Artaxiad dynasty

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This article is about the royal dynasty that ruled Armenia in antiquity. For its cadet branch in Iberia, see Artaxiad dynasty of Iberia.
Artaxiad dynasty
Iberia
Founded190 BC
FounderArtaxias I
Current headExtinct
Final rulerErato I
Titles
Dissolution12 AD
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The Artaxiad dynasty (also Artashesian)

Seleucids and the Parthians, against whom the Armenians conducted multiple wars. Under the Artaxiad king Tigranes the Great
(r. 95 – 55 BC), the Kingdom of Armenia reached its greatest territorial extent, extending for a brief period from the Caspian to the Mediterranean Sea.

Origin

Dynasty of Artaxiad

According to the geographer Strabo, Artaxias and Zariadres were two satraps of the Seleucid Empire who ruled over the provinces of Greater Armenia and Sophene, respectively. After the Seleucid defeat at the Battle of Magnesia in 190 BC, a coup by the Armenian noble family of Artashes toppled the Orontid dynasty[2] and declared their independence, with Artaxias becoming the first king of the Artaxiad dynasty of Armenia in 188 BC.

Scholars believe that Artaxias and Zariadres were not foreign generals, but local figures related to the previous Orontid dynasty, as their Irano-Armenian (and not Greek) names would indicate.[3][4] According to historian Nina Garsoïan, the Artaxiads were a branch of the earlier Orontid dynasty of Iranian origin attested as ruling in Armenia from at least the 5th century BC.[5][6]

Consolidation of Armenian lands under Artaxias

Artaxias is regarded as one of the most important kings in Armenian history. He presented himself as a legitimate descendant of Orontids, although it is unknown if he was in fact related to that dynasty. In the beginning of his rule, parts of the

Armenian Highlands with Armenian speaking populations remained under the rule of neighbouring states.[citation needed] Artaxias made the reunification of those lands under his domain a priority. Greek geographer and historian Strabo
recounts the conquests of Artaxias towards West, East, North and South.

Strabo, Geography, book 11, chapter 14:

"According to report, Armenia, though a small country in earlier times, was enlarged by Artaxias and Zariadris, who formerly were generals of Antiochus the Great, but later, after his defeat, reigned as kings (the former as king of Sophene, Acisene, Odomantis, and certain other countries, and the latter as king of the country round Artaxata), and jointly enlarged their kingdoms by cutting off for themselves parts of the surrounding nations,--I mean by cutting off Caspiane and Phaunitis and Basoropeda from the country of the Medes; and the country along the side of Mt. Paryadres and Chorsene and Gogarene, which last is on the far side of the Cyrus River, from that of the Iberians; and Carenitis and Xerxene, which border on Lesser Armenia or else are parts of it, from that of the Chalybians and the Mosynoeci; and Acilisene and the country round the Antitaurus from that of the Cataonians; and Taronitis from that of the Syrians; and therefore they all speak the same language."

According to Strabo and

Moses of Khorene
. In these inscriptions Artaxias claims descent from the Orontid dynasty, calling himself "King Artaxias, the son of Orontid Zariadres."

Hellenistic influences

Though Greater Armenia had only been superficially affected by the conquests of

Armenian culture still retained a strong Iranian element, particularly in religious matters.[9]

Art & architecture

Artaxias built boundary stones (stelae), reminiscent of Achaemenid models, around Lake Sevan to demarcate land-holdings.[10] The boundary stones, covered in Aramaic script as a claim to royal power, indicate an Achaemenid crown and his "neo-Persian" kingship.[10]

The stelae emphasize the Achaemenid dynastic roots of Artaxias' name. Some words such as "QTRbr", which could reflect the Middle Persian *tāgabar, 'diadem-bearer', 'king', comparatively appears in Old Armenian for 'king' (t’agavor) indicating the Persian origins of Armenian royal culture.[11]

Religion

As historian James R. Russell states; "It was only natural that the Artaxiad monarchs should declare themselves philhellenes, yet it must not be thought that their religious beliefs ceased to be what they had been of old: staunchly Zoroastrian."[12] David Marshall Lang adds that the Hellenistic religion and the pantheon of the Classical divinities had undoubtedly become popular amongst the upper classes in the later Artaxiad period.[13]

Armenian Empire

The Armenian empire under Tigranes the Great

During the reign of Tigranes the Great (95–55 BC), the kingdom of Armenia was at the zenith of its power and briefly became the most powerful state to the Roman east. Artaxias and his followers had already constructed the base upon which Tigranes built his empire. Despite this fact, the territory of Armenia, being a mountainous one, was governed by nakharars who were largely autonomous from the central authority. Tigranes unified them in order to create internal security in the kingdom. The borders of Armenia stretched from the Caspian Sea to the Mediterranean Sea. At that time, the Armenians had become so expansive, that the Romans and Parthians had to join forces in order to beat them. Tigranes found a more central capital within his domain and named it Tigranocerta.

Large territories were taken from Parthians, who were forced to sign a treaty of friendship with Tigranes.

Iberia, Albania, and Atropatene also lost territories and the remainder of their Kingdoms became vassal states. The Greeks within the Seleucid Empire offered Tigranes the Seleucid crown in 83 BC, after which the Armenian empire reached as far south as modern Acre, Israel resulting in a conflict with the Hasmoneans
.

