Art auction

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See also: Art market and Art valuation
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Auction Room, Christie's, circa 1808.
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An art auction in Newton, Massachusetts, USA (Tremont Auctions)
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Christie's New York City headquarters in Rockefeller Center

An art auction or fine art auction is the sale of art works, in most cases in an auction house.

In

Banqueting House, Whitehall",[1][2] and the practice is frequently referred to by other contemporary and later writers.[1]

Normally, an auction catalog, that lists the art works to be sold, is written and made available well before the auction date.

Some of the best known auction houses are

Stockholm Auction House
(Stockholms Auktionsverk). It was established in Sweden in 1674.

History

Early days

Before the introduction of regular auctions the practice was, as in the case of the famous collection formed by

guineas (gns.) for van Dyck's group of Sir Kenelm Digby, lady, and son.[1]

Auction Room, Christie's, circa 1808.

The next great dispersal was Dr

Portland vase, now in the British Museum. Many other interesting and important 18th centurysales might be mentioned. High prices did not become general until the Calonne, John Trumbull (both 1795) and Bryan (1798) sales.[1]

As to the quality of the pictures which had been sold by auction up to the latter part of the 18th century, it may be assumed that this was not high. The importation of pictures and other objects of art had assumed extensive proportions by the end of the 18th century, but the genuine examples of the

Beckford paid 1,300 gns. for the little picture of A Laughing Boy by Leonardo da Vinci;[1][3] and when at the Lafontaine sales (1807 and 1811) two Rembrandts each realized 5,000 gns., The Woman taken in Adultery, now in the National Gallery, and The Master Shipbuilder, now at Buckingham Palace. The Beckford sale of 1823 (41 days, ) was the forerunner of the great art dispersal of the 19th century; Horace Walpole's accumulation at Strawberry Hill, 1842 (24 days, ), and the Stowe
collection, 1848 (41 days, ), were also celebrated. They comprised every phase of art work, and in all the quality was of a very high order. They acted as a most healthy stimulus to art collecting, a stimulus which was further nourished by the sales of the superb collection of Ralph Bernal in 1855 (32 days, ), and of the almost equally fine but not so comprehensive collection of Samuel Rogers, 1856 (18 days, ).[1]

Three years later came the dispersal of the 1,500 pictures which formed Lord Northwick's gallery at Cheltenham (pictures and works of art, 18 days, ).[1]

Mid-19th century

Towards the latter part of the first half of the 19th century an entirely new type of collector gradually came into existence. It was a group primarily consisting of men who had made, or were making, large fortunes in the various industries of the midlands and north of England and other centres. They were not hampered by "collecting" traditions, and their patronage was almost exclusively extended to the artists of the day. The dispersal of these collections began in 1863, and continued at irregular intervals for many years, e.g. Joseph Gillott (1872), Sam Mendel (1875), Wynne Ellis and Albert Levy (1876), Albert Grant (1877) and Munro of Novar (1878).[4]

These patrons purchased at munificent prices either direct from the easel or from the exhibitions not only pictures in

water-colour drawings. As a matter of investment their purchases frequently realized far more than the original outlay; sometimes, however, the reverse happened, as, for instance, in the case of Landseer's Otter Hunt, for which Baron Grant is said to have paid and which realized shortly afterwards only 5,650 gns.[4]

One of the features of the sales of the 1870s was the high appreciation of water-colour drawings. At the

Burne-Jones's Hesperides for 2460 gns. In 1908, 14 Turner drawings fetched (Acland-Hood sale)[4][6] and 7 brought (Holland sale), the "Heidelberg" reaching 4,200 gins.[4][7] For Frederick Walker's Harbour of Refuge 2,580 gins. were paid (Tatham sale) and 2,700 giins. for his Marlow Ferry (Holland).[4]

The demand for pictures by modern artists, whose works sold at almost fabulous prices in the 1870s, had somewhat declined by the early 20th century; but during all its furore there was still a small band of collectors to whom the works of the Old Masters more especially appealed. The dispersal of such collections as the Bredel (1875), Watts Russell (1875), Foster of Clewer Manor (1876), the Hamilton Palace (17 days, )—one of the greatest art sales in the annals of Great Britain—Bale (1881),[4][8] Leigh Court (1884), and Dudley (1892) resulted,[4][9] as did the sale of many minor collections each season, in many very fine works of the Old Masters finding eager purchasers at high prices. A striking example of the high prices given was the realized by the pair of Vandyck portraits of a Genoese senator and his wife in the Peel sale, 1900.[4]

