Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.

Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.
Schlesinger in 1961
Born	Arthur Bancroft Schlesinger (1917-10-15)October 15, 1917 Columbus, Ohio, U.S.
Died	February 28, 2007(2007-02-28) (aged 89) New York City, U.S.
Occupation	Historian, writer
Alma mater	Harvard University (AB) Peterhouse, Cambridge
Period	1939–2007
Subject	Politics, social issues, history
Literary movement	American liberal theory
Notable awards	Pulitzer Prize (1946, 1966) National Humanities Medal (1998)
Spouse	Marian Cannon[1] ​ ​ (m. 1940; div. 1970)​ Alexandra Emmet Allan ​ ​ (m. 1971)​
Children	5

Arthur Meier Schlesinger Jr. (

In 1968, Schlesinger actively supported the presidential campaign of Senator

Schlesinger's service in the OSS allowed him time to complete his first Pulitzer Prize–winning book, The Age of Jackson, in 1945. From 1946 to 1954, he was an associate professor at Harvard, becoming a full professor in 1954.

Political activities before 1960

In 1947, Schlesinger, together with former First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt; Minneapolis Mayor and future Senator and Vice President Hubert Humphrey; economist and longtime friend John Kenneth Galbraith; and Protestant theologian Reinhold Niebuhr^[10] founded Americans for Democratic Action. Schlesinger acted as the ADA's national chairman from 1953 to 1954.

After President

Schlesinger had known John F. Kennedy since attending Harvard and increasingly socialized with Kennedy and his wife Jacqueline in the 1950s. In 1954, The Boston Post publisher John Fox Jr. planned a series of newspaper pieces labeling several Harvard figures, including Schlesinger, as "reds"; Kennedy intervened on Schlesinger's behalf, which Schlesinger recounted in A Thousand Days.

During the

After the election, the president-elect offered Schlesinger an ambassadorship and Assistant Secretary of State for Cultural Relations before Robert Kennedy proposed that Schlesinger serve as a "sort of roving reporter and troubleshooter." Schlesinger quickly accepted, and on January 30, 1961, he resigned from Harvard and was appointed Special Assistant to the President. He worked primarily on Latin American affairs and as a speechwriter during his tenure in the White House.

In February 1961, Schlesinger was first told of the "Cuba operation," which would eventually become the Bay of Pigs Invasion. He opposed the plan in a memorandum to the president: "at one stroke you would dissipate all the extraordinary good will which has been rising toward the new Administration through the world. It would fix a malevolent image of the new Administration in the minds of millions."^[12] He, however, suggested:

Would it not be possible to induce Castro to take offensive action first? He has already launched expeditions against Panama and against the Dominican Republic. One can conceive a black operation in, say, Haiti which might in time lure Castro into sending a few boatloads of men on to a Haitian beach in what could be portrayed as an effort to overthrow the Haitian regime. If only Castro could be induced to commit an offensive act, then the moral issue would be butted, and the anti-US campaign would be hobbled from the start.^[13]

During the Cabinet deliberations, he "shrank into a chair at the far end of the table and listened in silence" as the

In October 1962, Schlesinger became afraid of "a tremendous advantage", which "all-out Soviet commitment to

Schlesinger returned to teaching in 1966 as the Albert Schweitzer Professor of the Humanities at the CUNY Graduate Center. After his retirement from teaching in 1994, he remained an active member of the Graduate Center community as an emeritus professor until his death.

Later politics

After his service for the Kennedy administration, he continued to be a Kennedy loyalist for the rest of his life, campaigning for Robert Kennedy's tragic

Throughout the 1960s and 1970s, he criticized Richard Nixon as a candidate and as president. His prominent status as a liberal Democrat and outspoken disdain of Nixon led to his placement on the master list of Nixon's political opponents. Ironically, Nixon would become his next-door neighbor in the years following the Watergate scandal.

After retiring from teaching, he remained involved in politics through his books and public speaking tours. Schlesinger was a critic of the Clinton Administration, resisting President Clinton's cooptation of his "Vital Center" concept in an article for Slate in 1997.^[20] Schlesinger was also a critic of the 2003 Iraq War, calling it a misadventure. He blamed the media for not covering a reasoned case against the war.^[21]

Personal life

Schlesinger's name at birth was Arthur Bancroft Schlesinger; since his mid-teens, he had instead used the signature Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.^[22] He had five children, four from his first marriage to author and artist Marian Cannon Schlesinger and a son and stepson from his second marriage to Alexandra Emmet, also an artist:^[23]

• Stephen Schlesinger (b. 1942), a notable author of books on foreign affairs and former director of the World Policy Institute^[24]
• Katharine Kinderman (1942–2004), an author and producer, who was married to Gibbs Kinderman and later Thomas Tiffany^[24]
• Christina Schlesinger (b. 1946), a prominent artist and muralist^[24]
• Andrew Schlesinger, writer and editor^[24]
• Robert Schlesinger, writer and editor^[24]

