Artemidorus Ephesius
Artemidorus of Ephesus | |
---|---|
Born | fl. 100 BC |
Scientific career | |
Fields | Geography |
Artemidorus of Ephesus (
Biography
Artemidorus of Ephesus wrote around 100 BC a geographical treatise presumably composed of eleven books, as such the longest work on the topic to date. The work is now mostly known though citations from Strabo (early 1st c. AD) and Pliny (1st c. AD), supplemented by Stephanus of Byzantium (6th c. AD). Artemidorus seems to have seen in opposition to Eratosthenes, possibly attempting to update the work of the earlier scholar by providing much greater detail.[1]
The Artemidorus papyrus
In 1998, the discovery of a papyrus thought to contain book 2 of Artemidorus' Geography was announced; the editio princeps was published in 2008.
This 10-foot (3.0 m) long papyrus roll was presumed to have been written in the first century BC, maybe in Alexandria. It was believed that the copyist left spaces for illustrations of maps, for it to be sent to a painter's workshop to have them inserted. However, the painter designed only a partial map, which appears to be what the author believed was the shape of the southwestern Iberian peninsula.
The map is incomplete and has no names, and is perhaps the wrong map for the space in the papyrus. This ruined the roll. Instead the blank spaces were used as scrap papyrus for rough drafts, and to keep a catalog of drawings for clients. The drawings include pictures of real animals, such as giraffes, tigers and pelicans, as well as mythical ones, such as the griffin, marine snake, or a dog with wings. In addition, pictures of heads, feet and hands were drawn until there were no blank spaces.
The papyrus was then presumably sold as scrap paper. It was found in the early 1900s in the form of cartonnage (Konvolut), as a filling for some kind of cavity. The cartonnage was sold to an Egyptian collector in whose hands it remained for fifty years. It then travelled around Europe, before being bought by a German collector who opened it and discovered the remains of the papyrus roll. It has holes in it, but because it got damp at some stage, even when there are holes, the drawings on those parts of the papyrus have been mirrored on the facing part of the roll.
The papyrus – which was bought by a foundation for $3,369,850 – is now owned by Turin's Banco di San Paolo.
A 2007 study by Luciano Canfora[4] asserts that the text of the papyrus cannot be by Artemidorus as it contains words not available except in Byzantine Greek, and that the papyrus may be a forgery, perhaps by Constantine Simonides. Richard Janko, in Classical Review 59.2 (2009) pp. 403–410 has offered additional arguments on linguistic, palaeographical, and artistic grounds favoring the case for a forgery by Simonides. Many other established philologists have presented a large amount of evidence and arguments against Canfora’s hypothesis and, in general, in favour of the antiquity of the text: for example Giambattista D'Alessio,[5] Jürgen Hammerstaedt,[6] Peter Parsons.[7] Since the text of the papyrus contains pieces of information that were unknown before the 20th century, "the identification of this papyrus as a forgery by Constantine Simonides involves a great deal of altogether fantastic ad hoc hypothetical constructions that, far from providing a more economical explanation of the evidence, force their advocates into more and more implausible fictions".[8] D'Alessio concludes that "hypothetical forger(s), moreover, should have been endowed with such a range of scholarly, scientific competences and practical skills as to make this hypothesis far less economical than the most obvious dating of the writing of the text to the same period of the papyrus itself, i.e., roughly, between the late 1st century BCE and the late 1st century CE".[9]
On 20 July 2016, following a report submitted by Canfora on 28 October 2013, the Turin Public Prosecutor's Office initiated preliminary investigations into the allegation of fraud. On 29 November 2018, the Turin Public Prosecutor's Office requested the
On 16 June 2019, the results of yet unpublished spectroscopic analyses were announced by the Italian TV program
Notes
- ^ Roller 2016, pp. 256–257.
- ^ D'Alessio, Giambattista. "On the 'Artemidorus' Papyrus". Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 2009.
- ISBN 978-88-7916-380-4
- ^ Luciano Canfora, The True History of the So-called Artemidorus Papyrus. Bari, Pagina, 2007.
- JSTOR 20756743.
- ^ Hammerstaedt, Jürgen. "Come fa a essere un papiro falsato?" (PDF). Atti Acc. Rov. Agiati. 259 (2009), ser. VIII, vol. IX, A, fasc. II, 2.
- ^ Parsons, Peter, "P. Artemid.: A Papyrologist's View", in: Kai Brodersen and Jaś Elsner (Edd.), Images and Texts on the "Artemidorus Papyrus". Working Papers on P. Artemid. (St. John's College Oxford, 2008), Historia. Einzelschriften 214, Stuttgart 2009, pp. 27–33
- JSTOR 20756743.
- JSTOR 20756743.
- ^ a b "Il papiro di Artemidoro". Altalex (in Italian). 6 December 2019. Retrieved 21 July 2020.
- ^ Giusteti, Ottavia (10 December 2018). "Il Papiro di Artemidoro è un falso. Venne pagato quasi tre milioni di euro". La Repubblica (in Italian). Divisione Stampa Nazionale. GEDI Gruppo Editoriale S.p.A. Retrieved 10 December 2018.
- ^ "Papiro di Artemidoro, dichiarato falso ignorando la comunità scientifica. Spataro ha sentito solo il parere di Canfora". Il Fatto Quotidiano (in Italian). Archived from the original on 3 April 2019. Retrieved 21 July 2020.
- ^ "Report – S2018/19 – L'Intesa sul papiro – 16/06/2019 – Video". RaiPlay (in Italian). Archived from the original on 5 July 2020. Retrieved 21 July 2020.
- ^ Official transcript from the RAI website: [1].
- ^ F. Condello (17 June 2019). "Il test conferma: il papiro non è di Artemidoro". rep.repubblica.it. Archived from the original on 10 July 2020. Retrieved 21 July 2020.
- S2CID 31626060.
- S2CID 4184812.
- ^ "Handbook of Mineralogy" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 August 2012.
- S2CID 73443676.
- S2CID 56076460.
- ISSN 0021-9606.
- ISSN 0003-6951.
- ISSN 0003-6951.
- Bibliography
- Roller, Duane W. (2016). "Geography". In Irby, Georgia L. (ed.). A Companion to Science, Technology, and Medicine in Ancient Greece and Rome. Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-1-118-37267-8.
Further reading
- Il Papiro di Artemidoro (P. Artemid.) - Gallazzi C.-Kramer B.-Settis S. edd., LED Edizioni Universitarie, Milano, 2008, ISBN 978-88-7916-380-4
- Artemidorus Ephesius. P. Artemid. sive Artemidorus personatus – Canfora L. ed., Ekdosis, Edizioni di Pagina, Bari, 2009, ISBN 978-88-7470-089-9
External links
- Feature article on the critical edition of the papyrus (in German) [2] (Part 1)] and [3] (Part 2)]
- Article on papyrus
- Artemidorus papirus (in Spanish)
- The oldest occidental map shown in Turin (in Spanish)
- The oldest map of Spain(El mapa más antiguo de España) (in Spanish)
- Kai Brodersen, Jas Elsner, Images and Texts on the "Artemidorus Papyrus": Working Papers on P.Artemid. (St. John's College Oxford, 2008). Historia. Einzelschriften 214. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 2009. 171.