Artificial brain
An artificial brain (or artificial mind) is
Research investigating "artificial brains" and
- An ongoing attempt by neuroscientists to understand how the human brain works, known as cognitive neuroscience.
- A thought experiment in the philosophy of artificial intelligence, demonstrating that it is possible, at least in theory, to create a machine that has all the capabilities of a human being.
- A long-term project to create machines exhibiting behavior comparable to those of animals with complex central nervous system such as mammals and most particularly humans. The ultimate goal of creating a machine exhibiting human-like behavior or intelligence is sometimes called strong AI.
An example of the first objective is the project reported by Aston University in Birmingham, England
The second objective is a reply to arguments such as
The third objective is generally called
Approaches to brain simulation
EvBrain[5] is a form of evolutionary software that can evolve "brainlike" neural networks, such as the network immediately behind the retina.
In November 2008, IBM received a US$4.9 million grant from the Pentagon for research into creating intelligent computers. The Blue Brain project is being conducted with the assistance of IBM in Lausanne.[6] The project is based on the premise that it is possible to artificially link the neurons "in the computer" by placing thirty million synapses in their proper three-dimensional position.
Some proponents of strong AI speculated in 2009 that computers in connection with Blue Brain and Soul Catcher may exceed human intellectual capacity by around 2015, and that it is likely that we will be able to download the human brain at some time around 2050.[7]
While Blue Brain is able to represent complex neural connections on the large scale, the project does not achieve the link between brain activity and behaviors executed by the brain. In 2012, project Spaun (Semantic Pointer Architecture Unified Network) attempted to model multiple parts of the human brain through large-scale representations of neural connections that generate complex behaviors in addition to mapping.[8]
Spaun's design recreates elements of human brain anatomy. The model, consisting of approximately 2.5 million neurons, includes features of the visual and motor cortices, GABAergic and dopaminergic connections, the ventral tegmental area (VTA), substantia nigra, and others. The design allows for several functions in response to eight tasks, using visual inputs of typed or handwritten characters and outputs carried out by a mechanical arm. Spaun's functions include copying a drawing, recognizing images, and counting.[8]
There are good reasons to believe that, regardless of implementation strategy, the predictions of realising artificial brains in the near future are optimistic.[citation needed] In particular brains (including the human brain) and cognition are not currently well understood, and the scale of computation required is unknown. Another near term limitation is that all current approaches for brain simulation require orders of magnitude larger power consumption compared with a human brain. The human brain consumes about 20 W of power, whereas current supercomputers may use as much as 1 MW—i.e., an order of 100,000 more.[citation needed]
Artificial brain thought experiment
Some critics of brain simulation[9] believe that it is simpler to create general intelligent action directly without imitating nature. Some commentators[10] have used the analogy that early attempts to construct flying machines modeled them after birds, but that modern aircraft do not look like birds.
See also
- AI takeover
- Animat
- Artificial consciousness
- Artificial intelligence
- Artificial Intelligence System
- Artificial life
- Artificial philosophy
- Biological neural networks
- Blue Brain
- CoDi
- Cognitive architecture
- Effective altruism
- Existential risk from advanced artificial intelligence
- Future of Humanity Institute
- Human Brain Project
- Multi-agent system
- Neuromorphic computing
- Never-Ending Language Learning
- Nick Bostrom
- Outline of artificial intelligence
- OpenWorm
- Robotics
- Simulated reality
- Superintelligence
- Turing's Wager
Notes
- ^ The critics:
- doi:10.1017/S0140525X00005756, archived from the originalon December 10, 2007, retrieved May 13, 2009
- ISBN 0-06-090613-8
- ISBN 0-14-014534-6
- ISSN 0026-4423
- Moravec, Hans (1988), Mind Children, Harvard University Press
- ISBN 0-670-03384-7.
References
- ^ a b Artificial brain '10 years away' 2009 BBC news
- ^ "Aston University's news report about the project". Archived from the original on 2010-08-05. Retrieved 2010-03-29.
- ISBN 3-540-23733-X, archived from the originalon July 23, 2013
- ^ see Artificial Intelligence System, CAM brain machine and cat brain for examples
- ^ Jung, Sung Young, "A Topographical Development Method of Neural Networks for Artificial Brain Evolution" Archived June 29, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, Artificial Life, The MIT Press, vol. 11, issue 3 - summer, 2005, pp. 293-316
- ^ "Blue Brain in BBC News". Archived from the original on 2019-07-13. Retrieved 2009-07-27.
- ^ (in English) Jaap Bloem, Menno van Doorn, Sander Duivestein, Me the media: rise of the conversation society, VINT research Institute of Sogeti, 2009, p.273.
- ^ a b [1], A Large-Scale Model of the Functioning Brain.
- . Retrieved April 1, 2009.
- ISBN 978-1-55860-467-4
External links
- Neukart, Florian (23 November 2016). Reverse Engineering the Mind - Consciously Acting Machines and Accelerated Evolution. Wolfsburg, Germany: Springer. ISBN 978-3-658-16176-7. Retrieved 30 October 2016.
- Bandyopadhyay, Anirban (4 April 2020). Nanobrain : The Making of an Artificial Brain from a Time Crystal. Bosa Roca, USA: Taylor & Francis, CRC Press. ISBN 9781439875490. Retrieved 22 May 2020.
- Artificial Brains – the quest to build sentient machines