Late 19th to early 20th centuries

In the last quarter of the 19th century and the first decade of the 20th, the chief feature in art sales was the demand for works, particularly female portraits, by Reynolds, his contemporaries and successors. This may be traced to the South Kensington Exhibitions of 1867 and 1868 and the annual winter exhibitions at Burlington House, which revealed an unsuspected wealth and charm in the works of many English artists who had almost fallen into oblivion.[4]

A few of the most remarkable prices for such pictures may be quoted:[4]

Between 1880 and the end of first decade of the 20th century the "appreciation" of the then modern continental schools, particularly the French, was considerable; of high prices paid may be mentioned:[10]

High prices were also fetched by pictures of

Watteau, Boucher, Fragonard, Pater and Lancret; thus La Ronde Champêtre of the last named brought at the Say Sale in 1908, and Natoire's Le Reveil de Vénus at the Sedelmeyer sale, 1907.[10]

"Specialism" is the one important development in art collecting which has manifested itself between the middle of the 19th century and the Edwardian period. This explained the high average quality of the

Massey-Mainwaring sale of 1904,[10][11] and the Lewis-Hill sale of 1907. Very many other illustrations in nearly every department of art collecting might be quoted—the superb series of Marlborough gems (1875 and 1899) might be included in this category but for the fact that it was formed chiefly in the 18th century. The appreciation—commercially at all events—of mezzotint portraits and of portraits printed in colours, after masters of the early English school, was one of the most remarkable features in art sales during the last years of the 19th century. The shillings of fifty years before were then represented by pounds. The Fraser collection (December 4 to 6, 1900) realized about ten times the original outlay, the mezzotint of the Sisters Frankland, after Hoppner, by W. Ward, selling for 290 gns. as against 10 gns. paid for it about thirty years previously.[10]

The

Sir Joshua Reynolds received for the original pictures; e.g. the exceptionally fine example of the first state of the Duchess of Rutland, after Reynolds, by V. Green, realized 1,000 gns., whereas the artist received only for the painting itself. Even this unprecedented price for a mezzotint portrait was exceeded on the 30 April 1901, when an example of the first published state of Mrs Carnac, after Reynolds, by J. R. Smith, sold for 1,160 gns. At the Louis Huth sale (1905) 83 lots brought nearly Reynolds's Lady Bampfylde by T. Watson, first state before letters, unpublished, fetching 1,200 gns. Such prices as these and many others which might be quoted are exceptional, but they were paid for objects of exceptional rarity or quality.[10]

The Holland sale, in June 1908, realized (432 lots), a "record" sum for a collection of pictures mainly by modern artists; and that for the

Messrs Duveen paid in 1907. In every direction there has been a tendency to increase prices for really great artistic pieces, even to a sensational extent. The competition has become acute, largely owing to American and German acquisitiveness. By 1911 the demand for the finest works of art of all descriptions was much greater than the supply. By the early 20th century the turnover of one London firm alone had occasionally exceeded annually, which give an indication of the size of the art market at that time.[10]

Late 20th century

In November 1970, Diego Velázquez’s Portrait of Juan de Pareja sold for $5.5 million. The sale tripled the previous world record of a decade earlier. In May 1990, Vincent van Gogh’s Portrait of Doctor Gachet sold for $82.5 million.[12]

21st century

In November 2013, $142.4 million was paid for the 1969 triptych, Three Studies of Lucian Freud, by Francis Bacon.[13]

The highest price ever paid for an artwork at auction was Pablo Picasso's Les Femmes d'Alger (Version O) (Women of Algiers) that was sold by Christie's in May 2015 for $179.4 million.[14]

Sotheby's and Christie's has become major dealers of Chinese porcelain antiques. As of 2016, some of the best collections had been auctioned for tens of millions US Dollars, through Sotheby's and Christie's.[15]

In the 21st century, and especially since 2010, it has become more common for artworks to sell for prices in excess of $100m. Of the most expensive paintings of all time, most of those that sold for more than $100m were auctioned during or after 2010. The factors that can drive the price of a piece this high include the reputation of the artist, the age of the piece, the state of the art market, the piece's provenance, and the length of time since the piece was last up for sale.[16][17][18]

One of the largest changes to art auctions in 21st century is introduction and expansion of

Phillips and Heritage to expand both their reach to potential bidders and the inventory of artifacts auctioned, and the process is still going.[19] On the other hand, this concept made it possible for auctions mainly based online to appear and prosper, such as Invaluable, Live Auctioneers, Phi, etc. As a result of this shift, the art auction model is changing to become more inclusive of contemporary artists, and offering a broader range of the artworks to wider audiences. One of the most notable shifts associated with this change is constantly growing influence of the collectors from Asian markets.[20]

