Artists of the Tudor court

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

The Rainbow Portrait by an unknown artist, possibly Marcus Gheeraerts the Younger, an image of Elizabeth I as the "Queen of Love and Beauty" c. 1600, epitomizes the elaborate iconography associated with later Tudor court portraiture.[1][2][3]

The artists of the Tudor court are the

Elizabeth I
.

Typically managing a group of assistants and

apprentices in a workshop or studio, many of these artists produced works across several disciplines, including portrait miniatures, large-scale panel portraits on wood, illuminated manuscripts, heraldric emblems, and elaborate decorative schemes for masques, tournaments
, and other events.

Although there were English artists throughout the period, many artists were foreigners, especially from the Low Countries, but also from Italy and Germany. Some only stayed for short periods, but many for several years or the rest of their lives.

Isolation and iconography

Portrait of Jane Seymour by Holbein, 1536–37

The Tudor period was one of unusual isolation from European trends for England. At the start the

National Gallery, London[a]). However these were both painted abroad. In the Tudor period foreign artists were recruited and often welcomed lavishly by the English court, as they were in other artistically marginal parts of Europe like Spain or Naples.[4] The Netherlandish painters remained predominant, though French influence was also important on both Lucas Horenbout and Nicholas Hilliard, respectively the founder and the greatest exponent of the distinctively English tradition of the portrait miniature
.

Drawing of Jane Seymour by Holbein, 1536–37

With the virtual extinction of religious painting at the

Reformation, and little interest in classical mythology until the very end of the period, the portrait was the most important form of painting for all the artists of the Tudor court, and the only one to have survived in any numbers. How many of these have also been lost can be seen from Holbein's book (nearly all pages in the Royal Collection) containing preparatory drawings for portraits – of eighty-five drawings, only a handful have surviving Holbein paintings, though often copies have survived.[5] Portraiture ranged from the informal miniature, almost invariably painted from life in the course of a few days and intended for private contemplation,[6] to the later large-scale portraits of Elizabeth I such as the Rainbow Portrait, filled with symbolic iconography in dress, jewels, background, and inscription.[7]

Much energy was also expended on decorative painting of fixtures and fittings, often of a very temporary nature. In theory the "

Royal Entry). There was also the Master of the Revels
, whose Office was responsible for festivals and tournaments, and no doubt called upon the artists and Serjeant Painters for assistance.

Jewellery and metalwork were regarded as extremely important, and far more was spent on them than on painting. Holbein produced many spectacular designs for now-vanished table ornaments in precious metals, and Hilliard was also a practising goldsmith. The main artistic interests of Henry VIII were music, building palaces and tapestry, of which he had over 2,000 pieces, costing far more than he ever spent on painters. The Flemish set with the Story of Abraham still at Hampton Court Palace is one grand set from late in his reign.

Detail of Georg Hoefnagel's 1568 watercolour of the south frontage of Nonsuch Palace, one of the only two good images - which differ considerably. The stucco reliefs are shown in blue-ish grey.

Elizabeth spent far less, hardly building anything herself, but took a personal interest in painting, keeping her own collection of miniatures locked away, wrapped in paper on which she wrote the names of the sitter. She is reputed to have had paintings of her burnt that did not match the iconic image she wished to be shown.

The most progressive and spectacular palace of the Tudor period,

Mannerist work, however much the general plan remains English. The scattered fragments and images that have survived suggest that the awestruck accounts of visitors were not exaggerated.[9]

Community of artists

Exiled Flemish artists in England?[b] Detail of A Fête at Bermondsey.

Many of the artists active at the Tudor court were connected by ties of family, marriage, and training.

Henry VIII in the mid-1520s, was accompanied in his workshop by his sister Susannah, who was also an illuminator. It is generally accepted[c] that Lucas Horenbout taught Hans Holbein the Younger
the techniques of painting miniatures on vellum when Holbein was engaged by Henry VIII in the early 1530s.

