Artists and repertoire
Artists and repertoire (or A&R for short) is the division of a
Responsibilities
Finding talent
The A&R division of a record label is responsible for finding new
An A&R executive is authorized to offer a
A&R executives rely mostly on the
Overseeing the recording process
The A&R division of a record label oversees the music style and
As the record nears completion, the A&R department works closely with the artist to determine whether the record is acceptable to the record company. This process may include suggesting that new songs need to be written, that existing songs need a new arrangement, or that some album tracks need to be re-recorded. A key issue is whether the album has a single – a particular track which can be used to market the record.
Assisting with marketing and promotion
Once the record is completed, the A&R department consults with marketing, promotion, the artist and their management to choose one or more singles to help promote the record.
History and influence
The tastes of particular A&R executives have influenced the course of music history. A&R man
This kind of prescience is the exception rather than the rule. Historically, A&R executives have tended to sign new artists who fit into recent trends and who resemble acts that are currently successful. For example, Columbia Records' A&R man in the 1950s, Mitch Miller, favored traditional pop singers like Guy Mitchell and Patti Page, and rejected early rock-'n'-rollers Elvis Presley and Buddy Holly.
This "trend following" mindset has generated several waves of narrowly defined genres, leading to a perception of triteness, including
The general move towards more conservative and business-minded signings from the 1980s onwards is seen to be symptomatic of an industry where the most powerful figures are no longer music fans or people with musical backgrounds, but are business executives, a group largely composed of individuals with uniform backgrounds. Traditionally A&R executives were composers, arrangers and producers – Atlantic Records's heads Jerry Wexler and Ahmet Ertegun were producers and composers respectively – but an A&R with musical ability and knowledge has become a rarity, with Ron Fair and Martin Kierszenbaum being notable recent exceptions.[9] The composer and arranger Richard Niles has said,
What you've got now is huge multinational companies where most of their A&R staff are businessmen. They're people who look at music from the standpoint of marketing, not from the standpoint of music and talent. They will say, "Go out and get me anything that's popular now."[9]
Hip hop group Wu-Tang Clan referenced this stereotype of the business-minded A&R executive in their single "Protect Ya Neck", metaphorically likening them to "mountain climbers".[10][11]
Regional variations
According to
2000s changes
New forms of
See also
- Al Coury
- Chas Chandler
- George Daly
- Clive Davis
- Clyde Otis
- David Geffen
- Impresario
- John Kalodner
- John Kwatakye-Atiko
- Kara DioGuardi
- Loren Israel
- Teresa LaBarbera Whites
- Chris Anokute
- Muff Winwood
- Timmy Regisford
- Song plugger
Citations
- ISBN 0-141-00646-3.
- ^ a b Albini 1993.
- ISBN 0-8230-7729-2
- ^ a b Weissman 2003, p. 25.
- ^ Prial 2006.
- ^ Shoemer 1992.
- ^ Goldberg 2009, p. 179-180.
- ^ Disco boom: Knopper (2009, pp. 15–35). Teen pop boom: Knopper (2009). Knopper discusses the way the industry has overreacted to these waves throughout his book.
- ^ a b Bouwman, Kimbel (23 April 2007). "Interview with Richard Niles". HitQuarters. Archived from the original on 29 March 2012. Retrieved 17 November 2010.
- ^ Watson, Richard (26 November 2014). "Wu-Tang Clan: 10 of the best". The Guardian.
- ^ Weiss, Jeff (19 December 2007). "Wu-Tang Clan Still Sting". LA Weekly.
- ^ a b c Bouwman, Kimbel (12 December 2005). "Interview With Martin Heath". HitQuarters. Archived from the original on 14 March 2012. Retrieved 20 June 2010.
- ^ Kusek & Leonhard 2005.
- ^ Knopper 2009, pp. 220–221.
References
- Albini, Steve (1993), "The Problem with Music", The Baffler, no. 5, Chicago: Thomas Frank, archived from the original on 28 September 2007, retrieved 20 June 2009 (Reprinted in Maximum Rocknroll no. 133 (June 1994) and later various websites.)
- Goldberg, Danny (2009), Bumping into Geniuses, ISBN 978-1-59240-483-4
- Knopper, Steve (2009), Appetite for self-destruction : the spectacular crash of the record industry in the digital age, New York: Free Press, ISBN 978-1-4165-5215-4
- Kusek, David; Leonhard, Gerd (2005), The future of music : manifesto for the digital music revolution, Boston: Berklee Press, ISBN 0-87639-059-9
- Prial, Dunstan (2006), The producer : John Hammond and the soul of American music, New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, ISBN 0-374-11304-1
- Shoemer, Karen (30 October 1992), "Some Alternative Boundaries Fall", The New York Times
- Weissman, Dick (2003), The music business : career opportunities and self-defense, New York: Three Rivers Press, ISBN 0-609-81013-8