Controversy

In 2000, Christie's and Sotheby's admitted to a criminal

conspiracy in violation of antitrust law, and each agreed to pay clients million in compensation for illegally coordinating the commissions they charged on sales between 1993 and early 2000.[21][22] Alfred Taubman, former chairman of Sotheby's, went to prison upon being convicted for his part in the scheme.[23] Sotheby's CEO Diana Brooks and her counterpart at Christie's, Christopher Davidge, confessed to the crime; Brooks implicated Taubman, who was fined million in addition to going to prison.[24] After Christie's announced it was cooperating with the government in the antitrust investigation in January 2000, clients of both auction houses filed hundreds of lawsuits against them; the suits were later consolidated into one class-action suit. That autumn, the houses agreed to a million settlement in the class-action suit, with Taubman saying he would pay million of Sotheby's million share.[25]

See also

Historical bibliography

The chief compilations dealing with art sales in Great Britain are: G. Redford, Art Sales (1888); and W. Roberts, Memorials of Christie's (1897); other books containing much important matter are W. Buchanan, Memoirs of Painting; The Year's Art (1880 and each succeeding year); F. S. Robinson, The Connoisseur; and Louis Soullié, Les Ventes de tableaux, dessins et objets d'art au XIX'e siècle (chiefly French).[26]

Notes

  1. ^ a b c d e f g Chisholm 1911, p. 268.
  2. ^ Evelyn 1906, p. 303.
  3. ^ Graves, p. 305.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Chisholm 1911, p. 269.
  5. ^ "Sotheby's - Page Not Found". sothebys.com. {{cite web}}: Cite uses generic title (help)[permanent dead link]
  6. ^ Graves, p. 7.
  7. ^ Graves, p. 252.
  8. ^ Graves, p. 237.
  9. ^ Graves, p. 80.
  10. ^ a b c d e f Chisholm 1911, p. 270.
  11. ^ Catalog of items sold at the 1904 Massey-Mainwaring sale
  12. ^ A History Of Insane Art Prices Archived 2016-12-28 at the Wayback Machine Digg.com Retrieved 16 November 2015.
  13. ^ Vogel, Carol (November 12, 2013). "Bacon's Study of Freud Sells for $142.4 Million". New York Times. Archived from the original on April 1, 2019. Retrieved November 12, 2013.
  14. ^ "Picasso Painting Sells For Nearly $180 Million, Smashing Auction Record". BuzzFeed. Archived from the original on 2016-05-15. Retrieved 2017-08-24.
  15. ^ Yi Ching, Leung. "2016 Top 20 Chinese porcelain auctions (Sotheby's/ Christie's)". www.zentopia-culture.com/. Leung Yi Ching. Archived from the original on 24 February 2019. Retrieved 15 January 2017.
  16. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived
    from the original on 2017-07-06. Retrieved 2017-07-12.
  17. ^ "What makes a painting worth more than $100m? - New Bond Street Pawnbrokers". www.newbondstreetpawnbrokers.com. Archived from the original on 2017-08-19. Retrieved 2017-07-12.
  18. ^ Lui, Kevin. "Basquiat Painting Breaks Multiple Records By Selling For $110.5 Million". Fortune. Archived from the original on 2017-07-18. Retrieved 2017-07-12.
  19. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived
    from the original on 2020-01-30. Retrieved 2020-01-30.
  20. ISSN 0099-9660. Archived
    from the original on 2020-01-30. Retrieved 2020-01-30.
  21. ^ Just the two of us - The duopoly in fine-art auctions is weakened but very much alive Archived 2012-02-22 at the Wayback Machine The Economist, economist.com, February 27, 2003.
  22. ^ Commission rules against collusive behaviour of Christie's and Sotheby's Archived 2007-07-16 at the Wayback Machine, IP/02/1585, European Commission, europa.eu, October 30, 2002.
  23. ^ Rohleder, Anna (November 14, 2001), "Who's Who In The Sotheby's Price-Fixing Trial", Forbes, archived from the original on 2012-10-21, retrieved 2012-11-20
  24. ^ Johnson, Caitlin A. (February 11, 2009), "For Billionaire There's Life After Jail", CBS News, archived from the original on 2010-12-04, retrieved 2012-11-20
  25. ^ "Hammer houses of horror". The Economist. July 24, 1997. Archived from the original on 2012-08-22. Retrieved 2012-11-20.
  26. ^ Chisholm 1911, p. 700.

References

Attribution:

External links

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