Armillaria gallica
Armillaria gallica | |
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Scientific classification | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Fungi |
Division: | Basidiomycota |
Class: | Agaricomycetes |
Order: | Agaricales |
Family: | Physalacriaceae |
Genus: | Armillaria |
Species: | A. gallica
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Binomial name | |
Armillaria gallica Marxm. & Romagn.
| |
Synonyms | |
Armillaria bulbosa (Barla) Kile & Watling |
Armillaria gallica | |
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Gills on hymenium | |
Cap is convex | |
Hymenium is adnate | |
Stipe has a ring | |
Spore print is white | |
Ecology is saprotrophic
or parasitic | |
Edibility is edible |
Armillaria gallica (
Armillaria gallica is a largely subterranean fungus, and it produces fruit bodies that are up to about 10 cm (3.9 in) in diameter, yellow-brown, and covered with small scales. On the underside of the
Phylogeny, taxonomy and naming
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Phylogeny and relationships of A. gallica and related North American species based on amplified fragment length polymorphism data. SY22, ST23, and M70 are A. gallica specimens collected from Michigan, Wisconsin, and British Columbia, respectively.[2] |
Confusion has surrounded the nomenclature and taxonomy of the species now known as Armillaria gallica, paralleling that surrounding the genus Armillaria.[3] The type species, Armillaria mellea, was until the 1970s believed to be a pleiomorphic species with a wide distribution, variable pathogenicity, and one of the broadest host ranges known for the fungi.[4] In 1973, Veikko Hintikka reported a technique to distinguish between Armillaria species by growing them together as single spore isolates on petri dishes and observing changes in the morphology of the cultures.[5] Using a similar technique, Kari Korhonen showed in 1978 that the European Armillaria mellea species complex could be separated into five reproductively isolated species, which he named "European Biological Species" (EBS) A through E.[6] About the same time, the North American A. mellea was shown to be ten different species (North American Biological Species, or NABS I through X);[7] NABS VII was demonstrated shortly after to be the same species as EBS E.[8] Because several research groups had worked with this widely distributed species, it was assigned several different names.
The species that Korhonen called EBS B was named A. bulbosa by Helga Marxmüller in 1982,
The
Description
The fruit bodies of Armillaria gallica have caps that are 2.5–9.5 cm (1.0–3.7 in) broad, and depending on their age, may range in shape from conical to convex to flattened. The caps are brownish-yellow to brown when moist, often with a darker-colored center; the color tends to fade upon drying. The cap surface is covered with slender fibers (same color as the cap) that are erect, or sloping upwards.
When the fruit bodies are young, the underside of the caps have a cottony layer of tissue stretching from the edge of the cap to the stem—a
Microscopic features
When the spores are seen in deposit, such as with a spore print, they appear whitish. They have an ellipsoid or oblong shape, usually contain an oil droplet, and have dimensions of 7–8.5 by 5–6 µm. The spore-bearing cells, the basidia, are club-shaped, four-spored (rarely two-spored), and measure 32–43 by 7–8.7 µm.[26] Other cells present in the fertile hymenium include the cheilocystidia (cystidia present on the edge of a gill), which are club-shaped, roughly cylindrical and 15–25 by 5.0–12 µm. Cystidia are also present on the stem (called caulocystidia), and are broadly club-shaped, measuring 20–55 by 11–23 µm.[27] The cap cuticle is made of hyphae that are irregularly interwoven and project upward to form the scales seen on the surface. The hyphae that make up the surface scales typically measure 26–88 µm long by 11–27 µm thick and can be covered with a crust of pigment. Clamp connections are present in the hyphae of most tissues.[26]
Edibility
Like all Armillaria species, A. gallica is considered
Similar species
Metabolites
Armillaria gallica can produce
Bioluminescence
The
Humongous fungus
Researchers reported finding Armillaria gallica in the
The fungus has since become a popular tourist attraction in Michigan, and has inspired a "Humongous Fungus Fest" held annually in August in Crystal Falls.[42] The organism was the subject of a Late Show Top Ten List on Late Night with David Letterman,[43] and an advertising campaign by the rental company U-Haul.[39]
Life cycle and growth
The
The growth rate of A. gallica rhizomorphs is between 0.3 and 0.6 m (1.0 and 2.0 ft) per year.[49] Population genetic studies of the fungus conducted in the 1990s demonstrated that genetic individuals grow mitotically from a single point of origin to eventually occupy territories that may include many adjacent root systems over large areas (several hectares) of forest floor.[40][50][51] Based on the low mutation rates observed in large, long-lived individuals, A. gallica appears to have an especially stable genome.[52] It has also been hypothesized that genetic stability may result from self-renewing mycelial repositories of nuclei with stem cell-like properties.[53]
Specific mechanisms of somatic growth have been proposed to explain how species such as A. gallica keep
Habitat and distribution
Armillaria gallica can normally be found on the ground, but sometimes on stumps and logs.
In North America, it is common east of the
A Chinese study published in 2001 used the
Ecology
Armillaria gallica is a weaker
Armillaria gallica can develop an extensive subterranean system of rhizomorphs, which helps it to compete with other fungi for resources or to attack trees weakened by other fungi. A field study in an ancient broadleaved woodland in England showed that of five Armillaria species present in the woods, A. gallica was consistently the first to colonize tree stumps that had been
Armillaria gallica may itself be parasitized by other
See also
References
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