Art in modern Scotland
Art in modern Scotland includes all aspects of the
Scotland possess significant collections of art, like the
Early twentieth century
Glasgow School
For the late nineteenth century and early twentieth century, developments in Scottish art are associated with the Glasgow School, a term that is used for a number of loose groups based around the city. The most important grouping, active from about 1890 and known as "The Four" or the "Spook School", was composed of acclaimed architect
Scottish Colourists
The first significant group of Scottish artists to emerge in the twentieth century were the Scottish Colourists in the 1920s. The name was retrospectively given to
Edinburgh School
The group of artists connected with Edinburgh, most of whom had studied at Edinburgh College of Art during or soon after the
Modernism and the Scottish Renaissance
The philosopher, sociologist, town planner and writer
William McCance's early work was in a bold post-impressionist style. After the First World War he moved to London with his wife, fellow student Agnes Miller Parker (1895–1980), where he joined the same circles as Fergusson, vorticist Wyndham Lewis (1882–1957) and nationalist composer Francis George Scott. Under these influences his work became increasingly abstract and influenced by vorticism, as can be seen in Women on an Elevator (1925) and The Engineer and his Wife (1925).[17] William Johnstone (1897–1981) was a cousin of F. G. Scott and met MacDiarmid as a student at Edinburgh. He studied cubism, surrealism and was introduced to new American art by his wife the sculptor Flora Macdonald. He moved towards abstraction, attempting to utilise aspects of landscape, poetry and Celtic art. His most significant work, A Point in Time (1929–38), has been described by art historian Duncan Macmillan as "one of the most important Scottish pictures of the century and one of the most remarkable pictures by any British painter in the period".[14][18][19]
Other artists influenced by modernism included James McIntosh Patrick (1907–98) and Edward Baird (1904–49).[14] Both trained in Glasgow, but spent most of their careers in and around their respective native cities of Dundee and Montrose. Both were influenced by surrealism and the work of Bruegel. They focused on landscape, as can be seen in McIntosh Patrick's Traquair House (1938) and more overtly Baird's The Birth of Venus (1934). Before his success in painting, McIntosh Patrick gained a reputation as an etcher. Leading figures in the field in the inter-war period included William Wilson (1905–72) and Ian Fleming (1906–94).[20]
New Scottish Group
The longest surviving member of the Scottish Colourists, Fergusson, returned to Scotland from France in 1939, just before the outbreak of the
The group had no single style, but shared left-wing tendencies and included artists influenced by trends in contemporary continental art. Painters involved included Donald Bain (1904–79), who was influenced by
Photography
In the early twentieth century notable photographic work in Scotland included that of visiting artists, such as Alvin Langdon Coburn (1882–1966), whose produced illustrations for the work of Robert Louis Stevenson and Paul Strand (1890–1976), as well as atmospheric depictions of Hebridean landscapes. There was also the record of the Gorbals in Glasgow made by Bert Hardy (1913–95), Joseph MacKenzie (b. 1929) and Oscar Marzaroli (1933–88), but, having pioneered photography in the late nineteenth century, the artistic attainment of native photographers was not high in the early twentieth century.[24]
Later twentieth century to the present
Post-war artists
Notable post-war artists included
Paris continued to be a major destination for Scottish artists, with
Scottish Realism and the Glasgow Pups
Sculpture
The sculpture of
Photographic renaissance
In the late twentieth century, photography in Scotland enjoyed a renaissance, encouraged by figures including Richard Hough (1945–85) who founded the Stills Gallery for photography in Edinburgh in 1977 and Murray Johnston (1949–90), who was its director (1982–86).[38] Notable practitioners in Scotland included the American Thomas Joshua Cooper (b. 1946).[24] More recent exponents who have received acclaim include Pradip Malde (b. 1957), Maud Sulter (1960–2008) and Owen Logan (b. 1963).[24]
Contemporary artists
Since the 1990s, the most commercially successful artist has been
Institutions
Art museums and galleries
Major art galleries in Edinburgh include the
Glasgow galleries include the
Art schools and colleges
Scotland has had schools of art since the eighteenth century, many of which continue to exist in different forms today.
