Apollonia–Arsuf
Ἀπολλωνία Σώζουσα אפולוניה أرْسُوف Arsur | |
Alternative name | Arsur |
---|---|
Location | Tel Aviv District, Israel |
Coordinates | 32°11′43″N 34°48′24″E / 32.19528°N 34.80667°E |
Grid position | 132/178 PAL |
Type | Lowland castle[dubious ] (for the city citadel) |
History | |
Abandoned | 1265 |
Periods | Mainly Early Islamic and Crusader periods |
Site notes | |
Condition | Ruin |
Public access | Yes, national park |
Website | Apollonia National Park – Israel Nature and Parks Authority |
Apollonia (
It
The site of Arsuf (also Apollonia–Arsuf אַפּוֹלוֹנְיָה-אַרְסוּף) is now in Herzliya municipality, Israel (just north of Tel Aviv). The site was intensively excavated from 1994. In 2002 Apollonia National Park was opened to the public.
Names
The city is first recorded under its Greek name Apollonia in the final decades of the
A tradition connecting the name with the biblical Resheph, a grandson of Ephraim, is spurious.[4]
The name of the nearby Israeli settlement of Rishpon was given in 1936, inspired by a misreading of an inscription of Tiglath-Pileser III, where *rašpūna was read for kašpūna; recognition of the misreading rendered void the identification of Arsuf with a supposed Iron Age Phoenician settlement of *Rašpūna.[5]
The renaming of Apollonia "city of Apollo" to Sozusa (Σώζουσα Sōzousa) "city of the
The site is variously referred to as Apollonia, Arsin, Arsuf, Arsuph, Arsur, Arsuth, Assur, Orsuf and Sozusa in Crusader-era documents, with a large dominance of "Arsur" among the secondary sources discussed by Schmidt.[7]
History
Antiquity
Although some Chalcolithic and Iron Age remains were uncovered at the site, there is no evidence that there was a settlement prior to the Persian period (ca. 500 BCE). While the importance of the town was overshadowed by both
During the
Under Roman rule, the town prospered and grew into the chief commercial and industrial centre of the region between the
Apollonia is mentioned by
There was no coin minting in Apollonia, confirming that the town did not have the role of a Roman provincial center but was rather considered a medium-sized coastal town like
Sozusa in Palaestina was the name of the city in the late
During the Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628, the city surrendered on terms in 614 to Shahrbaraz and was in Sasanian hands until near the end of the war.[12]
Early Muslim period
In 640, the town
At the time of the Muslim conquest, Sozusa was inhabited by Samaritans.[14] In 809, following the death of
The town's area decreased to about 22 acres (89,000 m2) and, for the first time, it was surrounded by a fortified wall with buttresses, to resist the constant attacks of Byzantine fleets from the sea.[citation needed]
Crusader to Mamluk period
In 1225,
In 1265, sultan
According to Mujir al-Din (writing c. 1496), the Sidna Ali Mosque just south of Arsuf was dedicated by Baibars at the site of a saint's tomb where he prayed for victory prior to retaking Arsuf.[19]
In the Middle Ages, Sozusa was confused with Antipatris.[citation needed][dubious ] The identity of Arsuf with ancient Apollonia was first noted by Clermont-Ganneau in 1876.[2]
Ottoman period
In 1596, Ottoman tax registers recorded a village called Arsuf with 22 families and 4 bachelors, all
Catholic titular see until 1965
Sozusa in Palaestina is listed as a
British Mandate and Israeli periods
The site was incorporated in
Rishpon was established in 1936 to the immediate north-east of the site. It is part of the Hof HaSharon Regional Council, Central District.
Arsuf is a modern "exclusive clifftop community" named for Arsuf, built in 1995 north of the site, in Hof HaSharon Regional Council.[24]
Archaeology
The site of Apollonia–Arsuf was excavated in the 1990s and opened for visitors as Apollonia National Park in 2002. Excavations were ongoing as of 2015. The excavation report is prepared in three volumes, of which the first was published in 1999. The second and third volume, covering the excavation seasons until 2015, were in preparation as of 2016.
The above-ground remains before the excavations included the medieval city wall and moat, enclosing an area of about 90 dunam, a Crusader castle with a double-wall system with an area of about 4 dunam, a port with built jetties and a sheltered anchorage, protected by a sandstone reef.
Large amounts of pottery were recovered in the area surrounding the city, mostly of the Byzantine and early Islamic period, indicating that the city extended significantly beyond its old walls in the 7th century. A large Roman-era villa maritima was uncovered to the south of the site.
See also
- Crusader period:
- Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem
- Lord of Arsuf
- Battle of Arsuf (1191)
References
- ^ History's Garbage Dump, Israel Antiquities Authority, August 2013. Accessed 17.9.2020.
- ^ a b c d Cohen, Getzel M., The Hellenistic Settlements in Syria, the Red Sea Basin, and North Africa (2006), p. 234.
- ^ Izre'el (1999:73)
- ^ "All these elements show that the relation between Resheph, Ephraim's descendent, and the Phoenician city of Arsuf should be rejected." Maciej M. Münnich, The God Resheph in the Ancient Near East (2013), p. 244.
- ^ Izre'el (1999:72). The misreading was recognized in 1951.