Lucas and Susanna Horenbout's father,

Protestant Reformation
acted to reduce artistic contacts, especially with Italy, England could also benefit from them.

Residents

Mary I by Hans Eworth, c. 1555

Visitors

Posthumous terracotta bust of Henry VII by Pietro Torrigiano

Serjeant Painters

George Gower's 1579 self-portrait shows his tools as an artist outweighing his arms as a gentleman; he was the first serjeant painter who was also a portraitist[18][19]

The holders of the office were:[20]

Identification and attribution

This portrait was misidentified for 250 years.

Many surviving images have been badly worn over the years, or incompetently "restored". Inscriptions are often later than the paintings themselves, and may reflect wishful thinking; many anonymous Tudor ladies were identified as "Mary I", or, especially, one or other of Henry VIII's queens, by the owners of pictures. Anne Boleyn in particular has been said to be the subject of dozens of pictures; even now there is no certain image of her done from life, and the most plausible,[23] is a later copy and among the least informative. The only probable portrait of Catherine Howard, a miniature by Holbein in the Royal Collection, is only identified by circumstantial evidence (see Gallery).[24][g]

A well-known painting (left) was identified by

Mary Nevill, Baroness Dacre and her son Gregory Fiennes, 10th Baron Dacre and the artist as Hans Eworth in 1986.[25]

Attribution to artists is even more challenging; not all artists signed their work, and those who did may not have done so consistently. Many pictures have been cut down, extended, or otherwise altered in ways that damage or destroy inscriptions. Artists' workshops often churned out copies of the master's work to meet the demand for portraits, as symbols of devotion to the Crown or simply to populate the fashionable "long galleries" lined with portraits.

Today, attributions are made on the basis of style, sitter, accepted date, and related documentation such as receipts or bills for payment and inventories of collections or estates. It is now generally accepted that the artist known as "The Monogrammist HE" is Hans Eworth,[26] but other identifications remain elusive. Some of the most well-known images of the period, such as the portrait of Elizabeth I when a Princess, age 13, have been attributed to many artists over the years, but remain cautiously labelled "?Flemish School" in recent catalogues.[27] Much scholarly debate also circles around identification of possible portraits of Lady Jane Grey.[h]

Payments

The royal accounts for the period survive, but are not always easy to interpret. Payments often covered expensive materials, and in many cases the wages of assistants had to be paid out of them. Some regular annuities, usually supplemented by payments for specific works, are given below. But recipients were expected to give works to the monarch, at New Year or on their birthday.

Royal annuities:

  • Meynnart Wewyck (as "olde maynerd wewoke paynter"), half-yearly payment of 100 shillings in 1525[28]
  • Lucas Hornebolte (scholarly dissention) £33 6s[29] or £62 10s from 1525 "until his death"[30]
  • Hans Holbein £30 (but he did more work outside the court)[31]
  • Levina Teerlinc £40[32]
  • Nicholas Hilliard received £400 as a gift in 1591, and an annuity of £40 from 1599;[33] he typically charged £3 for a non-royal miniature.

The sums spent on metalwork, building palaces, and by Henry on tapestries, dwarfed these figures.

