Arthoniales

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Arthoniales
Cryptothecia rubrocincta
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Ascomycota
Class: Arthoniomycetes
Order: Arthoniales
Henssen ex D. Hawksw. & O.E. Erikss. (1986)
Families

Andreiomycetaceae

Arthoniaceae
Chrysotrichaceae
Lecanographaceae
Opegraphaceae
Roccellaceae
Roccellographaceae

The Arthoniales is the second largest order of mainly crustose lichens, but fruticose lichens are present as well.[1] The order contains around 1500 species,[2] while the largest order with lichenized fungi, the Lecanorales, contains more than 14000 species.[3]

Classification

The Arthoniales is one of two

Andreiomycetaceae,[4] Arthoniaceae, Chrysotrichaceae, Lecanographaceae, Opegraphaceae, Roccellaceae and Roccellographaceae).[2] Lecanographaceae, Roccellographaceae, Opegraphaceae and Roccellaceae are well-supported families within Arthoniales, and they were circumscribed in 2011.[5] Andreiomycetaceae was described as a new family by Hodkinson and Lendemer in 2013.[4]

The Arthoniales is the sister group to Dothideomycetes.[6]

Arthoniales

Andreiomycetaceae

Chrysothricaceae

Rocellaceae

Opegraphaceae

Rocellographaceae

Lecanographaceae

Arthoniaceae

Curvularia brachyspora

Cudonia circinans

Seynesia erumpens

Figure 1. Cladogram of the Arthoniales, rooted with Curvularia brachyspora, Cudonia circinans and Seynesia erumpens as the outgroup. The cladogram shows the division of Arthoniales into seven families, based on Hodkinson et al. 2013.[4]

Distribution and habitats

The Arthoniales is distributed in most habitats worldwide, as it ranges at latitudes from arctic to tropical regions.[2] They grow on different types of substrates like bark, wood, rocks, bryophytes and living leaves. The order has adapted to live in both humid forests and dry habitats like savannas and steppes, as well as varying altitudes from sea level to alpine regions.[7] The highest species diversity are known from subtropical coastal areas with a Mediterranean or dry climate.[8][9] The species diversity of the Arthoniales is expected to be higher than currently reported from several areas worldwide like the tropical rain forests.[2]

Ecology

The majority of species in Arthoniales have a

Chrysotrichaceae and a few species in Arthonia.[12]

Characters

It is difficult to mention typical morphological characters like fruit body, exiple, hypothecium, hymenium, chemistry, ascospore color and ascospore septation that can be used as uniting traits for delimiting families and genera in the Arthoniales. The reason is that the Arthoniales is an old order and taxa have evolved in parallel for a long time, which gives a high level of homoplasy.[5]

Ascomatal anatomy

The ascomata are usually apothecial and it produces bitunicate asci. The bitunicate asci are thick-walled, with an outer and inner layer. The outer and inner layer of the ascus wall are called exotunica and endotunica, and they separate during ascospore release.[6] The asci usually contains eight ascospores, while the shape and separation of the ascospores are more variating.[13]

Thallus

The majority of the species in Arthoniales are crustose lichens, with a thallus growing tight to the surface. Fruticose lichens have a bushy thallus and are known in Roccellaceae, where it has evolved and been lost multiple times.[14] The thalli among crustose lichens can either grow within the substrate, called endophloedal or it can grow at the surface of the substrate, called epiphloedal.[13]

Genera incertae sedis

Bactrospora brevispora, shown here growing on a cypress stump, is one of many taxa of uncertain familial placement in the Arthoniales.

The following genera have been tentatively classified in the Arthoniales but have not been placed with any certainty into a family.[15]

References

  1. ISSN 1096-1135
    .
  2. ^
    doi:10.12705/634.20
    .
  3. PMID 18300027
    .
  4. ^
    doi:10.5943/mycosphere/4/6/1
    .
  5. ^
    S2CID 19367958
    .
  6. ^
    PMID 17486977
    .
  7. Wikidata Q92902450. Archived from the original
    (PDF) on 22 July 2020.
  8. doi:10.1111/j.1756-1051.1983.tb01473.x
    .
  9. S2CID 84038943
    .
  10. JSTOR 3244176
    .
  11. PMID 20169027
    .
  12. ISBN 978-0-9540418-8-5
    .
  13. ^ a b Smith, C. W (2009). The lichens of Great Britain and Ireland. British Lichen society London.
  14. S2CID 84702559.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link
    )
  15. hdl:10481/61998
    .
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