Career

Education

• 1933 Phillips Exeter Academy
• 1938 A.B. summa cum laude, Harvard University
• 1938–1939 Henry Fellow, Peterhouse, Cambridge
• 1939–1942 Society of Fellows, Harvard University

World War II service

• 1942–1943
  Office of War Information
• 1943–1945 Office of Strategic Services

Educator

• 1946–1954 Associate Professor of History, Harvard University
• 1954–1962 Professor of History, Harvard University
• 1966 Visiting Fellow, Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, New Jersey
• 1966–1994 Albert Schweitzer Professor of Humanities, CUNY Graduate Center (Emeritus, 1994–2007)

Democratic Party activist

• Among the founders of Americans for Democratic Action
• Speechwriter for Adlai Stevenson's two presidential campaigns in 1952 and 1956
• Speechwriter for John F. Kennedy's campaign in 1960
• 1961–1964 Special Assistant to the President for Latin American affairs and speechwriting
• Speechwriter for Robert F. Kennedy's campaign in 1968
• Speechwriter for George McGovern's campaign in 1972
• Active in the presidential campaign of Ted Kennedy in 1980

Death

On February 28, 2007, Schlesinger had a heart attack while dining with family at a steakhouse in Manhattan. He was taken to New York Downtown Hospital, where he died at the age of 89. His New York Times obituary described him as a "historian of power."^[7] He is buried in Mount Auburn Cemetery in Cambridge, Massachusetts.^[25]

Works

He won a Pulitzer Prize for History in 1946 for his book The Age of Jackson, covering the intellectual environment of Jacksonian democracy.

His 1949 book The Vital Center made a case for the New Deal policies of Franklin D. Roosevelt and was harshly critical of both unregulated capitalism and of those liberals such as Henry A. Wallace who advocated coexistence with communism.

In his book The Politics of Hope (1962), Schlesinger terms conservatives the "party of the past" and liberals "the party of hope" and calls for overcoming the division between both parties.^[26]

He won a second Pulitzer in the Biography category in 1966 for A Thousand Days.

His 1986 book The Cycles of American History, a collection of essays and articles, contains "The Cycles of American Politics," an early work on the topic; it was influenced by his father's work on cycles.

He became a leading opponent of multiculturalism in the 1980s and articulated this stance in his book The Disuniting of America (1991).

Published posthumously in 2007, Journals 1952–2000 is the 894-page distillation of 6,000 pages of Schlesinger diaries on a wide variety of subjects, edited by Andrew and Stephen Schlesinger.^[27]

Selected bibliography

This is a partial listing of Schlesinger's published works:

Articles

• "The Future of Socialism". Partisan Review, May/June 1947.^[28]
• "The Crisis of American Masculinity" Esquire, November 1958.
• "The Many Faces of Communism, Part 1: The Theological Society". Harper's Magazine, January 1960.
• "Origins of the Cold War". Foreign Affairs, Vol. 46, No. 1, October 1967.
• "Against Academic Apartheid". The Social Contract, Vol. 1, No. 1, Inaugural Issue, Fall 1990.

Books

• 1939 Orestes A. Brownson: A Pilgrim's Progress
• 1945 The Age of Jackson
• 1949 The Vital Center: The Politics of Freedom
• 1950 What About Communism?
• 1951 The General and the President, and the Future of American Foreign Policy
• 1957 The Crisis of the Old Order: 1919–1933 (The Age of Roosevelt, Vol. I)
• 1958 The Coming of the New Deal: 1933–1935 (The Age of Roosevelt, Vol. II)
• 1960 The Politics of Upheaval: 1935–1936 (The Age of Roosevelt, Vol. III)
• 1960 Kennedy or Nixon: Does It Make Any Difference?
• 1962 The Politics of Hope
• 1963 Paths of American Thought (ed. with Morton White)
• 1965
  A Thousand Days: John F. Kennedy in the White House
• 1965 The MacArthur Controversy and American Foreign Policy
• 1967 The Bitter Heritage: Vietnam and American Democracy, 1941–1966
• 1967 Congress and the Presidency: Their Role in Modern Times
• 1968 Violence: America in the Sixties
• 1969 The Crisis of Confidence: Ideas, Power, and Violence in America
• 1970 The Origins of the Cold War
• 1973 The Imperial Presidency – reissued in 1989 (with epilogue) and 2004
• 1978 Robert Kennedy and His Times – adapted into a 1985 TV miniseries
• 1983 Creativity in Statecraft
• 1983 The Almanac of American History – revised edition, 2004
• 1986 The Cycles of American History
• 1988 JFK Remembered
• 1988 War and the Constitution: Abraham Lincoln and Franklin D. Roosevelt
• 1988 Cleopatra, New York: Chelsea House, ( Hoobler, Dorothy; Hoobler, Thomas; introductory essay "On leadership" by Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr. )
• 1990 Is the Cold War Over?
• 1991 The Disuniting of America: Reflections on a Multicultural Society
• 2000 20th Century Day by Day: 100 Years Of News From January 1, 1900, to December 31, 1999
• 2000 A Life in the 20th Century, Innocent Beginnings, 1917–1950
• 2004 War and the American Presidency
• 2007 Journals 1952–2000
• 2011 Jacqueline Kennedy: Historic Conversations on Life With John F Kennedy (Mrs. Kennedy's interview shortly after her husband's assassination)