Galleries

Miniatures

Preparatory drawings

Panel paintings

Paintings on canvas

Notes

  1. ^ The Grimston on loan. Grimston was a Lancastrian, or at least Henry VI of England's agent before the Wars of the Roses began, Donne a Yorkist.
  2. ^ Strong 1969 suggests that Hoefnagel and fellow Flemish exiles are sitting beneath the tree. Town 2015 reattributes the painting to Gheeraerts the Elder, but the figures may represent him and his circle.
  3. ^ Karel van Mander says Holbein was taught the art by a "Master Lucas", and there is a miniature of Holbein by Horenbout.[10]
  4. ^ A major reassessment of Gower's career as a portraitist was published in The Burlington Magazine in September 2020 (Town 2020).
  5. ^ Royal Collection. Mazzoni was working on the tomb of Charles VIII of France in Paris, and may have made a visit in connection with the tomb.
  6. ^ His names are confusing. His father was the painter Cornelis Engebrechtsz. ("z." = "zoon" or son of). He is known as Lucas Cornelis Engebrechtsz., Lucas Cornelis de Kok, Lucas Cornelis Kunst, and several variants and permutations, even before contemporary English and Italian attempts are involved. Getty Union Name List. He is mentioned by Karel van Mander.
  7. ^ Strong is persuaded for various reasons: two Holbein versions exist (Royal Collection, Windsor & Duke of Buccleuch), which is only known for queens among female sitters for Tudor miniatures; she wears the same jewel as Jane Seymour in the Vienna Holbein (shown above); the pearls may tie in with a gift to Catherine from Henry in 1540, and she is the only Queen to fit. There are no other plausible likenesses of her to compare to. Both versions have long been known as of Catherine Howard. This is the Windsor version, considered the original done from life.
  8. ^ See "Is this the true face of Lady Jane?" - article from The Guardian, 16 January 2006, describing a portrait (found in a South London home) that purportedly depicts Lady Jane Grey, and discussion of two portraits identified in 2005 as depicting Lady Jane at SomeGreyMatter.
  9. ^ a full copy The original cartoon, slightly different in pose, also survives (National Portrait Gallery, London), but no original Holbein version of this iconic image does. See Holbein and the Court of Henry VIII, 122-5.

References

Citations

  1. ^ Strong 1987, p. 50–52
  2. ^ Strong 2019, p. 189
  3. ^ Hearn 2002, p. 34
  4. ^ Hearn (2001), which mainly deals with the Jacobean court
  5. ^ Holbein and the Court of Henry VIII, pp. 11, 16; 1978, The Queen's Gallery, Buckingham Palace
  6. ^ Strong 1983
  7. ^ Strong 1987
  8. ^ JSTOR Burlington Magazine, The Stuccos of Nonsuch by Martin Biddle
  9. ^ British Archaeology, Sutton - views of interior Archived June 22, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
  10. ^ Strong 1981, p. 37.
  11. ^ Strong 1981, p. 30-31
  12. ^ Strong 1981, p. 41
  13. ^ a b Hearn, p. 130
  14. ^ Kipling 1982, p. 135-136/
  15. ^ Hearn, p. 46
  16. ^ Town (2014), p. 179-181
  17. ^ Town 2015, p. 313
  18. ^ Hearn, p. 107
  19. ^ Strong 1969
  20. ^ Details for all, unless otherwise stated, from Ellis Waterhouse, "Painting in Britain, 1530–1790", 4th Edn, 1978, Penguin Books (now Yale History of Art series) - see Serjeant Painter in Index
  21. ^ Getty biography of Luca
  22. ^ a b Waterhouse, p. 27
  23. ^ according to Strong 1969
  24. ^ Strong (1983):50
  25. ^ Based on the ages of sitters and a ring worn by Mary Nevill; see Hearn, p. 68; see also Honig, "In Memory: Lady Dacre and Pairing by Hans Eworth" in Renaissance Bodies: The Human Figure in English Culture c. 1540–1660.
  26. ^ Hearn, p. 63
  27. ^ Hearn, p. 78
  28. ^ Foister, Susan. (2003). "Vewicke [Waywike; Wewoke], Maynard." Oxford Art Online. Retrieved 7 Apr. 2019, from http://www.oxfordartonline.com/view/10.1093/gao/9781884446054.001.0001/oao-9781884446054-e-7000089182.
  29. ISBN 1-903973-28-7
  30. ^ Strong (1983):34
  31. ^ Kren, 434.
  32. ^ Strong (1983):52
  33. ^ Strong (1983):72
  34. ^ Nairne, Sandy. "Case study 4 – new research on the Gallery's earliest portrait: Henry VII". Making Art in Tudor Britain. National Portrait Gallery. Retrieved 29 May 2009.

Sources

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Artists_of_the_Tudor_court&oldid=1167727138"