- ^ Stark, K. B., Gaza und die Philistäische Küste, Jena (1852), p. 452, accepted by Clermont-Ganneau (1896:338): "[...] the noticeable fact remains that the town Apollonias-Arsuf, though of considerable importance, does not appear on the ecclesiastical lists, and that Sozousa is mentioned there in conjunction with Joppa, which would harmonize well enough with the geographic position of Arsuf."
- ^ Schmidt, Otto Heinrich, Ortsnamen Palästinas in der Kreuzfahrerzeit: Ortsnamenregister zu den Aufsätzen von Prutz, Beyer und Kob in der ZDPV 4–8, Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins (1953-), vol. 86, No. 2 (1970), pp. 117-164 (123).
- ^ Edward Lipiński, Itineraria Phoenicia (2004), p. 329.
- ^ "Baruchius episcopus Sozusae Palaestinae provinciae", "Baruchius episcopus Sozusenae civitatis", "Baruchius episcopus ecclesiae Sozusae" (E. Schwartz, Acta conciliorum oecumenicorum II.1.3 (1935), 183, 245, 255)
- OCLC 955922747.
- ^ Roll, I. and Tal, O. (1999), introduction, citing Conybeare 1910:517; Garitte 1960:55, Peeters 1923–24:41; Garitte 1953:38, 70; 1974:131.
- ISBN 9781473828650.
- ^ a b Le Strange, 1890, p. p. 399.
- ^ Izre'el (1999:64)
- ^ Taragan (2004), p. 85, f.n. 5 quoting Moshe Gil, Palestine during the First Muslim Period (634–1099) (Tel-Aviv, 1983), p. 662.
- ^ Boas 2006, p. 220
- Gestes des Chiprois, Part III, p.117, ed. Gaston Raynaud, Genève, 1887: The year given by the chronicler known as the Templar of Tyre is 1265.
- ISBN 978-0-521-79913-3. Retrieved 19 August 2020.
- ^ Taragan, Hana (2004): The Tomb of Sayyidna Ali in Arsuf: the Story of a Holy Place In JRAS (Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society), Series 4, 14, 2 (2004), pp. 83–102.
- ^ Hütteroth and Abdulfattah, 1977, p. 140
- ^ Karmon, 1960, p. 170 Archived 2019-12-22 at the Wayback Machine
- ISBN 978-88-209-9070-1), p. 976
- ^ Sozusa in Palaestina (catholic-hierarchy.org)
- ^ Harriet Sherwood, Beny Steinmetz: Israeli diamond dealer who likes to keep a low profile, The Guardian, 30 July 2013.
Bibliography
- Boas, Adrian (2006), Archaeology of the Military Orders: A Survey of the Urban Centres, Rural Settlements and Castles of the Military Orders in the Latin East (c.1120–1291), Routledge, ISBN 9781134422845.
- Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
- Hütteroth, Wolf-Dieter; Abdulfattah, Kamal (1977). Historical Geography of Palestine, Transjordan and Southern Syria in the Late 16th Century. Erlanger Geographische Arbeiten, Sonderband 5. Erlangen, Germany: Vorstand der Fränkischen Geographischen Gesellschaft. ISBN 3-920405-41-2.
- Karmon, Y. (1960). "An Analysis of Jacotin's Map of Palestine" (PDF). Israel Exploration Journal. 10 (3, 4): 155–173, 244–253. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-12-22. Retrieved 2015-04-28.
- OCLC 1004386.
- Robinson, E.; Smith, E. (1841). Biblical Researches in Palestine, Mount Sinai and Arabia Petraea: A Journal of Travels in the year 1838. Vol. 3. Boston: Crocker & Brewster. (pp. 46-47; 2nd appendix, p. 128)
- Roll, Israel; Tal, Oren (1999), Apollonia-Arsuf : final report of the excavations, the Persian and Hellenistic periods, with appendices on the Chalcolithic and iron age II remains, Emery and Claire Yass Publications in Archaeology, ISBN 965-266-012-4
- Roll, I. and Tal, O. (eds.) Apollonia-Arsuf: Final Report of the Excavations. Volume I: The Persian and Hellenistic Periods (with Appendices on the Chalcolithic and Iron Age II Remains), Tel Aviv University, Monograph Series of the Institute of Archaeology 16, Tel Aviv (1999).
- ISBN 90-04-10833-5. (see p.114)
- Tal, O. (ed.), Apollonia-Arsuf: Final Report of the Excavations. Volume II: Excavations in the Hinterland of Apollonia-Arsuf (1996, 2012, 2013) [in preparation]
- Tal, O. and Scholkmann, B. (eds.), Final Report of the Excavations. Volume III: Crusader Arsur. Excavations Directed by I. Roll (1977-2006) and O. Tal (2006-2015) (in preparation).
- This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Sozusa". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
- Shlomo Izre'el, "Arsuf: The Semitic Name of Apollonia" in: Apollonia-Arsuf: Final Report of the Excavations Volume I, The Emery and Claire Yass Publications in Archaeology, Monograph Series of the Institute of Archaeology of Tel Aviv University No. 16, Tel Aviv (1999).
External links
- Survey of Western Palestine, Map 10: IAA, Wikimedia commons