Besides writing biographies he also wrote a foreword to a book on

Schlesinger's papers will be available at the New York Public Library.^[30]

Awards

• 1946 Pulitzer Prize for History – The Age of Jackson^[31]
• 1955 Elected member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences^[32]
• 1958 Bancroft Prize – The Crisis of the Old Order
• 1958 Francis Parkman Prize – The Crisis of the Old Order
• 1966 National Book Award in History and Biography – A Thousand Days^[33]
• 1966
  Pulitzer Prize for Biography – A Thousand Days^[34]
• 1978 Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement^[35]
• 1979 National Book Award in Biography – Robert Kennedy and His Times^[36]
• 1987 Elected member of the American Philosophical Society^[37]
• 1998 National Humanities Medal
• 2003 Four Freedoms Award
• 2006 Paul Peck Award
• 2006 Niebuhr Medal Awarded by
  Elmhurst College to an individual who exemplifies the ideals of Reinhold and H. Richard Niebuhr. Schlesinger was greatly influenced by Reinhold Niebuhr.^[38]

• Political history in the United States, for historiography

Footnotes

Further reading

• Aldous, Richard. Schlesinger: The Imperial Historian (W.W. Norton, 2017) online book review
• Diggins, John Patrick, ed. The Liberal Persuasion: Arthur Schlesinger Jr. and the Challenge of the American Past, Princeton UP, 1997. online free
• Feller, Daniel, "Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.," in Robert Allen Rutland, ed. Clio's Favorites: Leading Historians of the United States, 1945–2000 U of Missouri Press, 2000; pp. 156–169.
• Martin, John Bartlow. Adlai Stevenson of Illinois. New York: Doubleday. 1976.
• Thomas Meaney, "The
  ISBN 978 0 393 24470 0), London Review of Books, vol. 40, no. 3 (8 February 2018), pp. 13–15. "Aldous has chosen an apt subtitle for his biography: Schlesinger was an 'imperial' historian in his willingness to take up the burden of the American empire's PR
  , though 'The Imperious Publicist' would have served just as well." (p. 14)
• Sue Saunders, Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr. John F. Kennedy Presidential Library & Museum, February 15, 2006.
• John William Ward 1955. Andrew Jackson, Symbol for an Age. New York: Oxford University Press
• Wilentz, Sean, "The High Table Liberal" (review of Richard Aldous, Schlesinger: The Imperial Historian, Norton, 486 pp.), The New York Review of Books, vol. LXV, no. 2 (8 February 2018), pp. 31–33. "[T]he subtitle of Richard Aldous's otherwise solid biography is... erroneous. Arthur Schlesinger Jr. was in no way an 'imperial' historian; he was an anti-imperial historian." (p. 31)

Primary sources

• Schlesinger, Arthur M. Jr. A Thousand days: John F Kennedy in the White House. Houghton Mifflin, Boston, 1965.
• Schlesinger, Arthur M. Jr. A Life in the Twentieth Century: Innocent Beginnings, 1917–1950. (2000), autobiography, vol 1.
• Schlesinger, Arthur M. Jr. Journals: 1952–2000 (2007)

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr..

Wikiquote has quotations related to Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr..

• Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr. papers 1922–2007, held by the Manuscripts and Archives Division, New York Public Library
• Appearances on C-SPAN
  • In Depth interview with Schlesinger, December 3, 2000
• Eisler, Kim. "Arthur Schlesinger Dishes Dirt", Washingtonian, March 6, 2008.
• An incredible writer and a proud Liberal all his life. The Pulitzer Prize-winning historian and "court philosopher" of the Kennedy administration was 89 when he died.
• The Washington Post obituary^{[dead link]}
• A film clip The Open Mind – A life in the 20th Century (September 27, 2007) is available for viewing at the Internet Archive
• A film clip The Open Mind – A Life in the 20th Century (cont'd) (September 27, 2007) is available for viewing at the Internet Archive
• Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr. at Library of Congress, with 156 library catalog records
• Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr. at Find a Grave