Decline

Mithridates the Great, King of Pontus, and during the Third Mithridatic War, in 69 BC, a Roman army led by Lucullus invaded the Armenian empire and routed Tigranes outside Tigranocerta. In 66 BC, Lucullus' successor Pompey finally forced Tigranes to surrender. Pompey reduced Armenia to its former borders but allowed Tigranes to retain the throne as an ally of Rome. From now on, Armenia would become a buffer state
between the two competing empires of the Romans and the Parthians.

Tigranes' heir Artavasdes II maintained the alliance with Rome, giving helpful advice to the Roman general Marcus Licinius Crassus on his campaign against the Parthians – advice which went unheeded and led to Crassus' disastrous defeat at the Battle of Carrhae. When Mark Antony became ruler of Rome's eastern provinces, he began to suspect the loyalty of Artavasdes, who had married his sister to the heir to the Parthian throne. In 35 BC, Antony invaded Armenia and sent Artavasdes into captivity in Egypt, where he was later executed. Antony installed his own six-year-old son by Cleopatra, Alexander Helios, on the throne of Armenia. Artavasdes' son Artaxias II gained help from the Parthians, seized the throne back and massacred the Roman garrisons in Armenia, but after a reign of ten years he was murdered. The kingdom broke down into a civil war between pro-Roman and pro-Parthian parties until it decisively became a Roman protectorate under the emperor Augustus. The Artaxiad dynasty petered out in chaos and it was a considerable time before the Arsacid dynasty emerged as their undisputed successors.[14]

Artaxiad Kings of Armenia

(Note: Some dates are approximate or doubtful).[15]

Genealogy of the Artaxiads

Genealogy of the Artaxiads as proposed by Cyril Toumanoff.[16]
Zariadres
Artaxias I
king of Armenia
(188–159 BC)
Tigranes I
king of Armenia
(149–123 BC) or (123–95 BC)		Artavasdes I
king of Armenia
(159-149 or 123 BC) 		Mirian I
king of Iberia
(159–109 BC)
(Pharnavazid)
Parnadjom I

king of Iberia
(109–90 BC)
Aryazate-Automé
wife of
Artavasdes II
king of Armenia
(55–34 BC)
Unknown wife of
Mithridates I
king of Media		Unknown
wife of Pacorus I
king of Parthia		Artoces I
king of Iberia
(78–63 BC)
Artavasdes III
king of Armenia
(6 BC)
Unknown
requested in marriage
for Alexander Helios		Unknown
wife of Deiotarus I
king of Galatia		Pharnavaz II
king of Iberia
(63–30 BC)		UnknownMirian II
king of iberia
(30–20 BC)
Arshak II

king of Iberia
(20 BC – 1 AD)

See also

Notes

  1. ISBN 978-1568591537
    . (...) the grand city founded by Tigranes or Metsn Tigran (the Great), the first-century B.C. scion of the Artaxiad/Artasheshian dynasty.
  2. ISBN 978-0231139267
    . Around 200 BC a coup by the Armenian noble family of Artashes(Artaxias) toppled the Yervanduni dynasty.
  3. ^ Hovannisian pp.47–48
  4. ISBN 978-0700714520
    . The Artsruni Princes were, like the Artaxiads, related to the ancient Orontid line.
  5. ^ Garsoian, N. (2005). "TIGRAN II". Encyclopaedia Iranica. Tigran (Tigranes) II was the most distinguished member of the so-called Artašēsid/Artaxiad dynasty, which has now been identified as a branch of the earlier Eruandid dynasty of Iranian origin attested as ruling in Armenia from at least the 5th century B.C.E
  6. ^ Garsoian, Nina (2004). "ARMENO-IRANIAN RELATIONS in the pre-Islamic period". Encyclopaedia Iranica. However, the recent discovery in Armenia of boundary stones with Aramaic inscriptions, in which the ruler Artašēs proclaims himself "the son of Zareh" and an "Eruandid king" (Perikhanian, 1966), demonstrates that both "generals" [Artaxias and Zariadris], far from being Macedonians, belonged in fact to the earlier native dynasty, albeit probably to collateral branches, and that the Eruandids, or Artaxiad/Artašēsids as they came to be known, with their Iranian antecedents, continued to rule Armenia as before. An unexpected corroboration of this dynastic continuity is also provided by Xenophon's much earlier choice of the name "Tigranes" for the crown prince of Armenia in his historical romance, the Cyropaedia (Xen., Cyr. 3.1.7). (...) Except for the occasional princes imposed by the Romans, none of whom succeeded in consolidating himself on the throne, all the dynasties to rule pre-Islamic Armenia were of Iranian stock.
  7. ISBN 978-0674968509
    .
  8. ^ Grousset pp.90–91
  9. ^ This section: Hovannisian pp.50–52
  10. ^ a b Canepa 2020, p. 101.
  11. ^ Canepa 2020, p. 102.
  12. ISBN 978-0674968509
    .
  13. ISBN 978-0049560093
    .
  14. ^ This section: Hovannisian pp.58–62
  15. ^ Dates from Hovanissian page 62
  16. ^ (in French) Cyril Toumanoff, Les dynasties de la Caucasie chrétienne de l'Antiquité jusqu'au xixe siècle: Tables généalogiques et chronologiques, Rome, 1990, pp. 500–501

Bibliography

Primary sources

Secondary sources

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