Arroyo (watercourse)

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
(Redirected from
Arroyo (creek)
)
For other uses, see Arroyo (disambiguation).
Las Cruces Arroyo in New Mexico
An arroyo in the Sonoran Desert of Arizona
A flash flood hits a dry streambed in the Gobi Desert
Aerial view of El Paso's Arroyo Park, or Billy Rogers Arroyo, providing a path for runoff of rain on the Franklin Mountains behind

An arroyo (

Spanish arroyo (Spanish: [aˈroʝo], "brook"), also called a wash, is a dry watercourse that temporarily or seasonally fills and flows after sufficient rain.[1] Flash floods are common in arroyos following thunderstorms
.

Similar landforms are referred to as wadi (in North Africa and Western Asia), rambla in Spain, chapp in the Gobi, laagate in the Kalahari, donga in South Africa, nullah in India, fiumare in Italy, and dry valley in England.[2][3]

The desert dry wash biome is restricted to the arroyos of the southwestern United States. Arroyos provide a water source to desert animals.

Types and processes

Arroyos can be natural

farming
.

Natural

In the

watercourse that conducts an intermittent or ephemeral flow, providing primary drainage for an area of land of 40 acres (160,000 m2) or larger; or a watercourse which would be expected to flow in excess of one hundred cubic feet per second as the result of a 100 year storm event." Research has been conducted in the hydrological modeling relative to arroyos.[4]
Natural arroyos are made through the process known as arroyo-cutting. This occurs in arid regions such as New Mexico, where heavy rains can lead to enlargement of rivers cutting into surrounding rock creating ravines which are dry under normal weather conditions.[5] It is argued, however, whether these excessively stormy periods are the sole cause of arroyo-cutting as other factors such as long-term climate changes must also be taken into account.[6] Further, overgrazing by livestock throughout the 20th century and today has removed vast amounts of surface vegetation which decreases ground infiltration of precipitation and increased runoff, increasing speed and energy of high flow rain events. Coupled with groundwater pumping this increases downcutting in arroyos as well. Arroyo cutting which occurred in the 1900s in the southwestern United States caused serious farming issues such as a lowered water table and the destruction of agriculture lands.

Constructed

In agricultural areas in climates needing irrigation, farmers traditionally relied on small constructed arroyos, acequias, zanjas or aqueduct channels and ditches for the distribution of water.

An example of larger constructed arroyos is in

silvery minnow habitat is available for municipal water supply diversion. Signs are posted at the constructed arroyos warning to keep out due to danger of flash flooding
.

The Arroyo Seco and Los Angeles River are more famous examples in Southern California of former natural arroyo seasonal watercourses that became constructed open drainage system arroyos.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ "Arroyo Definition". MSN Encarta. Archived from the original on 2009-04-06. Retrieved 2009-10-02.
  2. ^ "Torrent valley". Insight on the Scriptures. Vol. 2: Jehova – Zuzim and Index. Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of New York. 1988. p. 1115. The term "wadi" (Arabic) is also used to designate a torrent valley ... whereas others are torrents during the rainy season but dry up completely during the rainless season.
  3. PMID 24124544
    .
  4. ^ "Modeling the Dynamics of Gully and Arroyo Formation Fort Carson and Pinon Canyon Maneuver Site, Colorado" (PDF). Defense Technical Information Center. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 4, 2011. Retrieved 2009-10-02.
  5. ISBN 978-0470150542
  6. ISBN 978-0582301511

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Arroyos.
Look up arroyo in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
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