Homenmen have important football teams in the official first and second division football leagues in Lebanon, although the membership of the teams is not restricted to ethnic Armenians and will usually include other Lebanese non-Armenian players as well as contracted foreign players, including professional players from Armenia.
Basketball
Armenian clubs Antranik and Homenetmen have prominent basketball teams playing in the official first and second division basketball league in Lebanon, although the membership of the teams is mixed and is not restricted to Armenians and will usually include other Lebanese non-Armenian players as well as contracted foreign players. Many Lebanese Armenians have represented Lebanon in the national team. In women's sports, the Armenian basketball clubs (Homenetmen and Antranik) are traditionally considered as powerhouses in the sport, and both clubs have won the official Lebanese Basketball Championships women title on several occasions. The Armenian club Antranik's Women Basketball team went on to win the pan-Arab club championship titles. [citation needed]
Other Sports
The above-mentioned Lebanese Armenian clubs also have huge influence on many other sports in Lebanon, but most notably in cycling, table tennis (ping pong) and track and fields. Individual Armenians have also excelled, most notably in weightlifting, wrestling and martial arts competitions. [citation needed]
Women Sports
Lebanese Armenians also have great influence in women sports in Lebanon, most notably in basketball, cycling and table tennis. The Armenian basketball clubs of Homenetmen and Antranik have won the official Lebanese Basketball Championships on several occasions. The Armenian club Antranik's Women Basketball team went on to win the pan-Arab championship titles. Homenetmen Antelias' Women Basketball team won the Lebanese championship consecutively twice in 2016 and 2017.[38][39]
Notable people
Lebanon knows a great number of Armenian notable personalities including politicians
See also
- Armenia–Lebanon relations
- Armenian diaspora
- Armenians in the Middle East
- Armenian Revolutionary Federation in Lebanon
- Anjar, Lebanon
- Bourj Hammoud
- Holy See of Cilicia
- List of Lebanese Armenians
- Lebanese Canadian
- Lebanese American
Sources
References
- ^ a b Lebanon Minorities Overview Archived February 22, 2014, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Armenians born, raised in Lebanon still have command of Turkish language". www.aa.com.tr. Retrieved 2022-03-13.
He said that nearly 70% of Armenians in Lebanon can speak Turkish, adding that the new generation also learned Turkish thanks to Turkish soap operas.
- ^ جدلية, Jadaliyya-. "The Legacy of Turkish in the Armenian Diaspora". Jadaliyya – جدلية. Retrieved 2022-03-13.
Turkish was certainly at its strongest among Armenians in the early years of the diaspora, but by no means have the second, third, or fourth generations completely lost touch with the language. Turkish is firmly implanted in the colloquial Western Armenian spoken among descendants of Ottoman Armenians from both Turkish- and Armenian-speaking families. Mixing in Turkish is still so commonplace in conversation that it is a great compliment to be known to speak makour [clean] Armenian.
- ^ "Armenians, Kurds in Lebanon hold on to their languages | Samar Kadi". AW. Retrieved 2022-03-13.
When Armenians first arrived in Lebanon [fleeing genocide in Turkey], they spoke their native language in addition to the Turkish language. Eventually the third generation lost the Turkish, replacing it with Arabic
- ^ "PATTERNS OF LANGUAGE USE AMONG ARMENIANS IN BEIRUT". studylib.net. Retrieved 2022-03-13.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-19-518111-1.
- ^ a b c How The Lebanese-Armenian Community Thrived Over Decades, by Hussein Yassine, July 2020
- ^ The Armenians of Lebanon, by S. Varjabedian, Beirut, 1951, p. 5-8
- ^ a b c Lebanese Armenians; A Distingtive Community in the Armenian Diaspora and in Lebanese Society, by Scott Abramson, p. 213
- ^ "Gorup 194".
- ^ Migliorino, Nicola. Constructing Armenia in Lebanon and Syria: Ethno-Cultural Diversity, page 166
- ^ Armenians in Lebanon, UNHCR, 1989
- ^ Rev. James Karnusian, retired pastor and one of three persons to establish ASALA, dies in Switzerland // The Armenian Reporter International, 18 April 1998.
- ^ "Kevork Ajemian, Prominent Contemporary Writer and Surviving Member of Triumvirate Which Founded ASALA, Dies in Beirut, Lebanon", Armenian Reporter, 1999-02-01
- OCLC 17841957
- ^ "Lebanon Recognizes the Armenian Genocide". Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2007-04-17.
- ^ Another Armenian dies in Beirut blast, News.am
- ^ At least three Armenians killed in deadly Beirut blasts, Panarmenian.net
- ^ Armenian Catholicosate damaged in Beirut explosion, Public Radio of Armenia, 05.08.20
- ^ Armenian representative in Lebanon: The scale of destruction from Beirut blast is unprecedented
- ^ "The cultural cradle for Lebanon's Armenians". Retrieved 2018-11-21.
- ^ "Armenian Community Center". Facebook.
- ^ "A.R.F Hohita Keri Gomide". Facebook.
- ^ "Birds Nest Orphanage".
- ^ "Armenian protest against Erdogan visit turns violent". Azad-Hye.com. 3 December 2010. Retrieved 28 June 2013.{
- ISBN 978-1-317-17856-9.
- ^ JSTOR j.ctt16xwbgf.9.
- ^ ISBN 978-1-84545-352-7.
- ^ a b c "Tribute: Actor and Director Fazlian Played Important Role in Armenian and Lebanese Theater". The Armenian Mirror-Spectator. 2016-02-25. Retrieved 2018-11-21.
- ^ "Kasbar Ipegian Theater Company". Hamazkayin. 2013-12-03. Retrieved 2018-11-21.
- ^ Manoukian, Jennifer (2014-07-25). "The Child of a Refugee". The Armenian Weekly. Retrieved 2018-11-21.
- ^ "Al-Raida" (65–75). The Institute. 1994.
{{cite journal}}
: Cite journal requires|journal=
(help) - ISBN 978-1-904303-23-7.
- ^ ISBN 978-1-4008-8300-4.
- ^ JSTOR 4325183.
- ^ "World's Christian Endeavor Union".
- ^ Monument in Bikfaya, Lebanon
- ^ "Homenetmen Antelias wins Lebanese Women Basketball Championship". Horizon. 2016-06-14. Retrieved 2017-06-15.
- ^ "Homenetmen Ladies Retain the Women's League Title Sports 961". sports-961.com. 2017-05-19. Retrieved 2017-06-15.
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