Organisations
References
Notes
- ISBN 0-486-41794-8, pp. 283–4.
- ^ "The Scottish Colourists", Visit Scotland.com, archived from the original on 29 April 2008, retrieved 7 May 2010
- ^ ISBN 0-19-953294-X, p. 575.
- ^ "The Scottish Colourists", Explore Art, archived from the original on 15 October 2013, retrieved 12 November 2012
- ^ a b c "The Edinburgh School" Archived 2017-11-16 at the Wayback Machine, Edinburgh Museums and Galleries, retrieved 10 April 2013
- ^ "1922 Group | Artist Biographies". www.artbiogs.co.uk. Retrieved 7 October 2015.
- ^ ISBN 0199693056, pp. 153–4.
- ^ "Presidents and Secretaries – Society of Scottish Artists". Retrieved 2021-07-21.
- ^ "RSW Past Members". Royal Scottish Society of Painters in Watercolors. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016.
- ^ The Life and Art of William Geissler (1894-1963): Norman Shaw, MPhil Thesis, Edinburgh College of Art, 1994
- ^ The Art of William Geissler 1894-1963, Poetry of Place, Author: Alistair (Introduction) Rowan, Publisher: Edinburgh College of Art, 1996
- ^ ISBN 1-119-99276-1, p. 25.
- ISBN 0500203334, p. 348.
- ^ ISBN 0-7486-2027-3, p. 173.
- ISBN 0500203334, pp. 163–4.
- ^ Macmillan, Scottish Art , p. 350.
- ^ Macmillan, Scottish Art, pp. 348–50.
- ^ Macmillan, Scottish Art, pp. 351–2.
- ^ D. Macmillan, "Review: Painters in Parallel: William Johnstone & William Gillies", Scotsman.com, 19 January 2012, retrieved 8 May 2012.
- ^ MacDonald, Scottish Art, pp. 175–6.
- ^ D. Macmillan, Scottish Art in the 20th century, 1890–2001 (Mainstream, 2001), p. 80.
- ^ ISBN 1851582517, pp. 370–1.
- ^ MacDonald, Scottish Art, p. 187.
- ^ ISBN 0199693056, pp. 476–7.
- ^ MacDonald, Scottish Art, pp. 189–90.
- ^ MacDonald, Scottish Art, pp. 191–2.
- ^ MacDonald, Scottish Art, p. 193.
- ^ Macmillan, Scottish Art, p. 376.
- ^ MacDonald, Scottish Art, p. 194.
- ^ K. Johnson (31 March 2006), "Ian Hamilton Finlay, 80, poet and conceptual artist, dies", The New York Times[dead link]
- ISBN 0-7546-6124-5, p. 58.
- ^ Chilvers, The Oxford Dictionary of Art and Artists, p. 255.
- ISBN 1-85828-887-8, p. 114.
- ^ Macmillan, Scottish Art, p. 405.
- ^ Macmillan, Scottish Art, p. 406.
- ^ MacDonald, Scottish Art, p. 212.
- ^ C. Aslet, "Alexander Stoddart: talking statues" The Daily Telegraph, retrieved 12 July 2008.
- ^ C. Henry, "Scots photography loses a champion", Glasgow Herald, 6 January 1990, retrieved 9 February 2013.
- ^ Chilvers, The Oxford Dictionary of Art and Artists, p. 657.
- ISBN 0-8166-4653-8, p. 61.
- ISBN 0-7546-6124-5, p. 177.
- guardian.co.uk, archivedfrom the original on 6 April 2012
- ISBN 0-7546-0392-X, p. 144.
- ISBN 1-84708-693-4.
- ^ G. Wichert, "The Object Moved by Its Own Success", 15 Bytes, 17 October 2008, retrieved 12 May 2013.
- ISBN 0470249129, pp. 109–111.
- ISBN 1741794757, p. 47.
- ^ Porter, and Prince, Frommer's Scotland, pp. 191–4.
- ^ Porter, and Prince, Frommer's Scotland, p. 282.
- ISBN 1742203744, p. 235.
- ISBN 0748654615, pp. 192–4.
- ^ Edinburgh College of Art guide, The Telegraph, 20 June 2011, retrieved 8 April 2013.
- ISBN 1118313771.
- ISBN 0954454227.
- ISBN 1400830036, pp. 55–6.
- ISBN 1840141743, p. 137.
- ISBN 071905771X, p. 141.
- ISBN 1408142309, p. 410.
Bibliography
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- Aslet, C., "Alexander Stoddart: talking statues" The Daily Telegraph, retrieved 12 July 2008.
- Burn, D., "Photography", in M. Lynch, ed., Oxford Companion to Scottish History (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011), ISBN 0199693056.
- Chilvers, I., ed., The Oxford Dictionary of Art and Artists (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 4th edn., 2009), ISBN 0-19-953294-X.
- Chisholm, M., Structural Reform of British Local Government: Rhetoric and Reality (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2000), ISBN 071905771X.
- Garber, M., Patronizing the Arts (Princeton University Press, 2008), ISBN 1400830036.
- Gardiner, M., Modern Scottish Culture (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2005), ISBN 0-7486-2027-3.
- Henry, C., "Scots photography loses a champion", Glasgow Herald, 6 January 1990, retrieved 9 February 2013.
- Küppers, P., The Scar of Visibility: Medical Performances And Contemporary Art (Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 2007), ISBN 0-8166-4653-8.
- MacDonald, M., Scottish Art (London: Thames and Hudson, 2000), ISBN 0500203334.
- Macmillan, D., "Culture: modern times 1914–: art", in M. Lynch, ed., Oxford Companion to Scottish History (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011), ISBN 0199693056.
- Macmillan, D., Scottish Art 1460–1990 (Edinburgh: Mainstream, 1990), ISBN 0500203334.
- Macmillan, D., "Review: Painters in Parallel: William Johnstone & William Gillies", Scotsman.com, 19 January 2012, retrieved 8 May 2012.
- Mulholland, N., The Cultural Devolution: Art in Britain in the Late Twentieth Century (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2003) ISBN 0-7546-0392-X.
- Porter, D., and Prince, D., Frommer's Scotland (John Wiley & Sons, 10th edn., 2008), ISBN 0470249129.
- Quinn, R.-B. M., Public Policy and the Arts: a Comparative Study of Great Britain and Ireland (Aldershot: Ashgate, 1998), ISBN 1840141743.
- Ramsden, G., Leith: Scotland's Independent Art School: Founders and Followers (Edinburgh: Stone Trough Books, 2009), ISBN 0954454227.
- Reid, D., The Rough Guide to Edinburgh (London: Rough Guides, 3rd edn., 2002), ISBN 1-85828-887-8.
- Richardson, C., Scottish Art Since 1960: Historical Reflections and Contemporary Overviews (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2011), ISBN 0-7546-6124-5.
- Rose, L. A., Macaroon, M., Crow, V., Frommer's Scotland (Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 12th edn., 2012), ISBN 1-119-99276-1.
- Simpson, R., The Photography of Victorian Scotland (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2012), ISBN 0748654615.
- Thornton, S., Seven Days in the Art World (Granta, 2012), ISBN 1-84708-693-4.
- Tschudi-Madsen, S., The Art Nouveau Style: a Comprehensive Guide (Mineola, NY: Courier Dover, 2002), ISBN 0-486-41794-8.
- Wichert, G., "The Object Moved by Its Own Success", 15 Bytes, 17 October 2008, retrieved 12 May 2013.
- Wilson, N., Edinburgh Encounter 2 (Lonely Planet, 2nd edn., 2011), ISBN 1741794757.
- Wilson, N., and Murphy, A., Scotland (Lonely Planet, 5th edn., 2010), ISBN 1742203744.
- Whitaker's Concise Almanack 2012 (A&C Black, 2011), ISBN 1408142309.